


■•^■Vfm:^.:ffff'i}i^i*>^'l^ 



iiii?i|iiliiii^iliiiiiii 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

^n^^-. OopjiriBy f 

Shelf. .:M!l ^1 

j^- ^ ,-, 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



NEW YORK QUESTION BOOK. 

^' CONTAINING ALL QUESTIONS USED BY THE 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, STATE OF NEW YORK, 

ARRANGED BY SUBJECTS, WITH ANSWERS SO FAR AS GIVEN IN THE 

UNIFORM EXAMIMTIONS 

$ FOR 

COMMISSIONERS' CERTIFICATES, 

CORNELL SCHOLARSHIP EXAMINATIONS, 
NORMAL SCHOOL ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS, 

AND 

STATE EXAMINATIONS 

FOR LIFE CERTIFICATES. 



ARRANGED AND COMPILED BY 

Deputy SuperintetuUnt of Public Instruction, State of New York. 



IN 






ALBANY, N. Y. : 

WEED, PARSONS AND COMPANY, 

1890. 



Entered, according to act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and ninety, 
By weed, parsons AND COMPANY, 
In the ofiSce of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



WEED, PARSONS AND COMPANY, 
PRINTERS AND ELECTROTYPERS, 
ALBANY, N. Y. 



PREFACE. 



This volume contains all questions used by the Department of Public In- 
struction, State of New York, arranged by subjects, with answers so far as 
given in the Uniform Examinations for Commissioners' Certificates, from the 
adoption of the system, September, 1887, to March 5, 1890, inclusive, with regu- 
lations in full, and a list of all holders of First Grade Uniform Certificates to 
March 1, 1890. 

Also, all questions and answers used in the Examinations for State Scholar- 
ships in Cornell University, from 1887 to 1889, inclusive. 

Also, all questions used in Normal School Entrance Examinations from 1887 
to February, 1890, inclusive. 

Also, all questions used in the State Examinations for Life Certificates from 
1875 to 1889, inclusive, with a full list of all holders of State Certificates issued 
during that period, with present addresses and occupations so far as known. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Uniform Examination Questions. 

PAGB. 

Regulations vii 

Algebra 2 

American History and Civil Government 10 

American History . . 12 

Arithmetic 34 

Book-keeping 66 

Civil Government 72 

Composition 96 

Current Topics 106 

Drawing 126 

General Questions 130 

Geography 132 

Grammar 158 

Methods 198 

Methods and School Economy 200 

Physics 204 

Pliysiology and Hygiene. . . , 208 

School Law 233 

List of Holders of First Grade Certificates 238 

Examinations for State Scholarships in Cornell University. 

Algebra 262 

Arithmetic 264 

Geography 26G 

Geometry 268 

Grammar ,. 274 

Physiology 276 

V 



Table of Contents. 
Normal School Entrance Examinations. 

PAGE. 

Arithmetic 380 

Geography 284 

Grammar 287 

State Examinations for Life Certificates. 

Algebra 293 

Arithmetic 301 

Astronomy 311 

Book-keeping 314 

Botany 319 

Chemistry 323 

Civil Government 327 

Civil Government and School Law 331 

Composition 333 

Composition and Ehetoric 336 

Drawing 340 

French 345 

Geography 346 

Geology 356 

Geometry 360 

German 367 

Grammar 368 

History — American 380 

History — General 388 

Latin .' 394 

Literature 404 

Methods 411 

Methods and School Economy 416 

Penmanship 419 

Physics 422 

Physiology and Hygiene 427 

Beading 432 

Rhetoric 437 

School Economy 440 

School Law 444 

Zoology 449 

List of Holders of State Certificates 455 

VI 



GENERAL REGULATIONS. 



I. 

REGULATIONS 

GOVERNING UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS, 

HELD 

September 3, October 1, November 5 and December 3, 1SS7. 



Applicants for first grade licenses must have had two years' successful experience in the school- 
room, and must attain at least eighty per cent upon arithmetic, grammar and geography, and not 
less than seventy per cent upon each of the other subjects. All questions in every paper apply to 
first grade licenses. 

Applicants for second grade licenses must have had one [year's successful e.xperience in the 
school-room ; must attain a general average of at least seventy per cent, and must not fall below 
sixty per cent in arithmetic, grammar and geography. All questions in every paper, excepting 
school law and algebra, apply to second grade licenses. 

Questions printed in italics, only, apply to third-grade licenses. Candidates must attain a gen- 
eral average of sixty per cent, and must not fall below fifty per cent iu arithmetic, grammar and 
geography. 

There may be rare and exceptional cases in which commissioners may find it necessary, in 
small and weak districts, where the assessed valuation falls below $12,000, to give temporary 
licenses, not exceeding six months in duration, to persons not strictly meeting the requirements 
for the third grade. In no case, however, should any license be granted where the applicant fails 
to attain a general average of fifty per cent in the common-school branches, nor should these 
temporary licenses be extended. If, before the expiration of one of them, the holder cannot pass 
the examination for a third grade certificate, he should undertake other employment. 

Orthography will be marked from the papers as a whole; penmanship from the paper in 
grammar. 

The whole examination is to be given in one day, commissioners making such arrangements 
therefor as their convenience may determine respectively. 

For third grade certificates, the subjects are: 1, arithmetic; 2, geography; 3, grammar; 4, 
physiology ; 5, general questions. 

For second grade, the same, with (5, American history and civil government; 7, methods. 

For first grade, the preceding, with 8, school law ; 9, algebra. 

The number of credits to which a perfect answer entitles each applicant is printed after each 
question. It will be seen that sixty credits represent a perfect paper of the third grade; one 
hundred credits, of the first and second grade. 

(See Regulations II, III and IV.) 

VII 



General Regulations. 
REGULATIONS II. 

Issued December 5, 1887. 

Same as Regulations IV, published January 1, 1889, except following paragraphs which were 
amended by subsequent regulations: 

4. Certificates of the third grade shall be issued for a term of six months, shall be limited to a 
particular school or grade, and shall in no case be issued to the same person more than twice. 

13. Candidates for certificates of the second grade shall be exempt from examination in any 
subject in which they have attained a standing of seventy-five per cent on examination for a cer- 
tificate of the third grade. 

15. Candidates for certificates of the first grade shall be exemp from examination in any sub- 
ject in which they have attained a standing of seventy-five per cen on the examination held by 
the State Department for a State certificate. 

17. School commissioners may, in their discretion, supplement the written examinations by oral 
questions, or demand a higher percentage than above required, or refuse to admit a candidate to 
the examination, or to grant him a certificate after he has attained the required standing. 

(See Regulations IV.) 

REGULATIONS III. 

Issued July 16, 1888. 

Same as Regulations IV, published January 1, 1889, except following paragraphs, which were 
amended by subsequent regulations : 

4. Certificates of the third grade shall be issued for a term of six months, shall be limited to a 
particular school or grade, and shaK in no case be issued to the same person more than twice. 
The candidate may take the examination at any appointed time, but certificates shall be issued 
only after the candidate shall have made an engagement to teach, approved by the school com- 
missioner. The certificates shall be dated when issued; but not more than one year shall inter- 
Tene between the examination and the issuance of the certificate. 

13. Candidates in the second and third grade examination shah be exempt from examination in 
any subject in which they have attained a standing of seventy-five per cent in any previous ex- 
amination held not more than six months before. ("See No. 14, Regulations IV.) 

17. Candidates for certificates of the first grade shall be exempt from examination in any sub- 
ject in which they have attained a standing of seventy-five per cent on the examination held by 
the State Department for a State certificate. (See No. 18, Regulations IV.) 

29. Special or additional examinations are at all times to be discountenanced. The circum- 
stances must be extraordinary to justify an application for one. (See Xo. 30, Regulations IV.) 

(See Regulations IV.) 

REGULATIONS IV. 

Issued January 1, 1889. 
I. Grades op Certificates. 

1. Teachers' certificates issued by school commissioners shall be of three grades — first, second 
and third. 

2. Certificates of the first grade shall be issued for a term of five years. On their expiration, 
from time to time, these certificates may be renewed at the discretion of the school commissioner, 
without re-examination. 

3. Certificates of the second grade shall be issued for a term of two years, and shall be renewed 
only upon re-examination. 

4. Certificates of the third grade shall be issued for a term of six months, shall be limited to a 
particular school or grade, and shall in no case be issued to the same person more than twice. The 
candidate may take the examination at any appointed time or place, but a certificate shall be 

VIII 



General Regulations. 

issued only after the candidate shall have made an engagement to teach, approved by the school 
commissioner. If, after passing an examination, a candidate engage to teach within the jurisdic- 
tion of another commissioner, the answer papers shall be transferred to said commissioner upon 
his requisition. The certificates shall be dated when issued ; but not more than one year shall 
intervene between the examination and the issuance of the certificate. 

5. In addition to the foregoing schoo' commissioners may grant temporary licenses for a time 
not exceeding six weeks, in cases where public convenience may seem to require it, and applicants 
shall present satisfactory reasons for not having been present at a regular examination. 

II. Qualifications of Candidates. , 

I. Experience. 

6. Candidates for certificates of the first grade must have taught successfully for at least two 
years. 

7. Candidates for certificates of the second grade must have taught successfully for at least one 
term of not less than twelve weeks. 

II. Educational requirements. 

8. Candidates for certificates of the third grade shall be required to pass an oral examination in 
reading and a written examination in arithmetic, composition, geography, grammar, orthography, 
penmanship and physiology and hygiene. 

9. Candidates for certificates of the second grade shall be required to pass an oral examination in 
reading and a written examination in the subjects required for certificates of the third grade, also 
in American history, civil government, current topics and elementary drawing,* from copies and 
from objects. 

10. Candidates for certificates of the first grade shall be required to pass a written examina- 
tion in the subjects required for a certificate of the second grade with exception of reading; also 
in algebra, book-keeping, elements of physics, methods and school law. 

11. The questions in written examinations for certificates of the second and third grades 
shall be the same so far as the subjects are the same, the difference in educational qualifications 
for these grades being determined by the difference in the standings attained. 

12. Candidates for certificates of the third grade must attain a standing of at least sixty per 
cent in arithmetic, geography, grammar and orthography, and an average standing of at least 
sixty per cent in ah the other subjects. 

13. Candidates for certificates of the second grade must attain a standing of at least seventy- 
five per cent in arithmetic, geography, grammar and orthography, and an average standing of at 
least seventy-five per cent in all the other subjects. 

14. Candidates in the second and third grade examination for their first certificate in either of 
said grades, shall be exempt from examination in any subject in which they have attained a stand- 
ing of seventy-five per cent in any previous examination held not more than six months before. 

15. For certificates of the .first grade, separate examinations shall be held, and candidates 
must attain a standing of at least seventy-five per cent in arithmetic, geography, grammar and 
orthography ; and an average standing of at least seventy-five percent in all the other subjects. 

16. All candidates for certificates of the first grade who attain the required percentage in any 
one of the designated subjects, but not in all, will be credited for those studies in which they shall 
have passed, and a partial certificate to this effect will be given by the school commissioner. On 
passing the required percentage in the remaining designated subjects at the next subsequent ex- 
amination of the first grade, they will receive the regular certificate of that grade. 

17. Candidates undertaking the first grade examination and failing to attain the standard re- 
quired for a certificate in that grade, may be given a certificate in the second or third grade, pro- 
vided the percentages attained are as high as required in that grade; but no credits obtained in a 
second or third grade examination, shall be allowed in an examination for a first grade certificate. 

18. Candidates for certificates of any grade shall be exempt from examination in any subject in 
which they have attained a standing of seventy-five per cent on the examination hold by the State 
Department for a State certificate. ^ 

♦Drawing will be a required subject for certificates of the first and second grades on and after 

November 26, 1SS9. 

TX 



General Regulations. 

19. No paper that shows a standing of less than fifty per cent shall be accepted in examinations 
for certificates of any grade. 

20. School commissioners may, in their discretion, supplement these examinations with other 
questions, demand a higher percentage than above required, or refuse to admit a candidate to the 
examination, or to grant him a certificate after he has attained the required standing. 

in. Marking. 

21. The standings shall be marked on the basis of the marginal numbers placed after the several 
questions, a portion of credits being allowed on any answer or process that admits of division, 
shows knowledge of principles, or gives an essential part of the information called for. 

22. In marking standings in orthography both spelling and use of capital letters should be re- 
garded. No candidate whose papers show more than twenty-five mispelled words ought to receive 
a certificate in any grade. 

IV. Times for Examinations. 

23. Examinations for certificates of the second and third grades shall, unless omitted in the 
discretion of the commissioner, be held in each commissioner district on the first Saturday each 
of January, February, March, April, May, September, October and November,* and on the second 
Tuesday each of March, August and September. Examinations for certificates of the first grade 
shall begin on the second Tuesday each of March and August, and continue two days. Examina- 
tions for certificates of any grade shall not be held upon any other date than those above enume- 
rated, except by direction of the State Superintendent. 

V. Indorsement of Certificates. 

24. Certificates of the first and second grades shall be valid in any commissioner district of the 
State when indorsed by the school commissioner of the district. 

VI. Records of Examinations. 

25. All answer papers submitted by candidates shall be indorsed in ink by the school commis- 
sioner, with the standing attained, and placed on file in his oflSce, subject to the order of the 
Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

26. Records of all examinations shall be kept by the commissioner in a book provided for that 
purpose, which shall be delivered to his successor in office. 

VII. Forms of Certificates. 

27. Blank certificates will be prepared and issued for the use of the commissioners by the De- 
partment of Public Instruction of the forms which have been prescribed. 

VIII. Places of Examinations. 

28. Commissioners shall give due notice of the places of examinations and the hour at which they 
will begin. 

29. Commissioners should publish a permanent schedule indicating the place at which each 
examination during the year will be held, which should be so arranged as to meet the convenience 
of the entire district. It is advisable that examinations of the same date in succeeding years 
should be held at the same place. 

30. Examinations shall be held in but one place in any school commissioner district upon any- 
given date. 

Statement of Candidate. 
N 31. Before entering upon examination, candidates will be required to fill out a copy of the fol- 
lowing : 

Full name 

Home P. 

Age 

* The examination scheduled for first Saturday in November, 1889, has been changed to last 
Tuesday in November. 

X 



General Regulations. 

Successful experience in teaching terms. 

References as to moral character 

'I 

Last certificate 

Grade Date 

Issued by 

Have held second grade certificates. 

Have held third grade certificates. 

Have held temporary liceDse. 

Am exempt from examination in 



Copies of the above form will be supplied by the Department. 

Program for Second and Third Grades. 

32. Examinations for certificates of the second and third grades will be held according to the 
following program ; 

A. M. — Arithmetic, geography, civil government, drawing. 

p. M. — Composition, grammar, physiology and hygiene, reading, American history, current 
topics. 

Program for First Grade. 

33. Examinations for certificates of the first grade will be held according to the following pro- 
gram : 

Tuesday. 
A. M. — Arithmetic, geography, drawing, 
p. M. — Composition, grammar, physiology and hygiene, civil government. 

Wednesday . 
A. M. — American history, algebra, current topics, book-keeping. 
p. M. — School law, elements of physics, methods. 

Notes. 

1. Penmanship will be judged from the papers on geography, and orthography from all of the 
papers. 

2. Twenty-five per cent of the credits of papers on composition will depend upon the general 
excellence of all papers submitted with reference to neatness, order and punctuation. 

3. In the solution of problems, every process must be indicated. Mere answers will not be 
accepted. 

4. The examinations in each subject will be restricted to the half-day designated in the pro- 
gram. 

5. Collusion between candidates or any other act of dishonesty will wholly vitiate their exami- 
nation. 

6. Answer papers should be written in ink, arranged and filed in good order. 

1. Questions to be used in these examinations, together with the answers thereto, will be issued 
by the Department, and forwarded to school commissioners in sealed envelopes; these will be first 
opened in the presence of the class, at the time for the examination. 

8. Answers will be furnished to commissioners, — the envelope containing the same not to be 
opened until the close of the examination. 

9. Candidates must supply themselves with necessary material, and, to secure uniformity, legal 
cap paper will be used. 

10. Books for records of examination will be furnished to school commissioners by the Depart- 
ment. 




XI 



^ — r- 

State Superintendent. 



General E-egulations. 



REGULATIONS V. 

Same as Regulations IV, except following paragraphs, wJdcJi were amended November 

1, 1889. 

5. In addition to the foregoing, School Commissioners may grant temporary licenses for a time 
not exceeding six weeks, in cases where public convenience absolutely requires it, and applicants 
shall present satisfactory reasons for not having been present at a regular examination. 

7. Candidates for certificates of the second grade must have taught successfully for at least one 
term of not less than sixteen weeks. 

9. Candidates for certificates of the second grade shall be required to pass an oral examination 
in Reading, and a written examination in the subjects required for certificates of the third grade ; 
also in American History, Civil Government, Methods, School Economy, Current Topics and 
Drawing from copies and from objects. 

10, Candidates for certificates of the first grade shall be required to pass a written examination 
in the subjects required for a certificate of the second grade, with exception of Reading; also in 
Algebra, Book-keeping, Physics and School Law. 

18. Candidates for certificates of any grade shall be exempt from examination in any subject in 
which they have attained a standing of seventy-five per cent in an examination for a State certifi- 
cate. 

22. In marking standings in Orthography, both spelling and use of capital letters must be 
regarded ; but no percentage shall be recorded in Orthography until a candidate has completed 
his examination. Partial certificates must show the number of words mis-spelled in the subjects 
taken. No candidate whose papers show more than twenty-five mis-spelled words ought to re- 
ceive a certificate in any grade. 

23. Examinations for certificates of the second and third grades shall, unless omitted in the dis- 
cretion of the Commissioner, be held in each commissioner district on the second Saturday of 

January, the first Saturday each of April, May, September and October, the first Tuesday of 
March, the third Tuesday of August and the fourth Tuesday of November. Examinations for 
certificates of the first grade shall begin on the first Tuesday of March and the third Tuesday of 
August, and continue two days. No examinations shall be held upon any other date than those 
above enumerated, except by direction of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

26. Records of all examinations shall be kept by the Commissioner in a book furnished by the 
Department of Public Instruction for that purpose, and which shall be delivered to his successor 
in office. 

27. Blank certificates of the prescribed form will be furnished for the use of the Commissioners 
by the Department of Public Instruction. 

32. Examinations for certificates of the second and third grades will be held according to the 
following program: 

A. M. — Arithmetic, Geography, Civil Government, Drawing, Reading. 

P. M.— Composition, Grammar, Physiology and Hygiene, American History, Current Topics, 
Methods and School Economy. 

33. Examinations for certificates of the first grade will be held according to the following pro- 
gram : 

Tuesday. 

A. M. — Arithmetic, Geography, Drawing. 

P. M. — Composition, Grammar, Physiology and Hygiene, Current Topics. _ ^ 

Wednesday . 

A. M. — American History, Algebra, Book-keeping. 

p. M. — Civil Government, School Law, Physics, Methods and School Economy. 

XII 



Genekal Regulations. 



REGULATIONS VI. 

Same as Regulations IV, except following paragraphs, wJiich icere amended January 

1, 1890. 

5. In addition to the foregoing, School Commissioners may grant temporary licenses for a time 
not exceeding six weeks, ui cases where public convenience absolutely requires it, and applicants 
shall present satisfactory reasons for not having been present at a regular examination. A tem- 
porary license shall not be renewed except by direction of the State Superintendent of Public 
Instruction. 

7. Candidates for certificates of the second grade must have taught successfully for a period of 
not less than sixteen weeks. 

XIII 



QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 



USED BV THE 



DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC liXSTRUCTION, 

STATE OF NEW YORK, 

IX THE 

UNIFORM EXAMINATIONS 

POK 

COMMISSIONERS' CERTIFICATES. 



COMPLETE FROK 



SEPTEMBER 3, 1887, TO MARCH 5, 1890. 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

ALGEBRA. 

1st Grade, ..-..- September 3, 1887. 

1. Give and explain briefly the principal signs used in Algebra. 20 

2. Required, in its simplest form, the quotient ; 

4a (a~ — x^) or — ax cyn 

3i(c* — x^) ~ he + hx 

3. Expand {a—bf. 20 

4. What fraction is that, such that if the numerator and denominator be each 

increased by 1, the value is 4; but if each be diminished by 1, the 
value is i ? 20 

5. What two numbers are those, whose sum is 41, and the sum of whose squares 

is 901 ? 

1st Grade, ...... October 1, 1887. 

1. Define co-efficient, polynomial, and exponent. 20 

2. Expand {a—bf. 20 

3. Factor a^m— 9 am^. 20 

4. Divide $183 between two men, so that-f of what the first receives shall be 

equal to -f^ of what the second receives. 20 

5. A person loaned $100,000, a part of it at 5 per cent, and the balance at 4 per 

cent; his annual interest on the whole was $4,640. Required the two 
parts of the principal. 20 

1st Grade, - - - - -. - November 5, 1887. 

1. By what signs are the terms of an algebraic expression of quantity separated? 20 

2. Reduce ; — 5 to its lowest terms, -sU 

3. Expand {y—^f. 20 

4. Divide rt-'+6«2a;«+a^ by rtH3«a;+3!2. 20 

5. The product of two numbers is 45, and the difierence of their squares is 56. 

Required, the numbers. 20 

1st Grade, ------ December 3, 1887. 

1. Reduce to a mixed radical quantity Vi28^^ 42*. 20 

2. Express in the form of a radical quantity the product of ^ y|^ multiplied by 

4 V^ 20 

3. Find the value of the unknown quantity in the equation x'^-\-'Zx — 44 + 



V!r^+ 2a;— 44=42. 20 

4. Given a^-\-y^=\^^, and x-ty=Q, td find the values of x and.y. 20 

5. Resolve ar* — y* into four factors. 20 

2 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

ALGEBRA.— Answers. 

1st Grade, ------ September 3, 1887, 

1. The principal sigQS used ia Algebra are the following: =, -i-, — , x, -t-, ( ), >. 

y. Each sign represents certain words, and is used to express the various 

operations in the clearest and briefest manner. 

^a+x). 
^' '6{c-x) 

3. a''_7rt6?,+21«562_35a4j3+35(^3j4_oi^955+7aj6_5i_ 

4. 2. 

5. 15 and 26 

1st Grade, October 1, 1887. 

1. A co-efEcient is a number or letter prefixed to a quantity, to denote how many 
times the quantity is taken. A polynominal is an algebraic quantity consisting 
of more than one term An exi^ouent is a number written above and to the 
right of a quantity, to show how many times the quantity is taken as a factor. 

3. am (a- — ^m) (aP ^-Zrri). 

4. 1,— $63; 2,— $120. 

5. $64,000 and $36,000. 



1st Grade, 


' 


1. By the signs + and — . 




a^-\-2ax-]-x' {a+xf 
2- a'^—ax+x'^^^a'^—ax+x' 




3. y -y + 3 - 27 + 27 ■ 


2y 1 
""81"^ 729" 


4. a"—2ax+x\ 





5- ± 9 and ± 5; or ± i^— 25 and ± V— 81- 



November 5, 1887. 



1st Grade. - - - . 

1- 4.r?/ v^. 

3. x=S. 

4. x=5 or 4 ; y==4 or 5. 

5. {x+y) (x—y) {x'^—xy+y^) {3r'-^xy+y''). 



December 3, 1887. 



State of New York. 
uniform examina tion questions. 

ALGEBRA. 
1st Grade, ... - March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. Define Algebra. Define an equation. 10 

2. State the axiom that applies to the transposition of a term from one member 

of an equation to the other. 10 

(«) When the term is a positive quantitj" ; 
(b) When the term is a negative quantity. 

T>—c 

3. Explain the difference between tlie two algebraic expressions, a + and 

■^ 10 



10 
10 
10 

10 





l—c 
a — 




X 


4. 


Show that — 1/ (m—(r)=(£ — jn)y. 


5. 


Prove that — a- 




— a 


6. 


a^+b a—b 
¥ ^' 3 ~ • 


7. 


a* ^ ^'^ _ 2 
y3 ' yi ~ ' 



X 



8. Find the value of the unknown quantity in the equation "o" "^ S ~ "^^ — T. ^^ 

9. Find two numbers whose sum is 40 and whose difference is 16. Give full 

solution. 10 

10. A boatman who can row 12 miles per hour in still water, is 7 hours in row- 
ing to a certain point up the river, and 5 hours in returning. At what 
rate per hour does the river flow ? Give full solution. 10 

1st Grade, May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. Subtract — 2rt from 5<^, and explain the process. 10 



10 



•* — ' . . . 

2. Reduce 3.r-|-4 — -s— to an improper fraction. 

3. In general, what is the effect of a minus sign before a dividing line when we 

clear of fractions ? 10 

4. Resolve abx- — nby" into its prime factors. 10 

5. State the methods of eliminating one of two unknown quantities by com- 

parison. ' 10 

6. Bv the above method find the values of x and y in tlie equations Ax — ^ij=a, 

\md 5x+iy=lK ' " 10 

7. Find two numbers, such that if |^ of the greater be added to ^ of the less, 

the sum will be 13; and if | of the less be subtracted from i of the 
greater, the remainder will be nothing. 10 

8. Expand {1a+iy by the binomial theorem. 10 
9 and 10. Make and reduce an affected quadratic equation, to illustrate one 

metliod of completing the square in order to find the values of the unknown 
quantity. 20 

4 



State of New York. 
depar t men t of public 1 ns t r v ction. 

ALGEBRA.— Answers. 
1st Grade, - _ . , _ March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. Xo answer required here. 

2. {it) If equals be subtracted from equals, the remainders will be equal. 
{b) If equals be added to equals, the sums will be equal. 

h—c , 

3. In the expression a -\ ;— the quotient of l — c divided by x is to be added 

I c 

to a; and in the expression a the quotient of b — c divided by x is to 

be subtracted from a. 

4. — ?/x(?n — x)^ — my+xy\ and ( — ')n-[-x)y={x — 7n)y. 

5. — r/3-^4-'''' =— «" ; but the minus sign before the divisor shows that the quo- 

tient, — or, is to be subtracted; and — ( — «-)=+«' or «^ 

6. n*+nb — n^b—lr 

' W • 

a 

8. «=25|?. 

9. Let a.'=the greater number, and 40=a; the less. 

.^— (40— «)=16 
2.C— 40=16 

2i'=16+40 
a'=28, the greater number, and 
40—28=12, the less number. 

10. Let X miles = the rate per hour the river flows. 

7x12 mi. — 7.T mi.^ distance up the river; and 
5 X 12 mi. + 5,c mi.= distance down the river. 
7x12— 7.r= 5x12+ 5.C. 
12.r^24, and .t=2=2 mi. per hour. 

1st Grade, ------ May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. la. Explanations will vary. 

8.?;+10 

2 

3 • 

3. All the signs in the numerator of the fraction must be changed. 

4. ah{x+z) (x — .r), 

5. Find the value of the same unknown quantity in terms of the other in each 

equation; place these values equal to each other, and reduce. 

3?/+« h — 4?/ 4a 4- 35 ib — 5a 

6. x=^-^ ; a-= — ^; from which, x= —^ — ; y= — gj— . 

7. ,T'=18, and t/=12. 

8. Sa^+12a''b+-Ciah"+h\ 

9 and 10. Examples and methods will vary. 

5 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

ALGEBRA. 

let Grade, ..... August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. What are similar terms ? Write an equation made up of such terms. 10 

2. To what is the square of the sum of two quantities equal ? 10 
y. Show that (a) the zero power of any quantity is equal to 1, (b) any quantity 

having a negative exponent is equal to the reciprocal of the same quantity 

with an equal positive exponent. 10 

4. Factor oc^—y*, finding three factors. 10 

5. Given — + — = 1 and j^ = c, to find values of x and y. 10 

c c a — ' 

6. Given x — 3y=a, and x+4:y=b, to find x and y. 10 

7. Expand (3a+2c)^ by the binomial theorem. 10 

8. Extract the cube root of x^—Zx^+nx^—Zx—\. 10 

9. Given x'^-^^x=\Q, to find the values of x. 10 
10. Given x+y=5, and x'^y+xy'^=ZQ, to find the values of x and y. 10 

1st Grade, ... - - March. 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. How does algebra difl'er from arithmetic? 10 

2. What are the terms of an algebraic expression ? 10 

3. Define axiom, and give one in common use in algebra. 10 

4. Divide a* — ¥ by a+l. 10 

.18a!— .05 „ , 

5. Given 1.2.C— — = .4^+8.9 to find x. 10 

6. What fraction is it which becomes equal to j^ when its numerator is in- 

creased by 6, and equal to J2 when its denominator is increased by 2 ? 10 

7. Expand {x — yf. 10 

8. Find the sum of f ^"and | \^%i~ 10 

x^ — 8 

9. Given x— —„ — r = 2, to find x. 10 

10. Extract the square root of ar' — 43ry+6a;-+-4y' — 12y+9. 10 
Ist Grade, ..... August 13 and 14, 1889. 

1. When a minus sign precedes a parenthesis, how may that parenthesis be 

removed without changing the value of the expression ? 10 

2. What is the sign (a) of Involution ? Qi) of Evolution ? Express two powers 

and two roots of the same quantity. 10 

8. Resolve x — 'iiX^+x^ into its prime factors. 10 

4. Find the least common multiple of x* — 16, x'^+ix+i, and a;- — 4. 10 

5. What fraction is that whose numerator being doubled, and whose denomi- 

nator being increased by 7, the value becomes f ; but the denominator 
being doubled, and the numerator being increased by 2, the value be- 
comes f ? 10 

'7' 7/ I '7' ■?/ 

6. Solve the following equations by comparison: -^ +77="^ "^"^2"^^ ^^ 

7. Extract the square root of ar*+4a'3— 6.r'— 20x-i-25. 10 

8. Expand (2a+26)'' by the binomial theorem. 10 

9. Given a-' — 5.r=24, to find the value of x. 10 
10. From 4/24% take VioSy- 1^ 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC I N S T li U C T ION. 

ALGEBRA.— Answers. 

1st Grade, ..... August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. Terms made up of the same letters having the same exponents, as 2rt^+5a'r=7a'. 

2. The square of the first, plus twice the product of the first into the second, plus 

the square of the second, 

3. Proof, -^=rt2 -s^rt";— T- =1 ; hence by Ax. 00=1. 

a-' , rt' 1 1 

Proof, ^=a* -^=a- ' ;— T — — :hencea-"'= — 

4. x*—y*=(x'+y'') (x'—y'')={x^+y^) {x+y) (x—y). 

ay ic 

5. x= i-, and y= ■ 7. 

ia+Sb h — a 

6. x= — 7j — , and y= ~~f~- 

8. x'— X— 1. 

9. x=2 or —5. 
10. .i'=3 and y=2. 

1st Grade, - . . . . March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. Algebra is the science which treats of quantity as expressed by letters, figures, 

or a combination of both ; while Arithmetic is the science of number alone. 

2. The divisions connected by the signs plus and minus. 

3. An axiom is a self-evident truth. 
Answers to the last clause may diJfer. 

4. a^—a''b+ab''—b\ 

5. 20. 

fits ^ 

7. x^—5x*y+l0x^y^ — 10x^y^+5xy*—^K 

9. 2 or |. 
10. z—2y+3. 

1st Grade, . . - . . August 13 and 14, 1889. 

1. By changing all the signs within the parenthesis. 

2. («) A fii,nire or letter placed at the right and above. (J^) The radical sign with 

or without a figure or letter at the opening. Answers to last part may differ, 

3. (x) (1— X) (1+.0 (1— X) (1+.T). 

4. .i'5+2.H— 16.1'— 32. 

0. 5. 

X y 

6. Solution given by comparison, as follows: -+.j=5, or 3x4-2y=30, or 3a:=30 

<o o 

2v X 1/ 3w 

—2y, or X = 10 —~. - +-^'=5, or 2x + 3t/=30, or 2» = 3— 3y, or a; == 15—-^ 

2v Sw 

Put values equal to each other, 10 — ^=15— jf- Reduce, andx=6, ^=6. 

5. {2a+2by==16a*+6ia^b+dQaW^6Aal^+l6h*. 

16x4x2 _Q^ 64x3x2 _gQ 96x2x2^^4 64x2 _ift 

2 ■ 2X2 ■ 2X3 • 2X4 

or by factoring, or by substitution. 
9, x=8 or —3. 
10. 34/3^. 

7 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

ALGEBRA. 

1st Grade, ..... . March 4 and 5, 1890. 

1. "When a positive quantity is multiplied by a negative quantity, Tvhat is the 

sign of the product ? 10 

2. How is the exponent of a quantity in the product determined ? 10 

3. Simplify the following: 3a&2_2ac2_(_3rt5!!—6rt(;«). 10 

4. Divide 12.c~3 y~'^ by x^^y'^. 10 

5. Given £+ 3=- — :I:i?, tofindcc. 10 

'2 4 5 

6. A farmer purchased 100 acres of land for $3,450. For a part of it he paid 

$20 an acre, and for the rest $30 an acre. How many acres in each jjart? 10 

7. Find the sixth power of " "^" . 10 



,/3 «-^ 

8. Reduce y/ 5^~ to its simplest form. 

3 1 

9. Given x^+3.?'^=10, to find values of x. 



10 

10 

10. A rectangular piece of ground has a perimeter of 100 rods, and its area is 

589 square rods. What are its length and breadth ? 10 

8 



State of New York. 
department of public ins/t liuc t i on. 

ALGEBRA— Answers. 

1st Grade, . . . . . - March 4 and 5, 1890. 

1. Minus. 

2. By adding the exjionents of the terms multiplied when the signs of the expo- 

nents are alike. When unlike, take difference, giving the sign of the greater. 

3. 6 rt&-|- 24 ac^-. 

4. 12.t-^— 11. 

5. a;=-5|. 

6. 55 acres in first part, 45 acres in second. 

„ «—'- &«» 
* c— « cP^ ' 

8. — ,VT5l- 
b 

9. a;=Sor— 125. 
10. 3'=31; 2/=19. 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

AMERICAN HISTORY AND CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
2d Grade, .--... September 3, 1887. 

Note. — The following indicates the grade of questions used for the four esaminatious in this 
subject held in ISST : 

1st Grade. — All questions in every subject apply to lirst grade licenses. 

2d Grade. — All questions in every subject, excepting School Law and Algebra, apply to second 
grade licenses. 

Srd Grade. — Questions printed in italics 07ily, appply to third grade licenses. — See Regulations, 

1. Name three discoverers in the employ of the Spanish, English and French 

respectively, giving a discovery of each. , 15 

2. What were the leading events in the French and Indian War? 15 

3. What causes led to the Revolutionary War ? 20 

4. Comment upon the relative position of the United States to-day among the 

great powers of the world. 15 

5. Name the legislative branches in the National and State Governments. 10 

6. Name the members of the President's cabinet, and the title of each. 15 

7. What is tariff ? - 10 

2d Grade, ■ October 1, 1887. 

1. What do the following dates suggest : 1497, 1534, 1541, 1565, 1607, 1609, 

1620, 1623, 1651, and 1765 ? 20 

2. How did we acquire Louisiana? When? From whom? 10 

3. What was the principle of the "Monroe Doctrine?" 10 

4. Mention a prominent battle of («) the French and Indian War; (5) the Revo- 

lutionary War; (c) the War of 1812; (o) the Mexican War, and (e) the War 

of the Rebellion. 10 

5. With what jury would a bill of indictment originate, and what jury would try 

the criminal? 10 

6. How are U. S. Senators elected? Mention a State officer elected in the same 

manner? 20 

7. Mention six distinct purposes for which the Constitution of the U. S. was 

adopted. . 20 

2d Grade, _.-_.- November 5, 1887. 

1. (o) Who discovered the Mississippi river? Qi) the Hudson river? 15 

2. Name the tribes of the Six Nations in their order of location from east to west. 15 

3. Mention five of the principal events of the Civil War. 10 

4. Name the highest court and also the lowest courts of the State of New York. 10 

5. How many persons comprise a trial jury in a court of record ? 10 

6. Explain what is meant by impeachment in the clause of the Constitution, 

"shall have the sole power of impeachment." 20 

7. What is meant by the veto power? 20- 

10 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INS T li UC T I ON. 

AMERICAN HISTORY, CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 
2d Grade, ..-.-. September 3, 1887. 

1. Columbus — Touched first at one of the Bahama Islands. 

" To Castile and Leon 
Columbus gave a new world." ^ 

Jaques Cartier — River and Gulf of St Lawrence. 

John Cabot — Labrador. Cabot discovered the western continent almost 14 months before 
Columbus sighted the maiuland. (Bancroft.) 

2. Braddock's defeat; expulsion of the Acadiaus ; capture of Louisburg; battle of Lake George; 

attack on Ticonderoga; evacuation of Ticonderoga and Crown Point; capture of Quebec. 

3. (1.) American training in self-government. 

(2.) The attempted exercise ot unconstitutional authority by Great Britain, (a) Writs of 
assistance, (b) The Stamp Act. (c) Quartering of troops in towns, (d) The tea tax. 
{e) The withdrawal of the right of self-government. 

(3.) The punishment iutiicted by England upon the colonies for their remonstrance. 

4. The United States is the leading republic of the world. Natural resources, geographical posi- 

tion, and character of popuhitioii under a representative government place hor iu the tore- 
most rank among the great powers of the world. 

6. National — Senate and House of Representatives. State — Senate and Assembly. 

6. Bayard, secretary of state; Fairchild, secretary of the treasury; Endicott, secretary of war; 

Whitney, secretarv of the navy; Vilas, postmaster-general; Garland, attorney-general; 
Lamar, secretary of the interior. 

7. A list or table of duties or customs imposed by government, to be paid on goods imported or 

exportedc 

2d Grade, - - . . . . October 1. 1887. 

1. 1497, Cabot's discovery of the American continent; 
1534, Cartier's discovery of the St. Lawrence river; 
1541, De Soto's discovery of the Mississippi river ; 

1565, Settlement of St. Augustine by the Spaniards under Melendez; 

1607, Settlement of Jamestown by the English ; 

1609, Henry Hudson explored the river that now bears his name; 

1620, Landing of Pilgrims or Puritans at Plymouth, Mass.; 

1623, Actual settlement of New York by the Dutch; , 

1651, Navigation Act passed. (Enforced in 1660.) 

1765, Stamp Act passed. 

2. Purchased from France in 1803. 

3. "The American continents are henceforth not to be considered subjects for future colonizatioa 

by any European power." 

4. (o) Quebec; (J) Saratoga; (c) New Orleans ; ((i) Buena Vista; (p) Gettysburg. 

5. Grand jury; petit jury. 

6. By joint ballot of the Legislature. Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

7. 1. To form a more perfect union ; 2. To establish justice; 3. To insure domestic tranquility; 

4. To provide for the common defense ; 5. To promote the general welfare ; 6. And to secure 
the blessings of liberty to ourselves and onr posterity. 

2d Grade, - - - - - - November 5, 1887. 

1. (a) Fernando De Soto, {h) Hendrik (or Henry) Hudson. 

2. Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas, and Tuscaroras. 

3. The capture of Fort Sumter; the battle of Bull Run; the battle of Gettysburg; the draft 

riots in New York city, and the Emancipation Proclamation, etc. 

4. The Court of Appeals is the highest court, and Justices' Courts are the lowest. 

5. Twelve. 

5. An impeachment is a formal presentation of charges against an otiicial for misconduct iu othce, 

made by the lower branch of a legislative body. 
7. The power of a chief executive officer to negative a law passed by a legislative body. 

11 



State of New York. 

CfNlFOltM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

AMERICAN HISTORY AND CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

2d Grade, ------ December 3, 1887. 

1. Name some of tlie important inventions that have been made by Americans. 10 

2. Name tlie two chief commanders of the American forces during the Mexican 

War. 10 

3. What were the prime causes of the War of 1812? Who was President during 

that war? 20 

4. Who discovered Florida, and why was the country so named ? 15 

5. What is meant by " a Congress of the United States ? " 15 

6. How are judges of the United States Supreme Court chosen? What is the 

length of their term of office ? 15 

7. When does the House of Representatives elect a President ? How does it 

vote ? 15 

Note. — The subject of American History and Civil Government was divided after the examina- 
tion of December 3, 1887. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 



1st Grade. - - . . . March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. Of what nationality was De Soto ? What discovery did he make ? 10 

2. Why was Virginia thus named, and where Avas its first settlement ? 10 

3. In what colony and in what year was slavery introduced into the United 

States ? 10 

4. Who was William Peun ? What State did he found ? 10 

5. Give the names of three persons prominent in inciting the colonists to rebel 

against England. 10 

6. Name four distinguished generals who afterward became Presidents of the 

United States. 10 

7. What was the Emancipation Proclamation ? When and by whom was it 

issued ? 10 

8. With wliat nation have we a treaty restricting immigration ? 10 

9. Name two distinguished foreigners who assisted the colonists during the 

Revolutionary War. 10 

10. Give a brief sketch of the life of (a) Lincoln; (5) Seward. 10 

1st Grade. ------ May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. During what war was "Braddock's defeat" ? Where ? 10 

2. Mention two things for which Benjamin Franklin is noted. 10 

3. In what city and in what building was the Declaration of Independence 

signed ? 10 

12 



State of New York. 
detaiitment of public instruction. 

AMERICAN HISTORY, CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 

2d Grade, ...... December 3, 1887. 

1. No answer required. 

3. Gen. Winfielcl Scott, and Gen. Zachariah Taylor. 

3. The impressment of American seamen by the British; the riglit to search Amer. 

ican vessels, claimed by the British government, and denied by the American ; 
and the severe restrictions placed upon American commerce, by the British 
government. James Madison. 

4. Ponce De Leon. From its beautiful foliage and blossoming trees, (Florida, 

me&mng flower y.) 

5. The members of the House of Representatives are chosen every even year for the 

term of two years, and each such term is called "a Congress." 

6. They are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. During life 

or good behavior. 

7. When no candidate has received a majority of the electoral vote of the United 

States. It votes by States, each State being entitled to one vote. 



AMERICAN HISTORY — Answers. 

1st Grade, ..... March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. A Spaniard. The Mississippi river. 

2. After the " Virgin Queen " of England, at Jamestown. 

3. Virginia, 1619. 

4. A celebrated English Quaker. Pennsylvania. 

5. No definite answer can be given here. Patrick Henry, Joseph Otis, Samuel 

Adams, etc. 

6. Washington, Jackson, Taylor and Grant. 

7. A proclamation declaring all the slaves, in the United States, free wherever the 

people were in rebellion. 1863; Abraham Lincoln. 

8. China. 

9. Any two of the following: LaPayette, Kosciusko, Pulaski or Steuben. 
10. No answer can be here given to this, as all answers will vary. 

1st Grade. ...... May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. French and Indian War. In western Pennsylvania. 

2. Answers will vary. 

3. Philadelphia. Independence Hall. 

13 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINA TION QUESTIONS. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1st Grade. ..._.. May 4 and 5, 1888. 

4. Who were the Hessians who took part in the Revolutionary War ? How 

came they here ? 10 

5. For what is each of the following especially remembered : John Paul 

Jones? General Anthony Wayne ? 10 

6. Who was the hero of "Lundy's Lane " ? Of what war was that a battle ? 10 

7. Who was President of the United States during the War of 1812 ? The 

Mexican War ? 10 

8. Mention two noted Anti-Slavery agitators in the United States. 10 

9. Where and for what was John Brown executed ? 10 
10. What is meant by the "Centennial Year"? What event was specially celebrated? 10 

1st Grade. . . . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. When and by whom was Boston founded ? " 10 

2. Why was Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony ? What 

settlement did he found ? 10 

3. What caused the French and Indian War ? 10 

4. For what is each of the following specially remembered : Benjamin Frank- 

lin ? LaFayette ? ' 10 

5. What made Valley Forge memorable ? 10 

6. When, where, and why was the Constitution of the United States adopted ? 10 

7. Under what circumstances was Alexander Hamilton killed ? 10 

8. Between what cities and by whom was the first telegraph line built ? 10 

9. Name two great battled of the Civil War in which the Union forces were vic- 

torious ? 10 

10. To what political party did each of the following belong: Daniel Webster ? 

Stephen A. Douglas ? William H. Seward ? 10 

1st Grade. ----- March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. Why were New York and Virginia so named ? 10 

2. Give one cause, one prominent event, and one result of the French and 

Indian War. ■ 10 

3. Give an account of the battle of Trenton. 10 

4. 5. When, where, and why was the United States Constitution adopted ? 

How much of the present Constitution was then adopted ? 20 

6. State the provisions of the Missouri Compromise. 10 

7. Give an account of John Brown's raid. 10 

8. Give two reasons for the rapid growth of California. 10 

9. What was the Kansas-Nebraska Bill ? 10 
10. State facts as to Stephen A. Douglas; Salmon P. Chase; Wendell Phillips; 

Edwin M. Stanton. (Select any two names from the above list about 
which to write.) 10 

14 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

AMERICAN HISTORY.— Answers. 

1st Grade. ...... May 4 and 5, 1888. 

4. Natives of Hesse-Cassel. They were hired by the British government to fight 

against the American colonists. 

5. For naval victories during the Revolutionary War. For the capture of Stony 

Point, 

6. General Winfield Scott. War of 1812. 

7. James Madison. James K. Polk. 

8. Answers will vary. 

9. In Virginia. For making an unlawful attack upon Harper's Ferry. 
10. 1876. The 100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. 

1st Grade. . . . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. In 1630. Puritan families under Gov, Winthrop. 

2. On account of his religious opinions. Providence. 

3. Previous inter-colonial wars and encroachments of tlie French upon the English 

colonial possessions. 

4. Answers will vary, 

5. The terrible winter sufferings of the American soldiers during the Revolutionary 

War, 

6. 1787. Philadelphia. Because of the utter weakness of the government under 

the Colonial Confederation. 

7. In a duel with Aaron Burr in 1804. 

8. Baltimore and Washington. Prof. S. F. B. Morse, 

9. Answers will vary. 

10. Webster was a Whig; Douglas was a Democrat; and Seward was a Republican. 

1st Grade. . . . . . March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1, New York was named after the Duke of York. Virginia after the "Virgin 

Queen " of England. 

2, Answers may differ. 

3, Answers may differ. 

4, 5. 1787. Philadelphia. There was no executive power, but little power was 

given to Congress, and there was a general feeling that there should be 
stronger national government. All but the fifteen amendments. 
€, Missouri was to be admitted as a slave State, but slavery was to be forever pro- 
hibited in all other territory west of the Mississippi and north of the parallel 
36° 30'. 

7. Answers may differ. 

8. Answers may differ. 

9. The bill introduced by Stephen A. Douglas, organizing the Territories of Kansas 

and Nebraska, and giving the inhabitants tlie power to decide whether slavery 
should be admitted or prohibited, 
10, Answers may differ. 

15 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . January 7, 1888. 

1. By what poople was New York settled? When? "Where? 20 

2. Name the Presidents of the United States who have died during their term 

of office, and the successor of each. 20 

3. What accessions of territory have the United States secured? From whom 

obtained? How? 20 

4. Where was Fort DuQuesne located? Fort Ticouderoga? Fort Necessity? 

Fort Erie? 20 

5. What incidents are recalled by the names, — (a) Cherry Valley? (b) Yorktown? 

(c) Saratoga? (rf) Shiloh ? (e) Appomattox? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... February, 1888. 

1. Give name and location of each of the five tribes of Indians known as the 

Iroquois. 30 

2. Mention three oppressive acts of the British Parliament which are considered 

causes of the American Revolution. 15 

3. Name the Atlantic States which were among the original thirteen States. 25 

4. Name three prominent Centennial Celebrations, by the people of the United 

States, and give the date of each. 20 

5. What State is called the " Centennial " State? Why so called? 10 

« 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . - - March 3, 1888. 

1. Of what church were the earliest settlers of Maryland? Of Pennsylvania? 10 

2. What circumstances led to the colonization of Rhode Island? 10 

3. By what war did Great Britain acquire Canada? ^ 10 

4. In what body was the general government of the colonies lodged during the 

American Revolution ? 10 

5. Why was the battle of Saratoga so important in its consequences? 10 

6. What brilliant victory is associated with the name of Oliver Hazard Perry? 

In what way was that victory gained? 10 

7. By what war did the United States make the largest acquisition of territory? 

What States and Territories have since been formed of this territory? 20 

8. Who were the respective commanders of the Union and Confederate forces in 

the battle of Antietam? Of Gettysburg? 20 

» 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - March 13, 1888. 

1. In what branch of warfare did the Americans particularly distinguish them- 
selves in the War of 1812? 20 
3. What people claim to have discovered America before the time of Columbus? 20 
3. What effect had the Colonial wars upon the Revolutionary struggle? 20 

16 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

AMERICAN HISTORY — Answers. 
2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . January 7, 1888. 

1. By Hollanders, in 1615, on the present sites of New York and Albany. 

2. William Henry Harrison, succeeded by John Tyler. Zachary Taylor, succeeded by Millard 

Fillmore. Abraham Lincoln, succeeded by Andrew Johnson. James A. Garfield, succeeded 
bv Chester A. Arthur. 

3. The Louisiana territory, obtained from the French by purchase; Florida, obtained from Spain 

by purchase; Texas, formerly a part of Mexico, annexed upon a vote of its people; Califor- 
nia, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and part of Colorado, obtained from Mexico by 
purchase, and iu the settlement of the Mexican War; Alaska, obtained from Russia by 
purchase. 

4. Fort DuQuesne was located on the present site of Pittsburgh; Fort Ticonderoga, on Lake 

Champlain; Fort Necessity, nearly south of Pittsburgh, in a pass in the Alleghany moun- 
tains, near the southern boundary of Pennsylvania; Fort Erie, on the west side of Niagara 
river, near Lake Erie. 

5. (a) The great massacre by the Indians; (b) the surrender of Cornwallis; (c) the surrender of 

Burgoyne; (d) the great battle of Shiloh or Pittsburgh Landing, during the Civil War; (e) 
the surrender of the army of Northern Virginia, under Lee, to Gen. Grant. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . _ February, 1888. 

1. Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas. Mohawks in territory 

centering in Herkimer county, and the others in the counties bearing their 
several names. 

2. Navigation Act. Importation Act. Stamp Act. 

3. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New 

Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia. 

4. The Centennial Exposition, 1876, Yorktown, 1881. The adoption of the Consti- 

tution, 1887. 

5. Colorado, Because it was admitted to the Union in 1876. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 8, 1888* 

1. The Roman Catholic; the Quaker Church. 

2. The banishment of Roger Williams from Massachusetts for heresy. 

3. The French and Indian War. 

4. The Continental Congress. i 

5. Because it led to the surrender of Burgoyne and that event led to the recognition 

of the United Colonies as a nation by France. 

6. The naval victory on Lake Erie in the War of 1812. 

7. By the Mexican War, California, Nevada, Colorado, Texas, Utah, Arizona, New 

Mexico. 

8. McClellan and Lee, Meade and Lee. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... March 13, 1888* 

1. In naval warfare. 

2. The Scandinavians, or Northmen. 

3. The colonial wars had developed a military spirit among the colonists, and had 

educated many of their officers in the art of war, thus better fitting the colo- 
nists to cope with the British troops. 

17 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

2d and 3rd Grades, March 13, 1888. 

4, Name two battles of the Mexican War and the commander of the American 

troops in each. 20 

6. Name the eleven States that formed the Confederacy in the War of the Rebellion? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... March, 1888, Special. 

1. What prominent events are associated with the following dates: 1775, 1781, 

1787, 1861 and 1865. 25 

2. Between what two cities was the first telegraph line built? By whom? 15 

3. What was the Nullification Act of 1833? What State passed that act? Who 

was President then? 15 

4. Name the last five regularly elected Presidents and Vice-Presidents. 25 

5. Where, when and under what circumstances did General Grant die? Where 

was he buried? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... April 7, 1888. 

1. What was the Stamp Act? 2a 

2. Who were the respective commanders at the battle of Gettysburg? In what 

State was it fought? 20 

3. In what two wars was George Washington a distinguished participant? 20 

4. For what act is Benedict Arnold's name execrated? 20 

5. What was the Missouri Compromise? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, .-...- May 5, 1888. 

1. What European discovered the Mississippi River? The Pacific Ocean, from 

the heights of the Isthmus of Darien? 10 

2. After whom was this continent named? Why was it so named? 10 

3. State facts relating to Nathan Hale. To John Andre. 10 

4. For what was Robert Fulton noted ? Eli Whitney ? 10 

5. Who was the first candidate of the Republican party for President of the 

United States? Who was first elected President by that party? 10 

6. Wliat European nation made the first settlements in the valley of the St. 

Lawrence? In the valley of the Hudson? 10 

7. Locate Fort Sumter ; Appomattox Court-House. 10 

8. Name four American generals that have been elected President of the 

United States. 10 

9. From what country did the United States purchase Alaska? Florida? 10 
10. What was the last great battle of the War of 1812? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ...... Jiine, 1888. 

1. Why did the Pilgrims come to this country to make it their home ? 10 

2. Into what colony was negro slavery first introduced ? When ? 10 

18 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

AMERICAN HISTORY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - .... March 13, 1888. 

4. Answer unnecessary, 

5. Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, 

Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas and Tennessee. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... March, 1888, Special. 

1. Battle of Lexington; surrender of Cornwallis; adoption of the Constitution; 

attack on Fort Sumter ; Lee's surrender. 

2. Baltimore and Washington ; Prof. Morse. 

3. The people of South Carolina refused to pay duties on foreign goods ; South 

Carolina : Andrew Jackson. 

4. Lincoln and Johnson, Grant and Colfax, Hayes and Wheeler, Garfield and Arthur, 

Cleveland and Hendricks. 

5. On Mt. McGregor, July, 1885, of cancer in his throat; at Riverside Park. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . April 7, 1888. 

1. An act of Parliament compelling the people of the American colonies to buy gov- 

ernment stamps and place them on legal papers. 

2. General Meade, Union ; Gen. Lee, Confederate. Pennsylvania. 

3. The French and Indian War of 1755; Revolutionary War. 

4. His traitorous negotiation with Sir Henry Clinton, to surrender West Point to the 

British. 

5. An Act of Congress which provided that Missouri should come into the Union as a 

slave State and that thereafter slavery should be forever prohibited north of 36'30'. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - « - - - - May 5, 1888. 

1. De Soto. B&lboa. 

2. Amerigo Vespucci. Because he visited the mainland, and called attention to his 

visit by writing an account of it, which was published. 

3. Nathan Hale was an American who entered the British lines to secure informa- 

tion for Washington, was captured and executed as a spy by the British. 
John Andre was a British officer who was appointed to negotiate with Bene- 
dict Arnold for the betrayal of West Point into tlie hands of the British, and 
was captured and executed as a spy by the Americans. 

4. As the inventor of the first steamboat in America. As the inventor of the cotton gin. 

5. John C. Freemont. Abraham Lincoln. 

6. The French. The Dutch. 

7. Fort Sumter is on an island at the entrance to the harbor of Charleston, S. C. 

Appomattox Court- House in the southern central part of Virginia. 

8. Washington. Jackson. Taylor. Grant. Hayes. Garfield. (Any four.) 

9. Russia. Spain. 

10. The battle of New Orleans. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..-.-. June, 1888. 

1. To find a home where they could worship God according to their own con- 

sciences, and educate their children as they pleased. 

2. Virginia. 1619. 

19 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

2(i and 3rd Grades, ------ June, 1888. 

3. Wlien and why was the Stamp Act repealed ? 10 

4. Where was the Continental Congress in session during the Revolutionary War? 10 

5. What led to the Mexican War ? 10 

6. Name two prominent generals of {a) the United States army and (6) one of 

the Mexican army in that war. 10 

7. During what war and where was the battle of the " Iron Ships " fought ? 10 

8. State some facts about Sherman's march to the sea. ; 10. 

9. Of what nation did the United State government purchase Louisiana ? 10 
10. What chief justice of the United States died a short time since ? 10 

2d and 3d Grades, . . . . . August 14, 1888. 

1. Who were the first explorers of the Mississippi Valley ? 20 
3. What event is associated with each of the following dates: 1565, 1619, 

1C20, 1765 ? 20 

3. Name one important event of each year of the Revolutionary War. 20 

4. What was the Geneva award ? What amount was awarded ? 20 

5. With what great enterprise is each of the following names associated: 

(a) DeWitt Clinton ? (b) S. F. B. Morse ? (c) Cyrus W. Field ? {d) Ezra 
Cornell ? {e) M. Bartholdi ? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, ... . September 1, 1888. 

1. What portion of the United States was first settled by {a) the Spanish ? 

(b) the English ? (c) the Dutch ? 20 

2. Who were the Huguenots ? Why did many of them come to America ? 20 

3. For what purpose, and by whom, was Georgia first settled ? 20 

4. When and where was Washington inaugurated president of the United 

States ? 20 

6. Name in order the first Jive presidents, and give the length of time each 

served. 30 

qd and 3rd Grades, _ . . » September 11, 1888. 

1. Mention something of interest as to Andrew Jackson ; Henry Clay; John C. 

Calhoun. 15 

2. Who was President of the United States for only one month ? 5 

3. Mention one specially important event of each year of the Civil War. 50 

4. Name three candidates for the Presidency in 1884, and state what party 

each represented. 15 

5. State facts as to (a) Horatio Seymour, Q>) Roscoe Conkling, (c) Horace 

Greeley. 15 

80 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

AMERICAN HISTORY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ------ June, 1888. 

3. 1766. Because the British government found it could not be safely en- 

forced, 

4. In Philadelphia. 

5. The annexation of Texas. 

6. (a) Scott and Taylor, (b) Santa Anna. 

7. During the Civil War. In Hampton Roads. 

8. Answers will vary. 

9. Of France. 

10. Morrison R. Waite. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - ' - - - August 14, 1888. 

1. La Salle and Marquette. 

2. 1565 — St. Augustine. 1G19 —Slavery. 1630 — The Pilgrims' landing. 1765 — 

Stamp Act. 

3. Answers will vary. 

4. The amount paid to Americans by England on account of the Alabama depre- 

dations. $15,500,000. 

5. (a) The Erie Canal, (h) The first telegraph line, (c) The first Atlantic cable. 

((7) Cornell University, {e) The Statue of Liberty in New York harbor. 

2d and 3rd Grades .... September 1, 1888. 

1. (a) The south-eastern part, including Florida, and what is now New Mexico. 

(b) All the remaining eastern .coast, except New York and New Jersey, 

(c) The above-mentioned two States. 

2. French Protestants. To escape persecution on account of their religious beliefs. 

3. As a refuge for imprisoned debtors. By James Oglethorpe 

4. April 30, 1789. In New York city. 

5. George Washington, eight years; John Adams, four years; Thomas JefTerson, 

eight years ; James Madison, eight years ; James Monroe, eight years. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - - . September 11, 1888. 

1. Answers will vary. 

2. William Henry Harrison. 

3. Answers will vary, 

4. Any three of the following: Grover Cleveland, Democratic party; James G. 

Blaine, Repubhcan party; J. P. St. John, Prohibition party; B. F. Butler, 
People's party ;, Belva Lockwood, Female Suffrage party. 

6. Answers will vary. 

21 



State of New York. 

UNIFOEM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . October 6, 1888. 

1. What -was meant by the phrase " Taxation without representation ? " 20 

2. What incidents are recalled by the names John Paul Jones, Commodore 20 

Perry and Admiral Farragut ? 20 

3. When, how and by whom was Vicksburg captured ? 20 

4. Mention two great inventions of this century, and name the inventors 

(Americans). 20 

5. Name two famous Americans who have died during the past five years, and 

state for what each was famous. 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- November 3, 1888. 

1. Describe the capture of Ticonderoga by Ethan Allen. 20 

2. By whom was Stony Point captured? During what war? 20 

3. Why were New York and Pennsylvania so named? 20 

4. Mention two specially important events of 1860? 20 

5. By whom, and under what circumstances, was President Garfield killed? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - . _ _ January 5, 1889. 

1. In connection with the exploration and settlement of this continent, mention 

(a) an Englishman, (5) a Spaniard, (c) an Italian, and {d) a Frenchman. 20 

2. What nation, or people colonized, this State ? Name and locate two early 

settlements. 20 
8. What historical event is connected with the following narries: (a) Oliver H. 
Perry; (h) Trenton; (c) Samuel F. B. Morse; (d) DeWitt Clinton; (e) A. 
Graham Bell; (/) The Monitor; (5-) Dred Scott; (li) Peter Stuyvesant; 

{i) Tippecanoe ; {j) Brigham Young ? 20 

4. Mention five acquisitions of territory made by the United States. 20 

5. Which States passed secession ordinances after the general election of 1860 ? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- February 2, 1889. 

1. Where was the first permanent Spanish settlement within the present limits 

of the United States? The first permanent English settlement? 10 

2. Why is the capital of North Carolina called Raleigh? 10 

3. Give the story of Pocahontas. 10 

4. By whom and for what purpose was Maryland first settled? 10 

5. Name three ex-Presidents who died on the Fourth of July? 10 

6. What was the Fugitive Slave Law? 10 

7. Locate the " Gadsden Purchase," and state who negotiated that purchase. 10 

8. Describe the " Trent Affair." 10 

9. Give an account of the laying of the Atlantic cable. 10 
10. State facts as to (a) Farragut, (&) Meade, (c) Sherman, (J) Sheridan, {e) Lee. 10 

(Select any two of the above Jive names in question 10 about which to write.) 

22 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC 1N8TRV CTION, 

AMERICAN HISTORY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . - . October 6, 1888. 

1. The colonists denied the right of Great Britain to tax them, unless they could 

be represented in Parliament. 
3. Naval battles of the Revolutionary War. Perry's victory on Lake Erie. The 

capture of New Orleans and Mobile. 

3. 1863. By siege. Grant. 

4. Answers will vary. 
6. Answers will vary. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... November 3, 1888. 

1. Answers will vary. 

2. General Wayne. Revolutionary War. 

3. New York was named after the Duke of York. Pennsylvania means Penn's woods. 

4. The two most important are tlie election of Lincoln, and the secession of South 

Carolina. 

5. By Charles J. Guiteau, in a railway station, in Washington. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... January 5, 1889. 

1. (a) The Cabots, Raleigh, Hudson, Gosnold and Drake; {b) De Leon, Balboa, De Soto, De 

Narvaez. Cortez and Cordova; (accept Columbus); (c) Columbus and Vespucci; {d) Ver- 
razani, Cartier, Ribaut, Champlain, Marquette, Joliet, Du Mont, and La Salle. 

2. Holland, or the Dutch. Fort Orange, the present site of Albany; New Amsterdam, now New 

York city. 

3. (o) Battle of Lake Erie; (5) Washington crossing the Delaware and defeating the Hessians; 

(c) Invention of the telegraph; ((i) Construction of the Erie canal; {e) Invention of the 
telephone; (_/"} First battle between ironclad ships; {g) Decision of the United States 
Supreme Court affecting the civil rights of the colored race; (h) Last Dutch Governor of 
New Amsterdam ; {i) Gen. Wm. H. Harrison's victory over the Indians in 1811 ; {j) Founder 
of Salt Lake City, and for thirty years chief prophet of the Mormons. 

4. Louisiana; Florida; Texas; California, New Mexico and Arizona ; Gadsden Purchase ; Wash- 

ington and Oregon ; Alaska. 

5. Virgina, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, 

Texas, Arkansas and Tennessee. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - February 2, 1889. 

1. St. Augustine, Florida; Jamestown, Virginia. 

2. After Sir Walter Raleigh, who first tried to plant a colony in North Carolina. 

3. Answers will vary. 

4. By Lord Baltimore as a refuge for oppressed Catholics. 

5. Adams, Jefferson and Monroe. 

6. It was a law which required United States commissioners to return fugitive 

slaves, and gave them power to call upon any citizen for help. 

7. The part of Arizona and New Mexico lying south of the Gila river. James 

Gadsden. 

8. Answers will vary. 

9. Answers will vary. 
10. Answers will vary. 

23 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 2, 1889. 

1. What people settled Acadia? What permanent English settlement was made 

about the same time? 10 

2. Name the first two permanent settlements in New York. 10 

3. Who founded Philadelphia? Baltimore? 10 

4. State one cause of the American Eevolution. Name the greatest event of 

1776. Of 1781. 10 

5. Who were the Tories? The Hessians? 10 

6. What Union officer commanded the land forces at Antietam? at Gettysburg? 

at Atlanta? at Vicksburg? the naval forces at Mobile? 10 

7. Where, and by what vessel was the Alabama sunk? 10 

8. Name three States known as " Border " States during the Civil War. 10 

9. Name the Governors of this State during the Civil War. 10 
10. Name three members of President Cleveland's Cabinet. What position does 

each hold? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . - March 12, 1889. 

1. State facts as to any hco of the following: John Smith ; John Endicott ; Roger 

Williams ; William Penn ; Cecil Calvert. 10 

2. What historic event is suggested by Ticonderoga? Stony Point? Cemetery 

Ridge? Atlanta? Appomattox? 10 

3. Name four inter-colonial wars. 10 

4. At the storming of Quebec by the English, what two famous leaders were 

killed? 10 

5. What was the Mutiny Act? The Boston Massacre? 10 

6. Who was Kosciusko? LaPayette? 10 

7. How did Texas become part of the United States? What resulted? 10 

8. Name two great battles of the Mexican War, aud name the commander of 

the American forces in each. 10 

9. Describe the capture of Fort Sumter in 1861. 10 
10. Name a prominent historical event of 1862; 1863; 1864; 1865; 1876. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - -' April 6, 1889. 

1. How came New Jersey and Delaware to be so named? 10 

2. Relate the story of Paul Revere's Ride. 10 

3. State facts as to Israel Putnam ; General Marion ; General Warren. 10 

4. Where is Faneuil Hall? For what is it noted? 10 

5. Name one battle of the Civil War where each of the following Union gener- 

als was in command : McClellan; Meade; Burnside; Hooker; Thomas. 10 

6. What were " Blockade-runners? " By whom were they fitted out? 10 

7 Give an account of Sheridan's famous ride from Winchester. 10 

24 



State of New York. 

DEPAET^fEXT OF PUBLIC I XST HU C TI OIN'. 

AMERICAN HISTORY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 2, 1889. 

1. The French. Jamestown, 

2. New Amsterdam and Fort Orange. 

3. William Penn. Lord Baltimore. 

4. Answers to first may dilfer. The Declaration of Independence in 1776. Sur- 

render of Coruwallis in 1781. 
6. Colonists who sympathized with the English during the Revolutionary War. 
Germans (natives of Hesse-Cassel) who were hired by the British government 
to fight against the colonists. 

6. McClellan. Meade. Sherman. Grant. Farragut. 

7. Off Cherbourg, on the northwestern coast of France. By the Kearsarge. 

8. Any three of the following: Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky and Missouri. 

9. Horatio Seymour, Edwin D. Morgan, and Reuben E. Fenton. 

10. Any three of the following: Thomas F. Bayard, secretary of state; Charles S. 
Fairchild, secretary of the treasury; William C. Eudicott, secretary of war; 
William C. Whitney, secretary of the navy ; William F. Vilas, secretary of 
the interior ; Don M. Dickinson, postmaster-general ; A. H. Garland, attorney- 
general \ Norman L. Colmau, secretary of agriculture. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . _ . . March 12, 1889. 

1. Answers may differ. 

2. Its capture by Ethan Allen. Its capture by Mad Anthony Wayne. The battle 

of Gettysburg. Its capture by Sherman. The surrender of Lee's army. 

3. King William's War, Queen Anne's War, King George's War. French and 

Indian War, 

4. Wolfe and Montcalm. 

5. An act requiring Americans to furnish English soldiers with shelter and sup- 

j5lies. The killing of citizens of Boston by the British troops in 1770. 

6. A Pole of noble birth who came to America and gave his aid to the patriot 

cause. 
A French nobleman who purchased a ship, fitted it out at his own expense, came 
to America, and served in the patriot army. 

7. By annexation. The Mexican War. 
6. Answers may differ, 

9, Answers may differ. 
10. Answers may differ. 

2d and 3rd Grades, April 6, 1889. 

1. In honor of tlie Governor of Jersey Island, After Lord De la Ware, 

2. Answers may differ. 

3. Answers may differ, 

4. In Boston. As the " Cradle of Liberty." 

5. Answers may differ. 

6. Vessels fitted out to run the blockade of rebel ports. By foreign merchants, 

7. Answers may differ. 

25 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EX AMI N A TJON Q UESTIONS. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

2d and 3d Grades, ... - - April 6, 1889. 

8. What two States were admitted into the Union during the Civil War? 10 

9. What has been the approximate increase of population in the United States 

since the close of the Revolution ? 10 

10. State facts as to William Lloyd Garrison; Henry W. Longfellow; John G. 

Whittier ; William CuUen Bryant. 10 

(Select any tico of the above names about which to icrite.) 

2d and 3rd Grades, May 4, 1889. 

1. When did England make a treaty acknowledging the independence of the 

United States? Where was it made? 10 

2. Name in order of location the thirteen original States of our Union. 10 

3. What were the two great political parties during Washington's administra- 

tion? What were they in 1850? 10 

4. When did Washington become the seat of government of the United States? 10 

5. Name five presidents who have been re-elected. 10 

6. To what State did each of the following belong: {n) Thomas Jefferson? (b) 

Andrew Jackson? (c) Daniel Webster? {d) Henry Clay? (e) John C. Cal- 
houn? (/) James Buchanan? {g) Abraham Lincoln? (//) Samuel J. Tilden? 

{{) Alexander H. Stephens? (;) " Stonewall " Jackson? 10 

7. What general first thoroughly organized the Army of the Potomac? 10 

8. Give an incident of the battle of Gettysburg. 10 

9. AVhat was the Sanitary Commission? The Christian Commission? 10 
10. Why was the International Exhibition of 1876 held at Philadelphia? 10 

1st Grade, . . - - - August 13 and 14, 1889. 

1. When and where did the second Continental Congress meet ? What was 

the most important act of that Congress ? 10 

2. Tell the story of Nathan Hale. 10 

3. Why is the surrender of Burgoyne regarded as the turning point of the 

Revolutionary War ? 10 

4. What brought about the Boston tea party ? 10 

5. Describe the destruction of the frigate Philadelphia by Lieutenant Decatur. 10 

6. State facts about Jackson and the United States Bank. 10 

7. What were the anti-rent troubles in the State of New York ? 10 

8. What was the prominent idea of the Know Nothing, or American party ? 10 

9. Give an account of the attack on Fort Sumter in 1861. 10 
10. Name ten States which were admitted into the Union between the Revolu- 
tion and the Civil War. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- August 13, 1889. 

1. On what ground did the French claim the region along the St. Lawrence 

river ? 1® 

26 



State of New York. 
department of public instli uction. 

AMERICAN HISTORY.— Answers. 

2d and 3d Grades, April 6, 1888. 

8. "West Virginia and Nevada. 

9. From about 3,000,000 to about 60,000,000. 



10. Answers may differ. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - - . . May 4, 1889. 

l.*1783. At Paris. 

2. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New 

Jersej', Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South 
Carolina, Georgia. 

3. Federalist and Republican (also called Anti-Federalists). Democratic and Whig. 

4. 1800. 

5. Answers may differ. 

6. (a) Virginia, (h) Tennessee, (c) Massachusetts, (rf) Kentucky, {e) South Carolina. 

(/) Pennsylvania, {g) Illinois. Qi) New York, (i) Georgia. ( j) North Carolina. 

7. Geo. B. McClellan. 

8. Answers may differ. 

9. A great organization which had for its object the care of the sick and wounded in 

the army. The latter included religious instruction and Christian burial as well. 
10. Because the Declaration of Independence was adopted there in 1776, one hun- 
dred years before. 

1st Grade, . . . . . August 13 and 14, 1889. 

1. May 10, 1775, at Philadelphia. Signing the declaration of Independence. 

2. Answers may differ. 

3. It gave supplies and munitions of war to the American army ; encouraged the 

soldiers and brought about a formal alliance with France. 

4. Parliament persisted in levying a tax of three pence per pound on tea. The 

colonists were contending tliat there should be no taxation without represen- 
tation. The British refused to send home their tea ships, so the colonists 
broke open the chests, etc. 

5. Answers may differ. 

6. Answers may differ. 

7. Troubles caused by the refusal of renters to pay the rents exacted by the de- 

scendants of the Patroons. 

8. That America should be for, and ruled by Americans. 

9. Answers may differ. 
10. Answers may differ. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . _ _ August 13, 1889. 

1. On the ground that Cartier and other Frenchmen had made the first explorations 

and settlements there. 

27 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - ' - - - - August 13, 1889. 

2. For -what is each of the following noted : (a) "Walter Raleigh ? (5) John 

Smith ? (c) La Salle ? (d) De Soto ? (e) Balboa ? 10 

3. To whom did the laud belong when our ancestors came to this country ? 10 

4. What forts did Burgoyne capture before reaching Saratoga in 1777 ? ^ 10 

5. Tell the story of the Charter Oak. 10 

6. State facts as to Valley Forge in 1778. • 10 

7. What originated the statement " Cotton is King ? " 10 

8. How came General Grant to be called " Unconditional Surrender " Grant ? 10 

9. Of what great event in the history of this nation is the present year the 

liundredth anniversary ? 10 
10. For what are the following noted : (a) Poe ? (V) Holmes ? (c) Cooper ? 

{d) Irviug ? (e) Bancroft ? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . _ . . - September 7, 1880. 

1. Describe the first voyage of Columbus to America. 10 

2. Why were the settlers at Plymouth called Pilgrims ? 10 

3. State facts as to John and Sebastian Cabot. 10 

4. What was Lord Baltimore's purpose in coming to America ? 10 

5. In what war was Braddock's defeat ? What brought on that war ? 10 

6. Why was the " Stamp Act " passed ? Why was it so soon repealed ? 10 

7. State facts about Daniel Boone. 10 

8. Describe the "Trent Affair." 10 

9. Mention the provisions of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. 10 
10. When, how and by whom was Vicksburg captured ? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . September 10, 1889. 

1. What did Roger Williams do to help the people of Connecticut ? 10 

2. What were the Dutch Manors of New York ? 10 

3. Who commanded the American forces at the battle of Bennington ? 10 

4. Who was the first Secretary of the Treasury ? 10 

5. What is meant by the phrase "Squatter Sovereignty ? " 10 

6. What was the great event of Buchanan's term of office ? 10 

7. Under what peculiar circumstances did Mr. Lincoln come into office ? 10 

8. Which of the Presidents was impeached ? What was the verdict of the 

court in the case ? 10 

9. What was the Embargo Act ? 10 
10. For what are the following names famous : Singer ? Hoe ? Peabody ? 

Agassiz ? Ezra Cornell ? 10 

28 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, 

AMERICAN HISTORY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . August 13, 1889. 

2. {a) For planting a colony in America, {b) For his work in connection with the colony 

at Jainestowu. (6-) For his explorations in the Mississippi Valley, {d) For the dis- 
covery of the Mississippi, (e) For the discovery of the Pacific ocean from the 
heights of Darien. 

3. To the Indians found here. 

4. Forts Ticouderoga and Independence. 
5-6. Answers may differ. 

7. Large quantities of cotton were produced in the Southern States. This found a 

ready sale in the markets of the world, making its cultivation very profitable. 
The south was allowed a larger representation in Congress from the fact of its 
holding slaves. These things gave rise to this statement. 

8. Because of his demand for unconditional surrender made to Pemberton at Vicksburg, 

9. Of the government's going into operation under the Constitution, including the 

inauguration of Washington as first President. 
10. (a) For " The Raven " and other poems. (?>) As a brilliant and witty writer, (c) For 
the " Leather-Stocking Tales " and other stories, {d) For his " Knickerbocker's 
History of New York," "Legend of Sleepy Hollow," and other works, (e) 
For his " History of the United States." 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - . - _ September 7, 1889. 

1. Answers may differ. 

2. Because of their wanderings in Europe and to America. 

3. Answers may differ. 

4. For a refuge for persecuted Catholics. 

5. French and Indian war. The French and English both claimed the region west 

of the Alleghanies. Previous inter-colonial wars had caused bitter hatred 
between the two nations. 

6. As a means of revenue to England. The opposition was so great, as the people 

organized to resist the law, seized the stamps and compelled the agents to resign. 
7-8. Answers may differ. 
9. Organizing the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, and giving the people the right 

to decide whether those territories should be admitted as free or slave States. 
10. July 4, 1863, by siege, by Grant's army. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . SeptemlDer 10, 1889. 

1. He kept the Narragansetts and Pequots from combining to attack the people of 

that colony. 

2. Tracts of land, with feudal rights, granted by the Dutch West India Company 

to persons planting colonies in New York. 

3. General Stark. 

4. Alexander Hamilton. 

5. That the settlers in a territory should decide whether it should be admitted into 

the Union as a slave or free State. 

6. The secession of South Carolina and other States. 

7. Several States had seceded and obtained possession of the forts, arsenals and 

other property of the United States within their borders. The treasury was 
empty; the vessels of the navy were scattered and many public offices were 
occupied by sympathizers with secession. 

8. Andrew Johnson. The impeachment was not sustained. 

9. American vessels were forbidden to leave American ports for Europe, and foreign 

vessels were forbidden to land their cargoes in American ports. 
10. The sewing machine ; the printing press; education in the south; discoveries in 
natural history; establishment of Cornell University. 

29 



State of New York. 

UlflFOBM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 

2d and 3rd Grades, October 5, 1889. 

1. What -was the main motive in the settlement of the following colonies: 

Massachusetts? Rhode Island ?'^ Maryland? Georgia? 10 

2. What gave the Indians of Pennsylvania so much confidence in William 

Penn ? 10 

3. Give some reasons that have been assigned for the betrayal of West Point 

by Arnold. 10 

4. Name three Revolutionary battles which were fought in this State. 10 

5. What was Bacon's Rebellion ? What brought it on ? 10 

6. State how and when gold was first discovered in California. 10 

7. Name two great anti-slavery leaders. 10 

8. Mention three prominent events of 1861. 10 

9. State facts as to (a) Sheridan ; (b) Lee ; (c) Burnside ; (dj Sherman ; (e) Hooker. 10 
10. What has been done with reference to Chinese immigration ? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - November 26, 1889. 

Of the following questions, the candidates will answer only six, to each of which sixteen and two., 
thirds credits are assigned. 

1. Name two Frenchmen who were prominent in making explorations in what is 

now the United States. 

2. Why did the Dutch East India Company send Hudson to this country ? 

3. Give an account of the battle upon the Plains of Abraham. 

4. How came Missouri to be admitted as a slave State ? 

5. Give an account of Early's raid. 

6. What attempt was made upon the life of William H. Seward ? 

7. Give an account of the Custer massacre. 

8. State facts about the Bland Silver Bill. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . _ . - - January 11, 1890. 

Of the following questions, the candidates will answer only six, to each of which sixteen and 
two-thirds credits are assigned. 

1. Give an account of Ponce de Leon's discovery of Florida. 

2. Name some of the Indian tribes formerly found in New York. 

3. Give dates of the beginning and ending of the French and Indian War. 

4. Mention three acts of the English King that were causes of the American revolu- 

tion. 

5. During whose administration was the Black Hawk War ? The Mexican War? 
r>. Name the written compact or State paper connected with each of the following 

dates: 1630, 1776, 1787 and 1863. 

7. How was Texas acquired by the United States ? 

8. Mention one important result of the Civil War. 

30 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

AMERICAN HISTORY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- October 5, 1889. 

1. la the first three, to secure freedom from religious persecution; in Georgia to 

provide a refuge for debtors. 

2. He always kept faith with them. 

3. (1) He had lived at Pliiladelphia in great extravagance, and was in need of money. 

(2) He wished to be revenged upon Washington for reprimanding him. 

(3) He gratified his love of money and power by attempting to betray his post. 

4. Answers may differ. 

5. In the colony of Virginia, Gov. Berkeley did not defend the colonists against 

the Indians. Nathaniel Bacon raised a company and defeated the Indians, 
and then drove Berkeley out of Jamestown. 

6. A workman digging in a mill-race discovered particles of gold, in 1848. 

7. Answers may differ. 

8. Answers may differ. 

9. Answers may differ. 

10. In 1882, Congress passed a law forbidding Chinese immigration for ten years. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- November 26, 1889. 
1. Answers may differ. 
3. To find a new and shorter route to India than by Cape of Good Hope. 

3. Answers may differ. 

4. Under the compromise that slavery should be prohibited in all territories west 

of the Mississippi and north of the parallel 36° 30'. 

5. Answers may differ. 

6. At the time of the assassination of Lincoln another assassin attempted to take 

Seward's life. 

7. Answers may differ. 

8. Answers may differ. ^ 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . - January 11, 1890. 

1. Answers may differ. 

2. Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas or Senecas. 

3. 1754 to 17G3. 

4. Answers may differ. 

5. Jackson's. Polk's. 

6. Agreement in the cabin of the Mayflower; Declaration of Independence; Con- 

stitution of the United States; Emancipation Proclamation. 

7. The Texans, having won their independence, asked to be admitted to the Union, 

and Congress granted their request. 

8. Answers may differ. 

31 



State of New York. 
unifobm examina tion q vestions. 

AMERICAN HISTORY. 
2d and 3rd Grades, ... - - March 4, 1890. 

Of the following questions, the candidates will answer only six, to each of which sixteen and 
two-thirds credits are assigned. 

1. Name five men who were prominent in exploring and settling the thirteen colo- 

nies, and give the nationality of each. 

2. What had Edmund Andros to do with the early history of New York ? 

3. Account for the name "French and Indian War." 

4. Give the substance of one of the Navigation Acts. 

5. Describe one of the naval battles of the Revolution. 

6. State facts about Generals Scott, Taylor and Santa Anna. 

7. What two Presidents were elected by the House of Representatives ? 

8. Give an account of the first battle of Bull Run. 

1st Grade, ------ March 4 and 5, 1890* 

1. Who were the Norsemen ? Give some supposed facts about their visits to 

what is now the United States. 10 

2. What people first settled Virginia ? New York ? Pennsylvania ? The St. 

Lawrence Valley ? 10 

3. Name three places of special historical interest in New York, and mention 

the historic incident associated with each. 10 

4. Mention the prominent battle of the French and Indian War, naming the 

general in command on each side. 10 

5. State the circumstances which brought about the repeal of the Stamp Act. 10 

6. Was the Boston Tea Party a cause of the Revolution, or an incident ? 

Give a reason for your answer ? 10 

7. State the important result of the War of 1812. 10 

8. Who commanded the Union forces at Antietam ? Chancellorsville ? Vicks- 

burg ? Gettysburg ? 10 

9. What were the Alabama claims ? How were they disposed of? 10 
10. Name three prominent historians of the United States. IQ. 

32 



State of New York. 
detartment of public in s t rtj c t i on. 

AMERICAN HISTORY.— Answers. 

2d andSrd Grades, . . . . . March 4, 1890. 

1. Ans\fers may diiler. 

2. He was the English governor of that colony. 

3. From the fact of the alliance between the French and Indians against the Eng- 

lish, it was so named. 

4. Answers may differ. 

5. Answers may differ. 

6. Answers may differ. 

7. Jefferson and John Quincy Adams. 

8. Answers may differ. 

1st Grade, ---..- March 4 and 5, 1890. 

1. Inhabitants of Sweden and Norway. They are supposed to have come to the 

coast of New England, and to have given the name of Vinlandto this country. 

2. The English. The Dutcli. English. Quakers. The French. 

3. Answers may differ. 

4. The battle of Quebec. "Wolfe commanded. the British, and Montcalm the French 

forces. 

5. Congress demanded its repeal, and the public indignation was so great that the 

English government saw it could not be enforced. 

6. An incident. Public feeUng was aroused to the highest pitch, and the men, 

disguised as Indians, took advantage of that fact to destroy the tea. 

7. It secured us equal rights upon the high seas. 

8. McClellan. Hooker. Grant. Meade. 

9. Claims of the United States upon England for damages to American commerce 

by the Alabama and other Confederate cruisers, which were fitted out in Eng- 
lish ports. They were settled by arbitration, England paying $15,500,000. 

10. Answers may differ. 

33 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

ARITHMETIC. 
1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 3, 1887. 

Note. — The following indicates the grade of questions used for the four examinations in this 
subject held in 18S7 ; 

Ist'Grade. — All questions in every subject apply to first grade licenses. 

5flf Grade. — All questions in every subject, excepting School Law and Algebra, apply to second 
grad licenses. 

Srd Grade. — Questions printed in italics only, apply to third grade licenses, 

1. Divide %x^ly f + f. SuUract 2^ from the sum of 81, 3^, 7^, 8yV 15 

3. Extend the items and m,ake the footing iii the following hill: 

ALBANY, K F., September 1, 1887. 
Mr. ARTHUR FLOYD, in account with R. J. ALLEN & CO. 

6433 lbs. store coal, @ $6.25 per ton $ 

6432 /f. inch boards,® $19.25 per M 

8. 33 cords wood, @ $5.55 per cord 15 

3. Divide 2 gals. 2 qts. 1 pt. into 2,000 equal parts. 10 

4. Find the legal interest of $4,352.50/or 1 year 3 months and 13 days. 10 

5. A man having $2,025 in the banh drew out $1,560. What per cent did he draw 

out? 10 

6. A pile of 4-foot wood 24 rods long contains 100 cords. What is its height ? 20 

7. A man sells pens at i cent apiece above cost and makes 20 per cent. "What 

do the pens cost him apiece ? At what price per dozen does he sell them? 20 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . October 1, 1887. 

1. Add 31 (f-f-xs)' NO VIII, and four and seven hundred-tJiousajidths. 10 

2. Find the least common multiple, and greatest common divisor of 52, 78 and 143. 15 

3. What will If acres of land cost at \ cent per square foot ? 10 

4. From a barrel of wine, 18 gal. 3 qt. 1 pt. were drawn. What per cent of the 

whole remained in the barrel? 15 

5. What will 1893 lbs. hay cost at $12.38 p>er ton? 10 

6. A man sold sixteen horses at $200 each; on one-half he gained 10 per cent, 

and on the other half he lost 10 per cent. Find net gain or loss. 20 

7. Write a negotiable, interest-bearing, promissory note, omitting signature. 20 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - * " - November 5, 1887. 

1. Write (a) three million, sixty thousand, seven; (b) a number composed of 5 units 

of the sixth order, 4 units of the fifth order, 1 unit of the fourth order, and 9 
units of the second order; (c) six thousand twenty four hundred-thousandtlis. 12 

2. (a) Divide | of I ofi\ by ^ ; {b) subtract Sj%from the sum of 5^, 2*, 4^^. 12 

3. Find the interest o/$94.75 from Aug. 14, 1886, to Oct. 1, 1887, at 5 per cent per 

annum. 12 

4. Reduce (a) 39 sq. rods 17 sq. yd. 119 sq. in. to sq. in.; Qi) 3. ph. 5 qt. 1 pt. to the 

fraction of a bushel. 12 

5. If lead pencils that cost 3 cts. each are sold for 5 cents each, what is the per cent of 

projfit ? 13 

34 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRV GTIOy, 



ARITHMETIC— Answers. 
1st, 2d. and 3rd Grades, .... September 3, 1887. 



1. 


18,V 


24 


53 

135' 


2. 


$ 20 


10 






123 


83 






46 


23 





$190 15 

8. .0105 pt. 

4. $335.87. 

5. 77^V per cent. 

6. 8^5 feet. 

7. I ceut apiece ; 9 cents per doz. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, 

1. 109.12507. 

2. 1716 L. C. M.; 13 G. C. D. 

3. $373,371. 

4. 40/j per cent 

5. $11.71+ 

6. $32.33 loss. 

7. Answer unnecessary. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, 

1. (a) 3,060,007. {h) 541,090. (c) .06024. 

2. (a) 1||. (6) 3|-|e. 

3. $5.36. 

4. (a) 1,551,107 sq. in. (b) §| biL 

5. 66| per cent. 



October 1, 1887. 



November 5, 1887. 



35 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . . _ . November 5, 1887. 

6. The difference in time between New York and Chicago is 54 min. {a) What 

is the difference in longitude ? (b) When the local time in New York is 

12 h. 25 min., A. M., what is the local time in Chicago ? 20 

7. Extract the square root of 317.815, correct to three decimal places. 20 

Ist, 2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . December 3, 1887. 

1. To lehat different classes of numbers does the numler 924 helong? 12 

2. What is the onhj even, prime nurnber ? 12 

3. Express hy figures (a) four huhdred and twenty-eight teii-thousandths; (b) nine 

hundred-thousandths. \% 

4. How much will it cost to carpet a room 18/<. square, with carpet % of a yard wide 

at $1.15 per yard? 12 

5. A rectangular field is 86| rods hng and 46.875 rods wide. How much wheat will 

it produce at the rate of 20 bushels per acre ? 12 

6. What sum of money will amount to $1,253.86, in 2 yr. 11 mo. 13 da., interest 

at 5 per cent ? 20 

7. How is the rate per cent per annum ascertained when the principal, interest, 

and time are given ? 20 

Ist Grade, ..... March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. Express by words 234,506.234. 10 

2. State the principles that you would teach in multiplication. 10 

3. State two principles that you would teach in greatest common divisor. 10 

4. Given, the dividend, quotient, and remainder, to find the divisor. State the 

process. 10 

5. Given, rate, time, and interest, to find principal. State rule or formula. 10 

6. Define (a) the unit of a fraction ; (h) a fractional unit. 10 

7. Define (a) ratio; (b) proportion. 10 

8. A ship's chronometer, set at Greenwich, points to 5 h. 40 min. 20 sec. p. m., 

when the sun is on the meridian. What is the ship's longitude? 10 

9. What is the difference between the true and the bank discount of $950 for 

three months, at 7 per cent? 10 

10. A rectangular park, the sides of which are respectively 45 rods and 60 rods 
long, has a walk crossing it from corner to correr. How long is the 
walk? 10 

1st Grade. a . . . . . May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. To 3f add 5f ; from the sum subtract 4^; multiply the remainder by 1^; 

divide 18 by the product, 10 

2. If I of 9 bushels of wheat cost $13^, what will f ol a bustel cost? 10 

36 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

ARITHMETIC— Answers. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . November 5, 1887. 

6. (a) 13° 30'. (}>) 11 h. 31 min., r. m. ' 

7. 17.827.+ 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - _ - - December 3, 1887. 

1. Even; composite; abstract; integral. 

2. Two. 

8. (a) 400.0028; {h) .0009. 

4. 155.20. 

5. 506m bu. 

6. $1,092.56. 

7. Divide the given interest by the interest on the given principal, for the given 

time, at one per cent per annum. 

1st Grade, . . . . . March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. Two himdred thirty-four thousand, five hundred six, and two hundred thirty- 

four thousandths. - 

2. {a) The multiplier must be regarded as an abstract number. 

(b) The multiplicand and product must be like numbers. 

(c) Either of the factors may be used as multiplicand or multiplier when both 

are abstract. 

3. Any two of the five following: 

(a) A common divisor of two numbers is an exact divisor of their sum. 

(6) A common divisor of two numbers is an exact divisor of their difference. 

(c) An exact divisor divides any number of times its dividend. 

Id) The greatest common divisor of two or more numbers contains all the prime 

factors of those numbers and no others, 
(e) The greatest common divisor of two numbers is either their difference or 
some factor of their difference. 
5. Divide the given interest by the interest of $1, or by the rate of $1, for the given 

time at the given rate, 
6-7. See text-books. 

8. 85° 5' west. 

9. 29 cents. 
10. 75 rd. 

Ist Grade, - ^ - . - • • May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. 2i. 



2. 11.25. 



37 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1st Grade, - . - . . - May 4 and 5, 1888. 

3. From the unit of tlie third order subtract the sum of .371 and sixty-five ten- 

thousandtlis, multiply the remainder by three-tenths, and divide the pro- 
duct by 5 millionths. 10 

4. Reduce 7 cwt. 28 lb. 4 oz. to the decimal of a ton. 10 

5. How many pounds of cotton at 11|^ cents per pound can a broker buy for 

$9,325, and retain bis commission at 2^ per cent? 10 

6. Required the exact interest of $926 from January 3 to June 11, 1887, at 6 per 

cent per annum. 10 

7. Find the square root of 3, to three decimal places. 10 

8. At $25 per M., what is the cost of 7 boards, each 15 ft. long and 16 in. wide? 10 

9. In the fraction f what is the fractional unit? The unit of the fraction? 10 
10. If hay sell for $14 a ton at a loss of 12^ per cent, what should it sell for, to 

gain 15 per cent? 10 

Ist Grado, ... - - August 14 and IB, 1888. 

1. Wliatis the date of maturity, term of discount, bank discount, and proceeds 

a 2-months note for $300, made and discounted in New York, July 10, 1888? 10 

3. If a street vendor buy 5 bushels of chestnuts for $18.50, and sell them for 

15 cents per liquid quart, how much does he gain? 10 

8. A broker buys for $65 a note for $70, due in three months. What rate per cent 
per annum will he receive for the use of his money, if the note is paid 
when due? , 10 

4. The sum of two numbers is 27 lb. 3 pwt. 5 gr., and their difference is 12 lb. 

19 pwt. 21 gr. Required the numbers. 10 

5. What sum must be invested in 7 per cent bonds at 101^ per cent to yield an 

annual income of $980? 10 

6. The list price of oil stoves is $15, but 12 stoves are sold for $126. What 

rate of commercial discount was allowed? 10 

7. A farm fence 60 rods long is built 3 boards high and of 16-foot lumber. 

The top board is 4 inches wide, the middle board is 5J inches wide, and 
the bottom board 7 inches. Find the required nuanber of each kind of 
boards and the cost of the lumber at $13 per M. 10 

8. At the same rate of speed, what part of the water discharged by a 5-inch 

pipe will a 3-incb pipe discharge? 10 

9. The State of New York is 320 miles east and west, exclusive of Long Island. 

Find the length of map of the mainland on a scale of one-twelfth of an 
inch to the mile. 10 

10. Find the least number which divided by any integral number between 5 and 

13 will leave a remainder of 1. 10 

38 



State of New York. 
department of publl c instruction. 



ARITHMETIC— Answers. 

Ist Grade, .--.-. 

3. 5,977,350, 

4. . 364125 T. 

5. 80,000 lbs. 

6. $24.20. 

7. 1.732-f. 

8. $3.50. 

9. The fractional unit is J. The unit of the fraction is 1. 
10. $18.40 per ton. 



May 4 and 6, 1888. 



Ist Grade, - - - - 

1. Date of maturity, September 13, 1888. 
Term of discount, 2 mo. 3 da. 

Bank discount, $3.15. 
Proceeds, $296.85. 

2. $9.43. 

3. 30y5 per cent per annum. 

4. Greater number, 19 lb. 6 oz. 11 pwt. 13 gr. 
Smaller number, 7 lb. 5 oz. 11 pwt. 16 gr. 

5. $14,210. 

6. 30 per cent. 

7. 62 boards of each width. 
Cost of lumber $17.73. 

8. ^. 

9. 26f inches. 

10. 27,721. 

39 



August 14 and 15, 1888. 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

ARITHMETIC. 

1st Grade, _ - . . > March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. Define {a) exact division; (Z>) complete division; (c) assessment (stocks); {d) 

brokerage. 10 

2. (a) Write in Roman notation, 2,999; (b) Write in words, 2 Cong. 50. 4 fl. 3 . 10 

3. Divide 1 T. 9 cwt. 90 lb. 11 oz. by 83 lb. 5 oz. 10 

4. Write in order the several steps in the process of reducing 8 bu. to denomi- 

nations of liquid measure. 10 

5. Find the compound interest of $875, for 2 yr. 3 mo., at 6 per cent, com- 

pounded annually. 10 

6. What different prime factors are fo,und in 2,100? 10 

7. In what time will $650 amount to $713.05 at 6 per cent simple interest? 10 

8. Find the proceeds of a 3-mo. note for $500 discounted at bank, at 6 per cent. 10 

9. Show by computation that a measure 18i in. in diameter and 8 in. deep con- 

tains exactly 1 bushel 10 

10. Make and solve a problem illustrating true discount. 1,0 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - ... January 7, 1888. 

1. The product of three factors is 20|, and two of them are respectively 1| and 

4|. Required, the third factor. 10 

2. If I sell goods for $511.39, and thereby gain 9^ per cent of their cost, how 

much is my gain ? 10 

3. Upon what general principle of division is cancellation founded t 10 

4. What is the cube root of a number ? 10 

5. Divide 48 bu. 3 pk. 6 qt. by 9. 10 

6. What per cent of 78| is 236^ ? 10 

7. Divide $800 among A, B, and C, so that A shall receive $75 more than B, 

and B shall receive $68 more than C. 10 

8. A policy of insurance cost $38, at a rate of | per cent. Find the face of 

the policy. 10 

9. A box 6 ft. by 3| ft. by 3 ft. 8 in. will hold how many bushels of wheat ? 10 
10. Reduce . 04675 mi. to yd 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - February, 1888. 

1. Divide 313.5 by .635. 10 

3. Define (a) greatest common divisor; (?/) common multiple. 10 

3. Required the cost of 3,000 pounds of oats at 35 cts. per bushel (New York 

standard). 10 

4. Find the square root of 3, correct to three decimal places. 10 

5. Find the difference and the product of ITJ^ and 11|. 10 

6. Multiply 3 bu. 3 pk. 3 qt. by 27. 10 

7. Reduce ^ A. to integers of lower denominations. 10 

40 



State of New York. 
d epa r then t of p ubll g ins t ru c ti on. 

ARITHMETIC— Answers. 

Ist Grade, . . . - _ March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. (rt) An exact division is one in which the quotient is an integer, (b) A com- 

plete division is one in which all tlie figures of tlie dividend have been used ; the 
quotient may be either integral or fractional, (c) An assessment is a sum re- 
quired of stockholders to meet losses, or to carry on the business, {d) Broker- 
age is a sum allowed a broker for his services as such. 

2. {a) MMCMXCIX (sometimes written MMDCCCCXCIX). (?;) Two gallons, five pints, 

four fluid-drams. 

3. 36i. 

4. 1st. Reduce S bu. to cubic inches (x 2, 150.4). 2d. Reduce the cubic inches to 

gallons (-7-231). 3d. Reduce the fraction of a gallon to lower denominations. 

5. $122.90. 

6. 2, 3, 5. and 7. 

7. 1 yr. 7 mo. 12 da. 

8. $492.25. 

9. (18i)'^x. 7854x8=2, 150.42, the number of cubic inches in a bushel. 
10. Answers may differ. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - - . - January 7, 1888. 

1 214-9- 

2. $53.29 

3. Dividing both dividend and aivisor by the same number does not affect the 

value of the quotient. 

4. One of the three equal factors that will produce the number. 

5. 5 bu. 1 pk. 6 qt. 

6. 300 per cent, 

7. A receives $339.33^; B, $264,331; C, $196.38^. 

8. $3,200. 

9. 4oibu. 
10. 82.28 yd. 

2d and 3rd Grades, February, 1888. 

1. 500. 

2. (a) The greatest number that is an exact divisor of two or more given numbers. 

{I) Any number of which two or more given numbers are exact divisors. 

3. $32.81i. 

4. 1.732+. 

5. Difference, 5/^; product, 201i|. 

6. 103 bu. 3 pk. 1 qt. 

7. 97 sq. rd. 11 sq. yd. 7 sq. ft. 92^ sq. in. 

41 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

ARITHMETIC. 
2d and 3rd Grades, ----- February, 1888. 

8. What is the true present worth of $977.60, due 3 mo. 20 da. hence, dis- 

counted at the rate of 6 per cent per annum. 10 

9. 25 per cent of the selling price of an article is profit. Required the per 

cent of gain on its cost. 10 

10. Find the diameter of a circle 165 feet in circumference. 10 

2d and 3d Grades, - - - - - March 3, 1888. 

1. Find the prime factors of 72, 80 and 96; select from all these factors those 

whose product will give the L. C. M. of 72, 80 and 96. 10 

2. A cubic foot of water weighs 62.356 pounds; silver is 10.511 times heavier 

than watqr; find the weight of 2^ cubic feet of silver. 10 

3. What part of an acre is j'jj of a square rod ? Express the answer decimally. 10 

4. What will it cost to fill a jug, which contains 2,310 cubic inches, with 

vinegar at seven cents a quart? 10 

5. Five men do as much work as eight boys; what per cent of a man's work 

does a boy accomplish ? What per cent of a boy's work does a man ac- 
complish ? 10 

6. Draw — on a separate slip of paper — a (1) note which shall be (2) negotiable, 

its (3) face, seventy-five dollars, its (4) time, six months, its (5) maker, 
John Doe, its (6) payee, Richard Roe, its (7) date, Jan. 3, 1888, its (8) 
place of payment, at the First National Bank of Albany, (9) not bearing 
interest. Properly indorse it to John Jones. 20 

7. Find the proceeds of tlie note above described, discounted at a bank January 

3, 1888. 20 

8. Express in proper form a true proportion whose extreme shall be nine feet 

and $22.50. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - March 13, 1888. 

1. Given the dividend, 807, and the quotient, 34^. Find the divisor. 10 

2. If the first, third, and fourth terms of a proportion are given, how may the 

second term be found ? 10 

3. What are the proceeds of a 90 da. note for $500 discounted at a bank at 

the rate of 6 per cent per annum ? 10 

4. Why does the value of a decimal remain unchanged when ciphers are an- 

nexed ? 10 

5. A square field contains 20 acres. Required the number of rods of fence to 

enclose it. Carry the answer only to one decimal place. 10 

6. A commission merchant sold 900 pounds of turkeys at 23 cents per pound, 

and retained for his services $10.35. What rate of commission did he 

charge ? ^" 

42 



State of New York. 
DEPARTMENT F P UBLI C INS T liV C T I ON. 

ARITHMETIC— Answers. 
2d and 3rd Grades, . - - . - February, 1888. 

8. $960. 

9. 33i per cent. 
10. 52 ft. 6 in. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - - . . March 3, 1888, 

1. 72=2X2X2X3X3, 80=2x2x2x2x5, 96=2X2X2X2X2X3. L. C. M. of 72, 80 and 

96=2X2X2X2X2X3X3X5. 

2. 1529.3286+ pounds. 

3. .000072+. 

4. $2.80. 

5. 62J^, 160j^. 

6. Answers not needed. 

7. $72.71. 

8. Answers, various. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - - , March 13, 1888. 

1. 23^5. 

2. By dividing the product of the first and fourth terms by the third term. 

3. $492.25. (On the basis of 30 days to the month. Exact interest is of course 

correct.) 

4. Annexing a cipher to a decimal diminishes the size of the units in the same 

proportion that it increases the number of units; or it multiplies both numera- 
tor and denominator by the same number. 

5. 226.27+ rd. 

6. 5 per cent. 

43 



State of New York, 
uniform examina tion questions. 

ARITHMETIC. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- March 13, 1888. 

7. In what time will $125 amount to $145.75, at 6 per cent, simple interest ? 10 

8. 14 A. 10 sq. rd. is what part of 50 A. 100 sq. rd.? 10 

9. Find the cost of 2,315 pounds of coal at $5.75 per ton. * 10 
10. A merchant failed, and paid his creditors 55 cents on the dollar. If he 

paid in all $3,874.75, what was the amount of his indebtedness ? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . March, 1888, Special. 

Note. — In the solution of these problems, every process must be indicated. Mere answers 
will not be accepted. 

1. Write 1249 in Roman notation. 10 

2. The product of two numbers and one of the numbers given to find the other 

number. State the process and give reason for it. 10 

3. What is cancellation? For what purpose is it used? 10 

4. Reduce 4Jj-h17| first to a common fraction, and then to a decimal true to 

two places. 10 

5. Phelps & Co. bought of Barber & Perkins 15 reams paper at $4, and 20 jM 

envelopes at $2.70. Make out a bill of the above and receipt it properly. 10 

6. Reduce | of a mile to integers of lower denominations. 10 

7. A man failing in business had only $2100. He owed $6000. What per cent 

would his creditors receive? 10 

8. Find the interest on $475 for 1 year 3 months 24 days at 6 per cent. 10 

9. What is the present value of a note for $750, due 1 vear 6 months hence, at 

6 per cent, without interest? (True discount.) 10 

10. Bought 4 loads of hay, weighing 2750 lbs. each, at $20 per ton, and gave 
my note, without interest, at 60 days to pay it. What are the proceeds of 
the note, if discounted at a bank at 6 per cent? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, April 7, 1888. 

1. Write in words, 

9,014,008. 
800,079. 

Write in figures, 

Six billion, four million, forty-eight thousand, nine hundred sixty. 

Four million, seventy-five. 

Nine hundred thousand, six. 10 

2. Divide 96 ten-thousandths by 384 hundred-million ths. 10 

3. Goods marked $1.50 are sold at a discount of 40 per cent. What is the sell- 

mg price? 10 

4. John Smith bought of Clark & Jones, 

4 lb. 13 oz. beefsteak, @ 21 cents per lb. 
12 lb. bacon, @ 124 cents. 

Make a properly receipted bili of the above, dated at the time and place 
of this examination. 10 

6. A rectangular tank is 5 feet long, 2 feet wide and 2 feet deep. How many 

how many gallons of water will it hold ' 10 

44 



State of New York. 
department of public ins t liu c t i on. 

ARITHMETIC— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 13, 1888. 

7. 2 yr. 9 mo. 6 da. 

8. ,V 

9. $6.60. 
10. SR7045. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . Marcb, 1888, Special. 

1. MCCXLIX. 

2. Divide the product by the given number and the quotient will be the other 

number. Reason, — The product was produced by multiplying together these 
two numbers. 

3. Rejecting equal factors from numbers sustaining to each other the relation of 

dividBud and divisor. To shorten divisions by rejecting equal factors. 

A 6 1 3 90 J. 

5. Phelps & Co., 

To Bakber & Perkins, Dr. 

To 15 reams of paper @ $4 $60 00 

<« 20 M envelopes @ $2.70 54 00 

Rec'd Payment, $114 00 

Barber & Pekj^ims. . 

6. 248 rd. 4 yd. 2 ft. 8 in. 

7. 35^. 

8. $37,525. 

9. 688.07 +. 
10. $108,845. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- April 7, 1888. 

1. Nine million, fourteen thousand, eight. 

Eight hundred thousand, seventy-nine. 
6,004,048,960. 
4,000,075. 
900,006. ' 

2. 2,500. 

3. 90 cents. 

4. $2.51. Ordinary form of bill, 

5. 149.6 gallons. 

45 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

ARITHMETIC. 
2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . April 7, 1888. 

6. A man has a field of wheat containing 25 acres, which are 5 per cent of his 

whole farm. How many acres in his farm? 10 

7. Sold a horse for $240, thereby losing 20 per cent. Required the cost. 10 

8. A square piece of land contains 538,756 square rods. What is the length of 

one side? 10 

9. A pile of 4-foot wood is 16 feet long and 6 feet high. Required the cost at 

$5.50 per cord. 10 

10. What is the interest on $680.43 for 4 mo. and 12 da. at 5^ per cent? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, _ _ - - - May 5, 1888. 

1. Name in order, commencing at the left, the first five integral periods in 

Arabic notation. 10 

2. How many yards of carpet 27 inches wide are required to carpet a room 27 

feet by 22 feet 6 inches? 10 

3. Find the cost of digging a cellar 80 feet long, 15 feet wide, and 5 feet deep, 

at 30 cents per cubic yard. 10 

4. Define, {a) common multiple ; (b) abstract number. 10 

5. How is the principal found when only the time, rate, and interest are known ? 10 

6. Express decimally 12\ per cent, f per cent, 24J per cent, ^ per cent, and -^^ 

per cent. 10 

7. A commission merchant'after paying $2.26 for freight and cartage, and deduct- 

ing his commission, remits me $22.22 as the net proceeds of a firkin of 
'Dutter, consigned to him. Find his commission at 4 per cent. 10 

8. Find the true discount of $350 for 1 year 3 months and 18 days at 6 per 

cent per annum. 1*^ 

9. What is the difference in local time between two places, one of which is 

14° 26' west of St. Louis and the other 19° 19' east? 10 

10. Find the sum, the difference and the product of 3f and J. 10 

2d and 3d Grades, .--..- June, 1888. 

1. What was the value May 3, 1888, of a note for $125 and interest at 5 per 

cent per annum, made Jan. 4, 1887 ? 10 

3. Express in words tlie number composed of 3 units of the tenth order, 8 of 

the ninth, 5 of the seventh, and 4 of the tliird. 10 

3. Find the cost of 7 lb. 11 oz. of cheese at 13c. per pound. 10 

4. At an election A and B were the candidates for sheriff, and B received 1,211 

majority. If the whole number of votes cast was 9,891, how many votes 
did each receive ? 10 

5. Required the height of a tower that casts a shadow 21 ft., when under the 

same conditions of time and place a staff 10 ft. high casts a shadow 23 in. 10 

6. Reduce 4'f^ mi. to integers of the lower denominations. 10 

7. Define (a) concrete number; (?)) denominate number; (c) compound number. 10 

8. On what principal will the interest for 2 yr. 6 mo. 15 da., at 4 nav cent, 

amount to $25.01 ? 10 

9. I have added 18 cows to my herd thereby increasing its number 25 per cent. 

How many cows have I now ? 10 

10. Why does the value of a fraction remain unclianged when both terms are 

multiplied by the same number ? 10 

46 



State of New York. 
department f p ud l 1 c ins t rug t i on. 

ARITHMETIC— Answers. 
2d and 3rd Grades, ..... April 7, 1888. 

6. 500 acres. 

7. $300. 

8. 734 rods. 

9. I1G.50. 
10. $13.72. 

2d-and 3rd Grades, . . - . - May 5, 1888. 

1. Trillions, billions, millions, thousands, units (or ones). 

2. 90 yards. 

3. $25. 

4. (rt) A number that is exactly divisible by each of two or more given numbers. 
(J}) A number used without reference to objects or quantities. 

5. By dividing the known interest by the interest of one dollar for the given time, 

at the given rate 

6. .125; .0075; .24875- .0028; .0009375 

7. $1.02. 

8. $25.32- 

9. 2 lir. 15 miu. 

10. Sum4?v; difference, 254; product, 2^f. 

2d and 3d Grades, --._.. June, 1888. 

1. $133.32. 

2. Three billion, eight hundred five million, four hundred. 

3. $1. 

4. A received 4,340 votes; B, 5,551. 

5. 109|f ft 

6. 78 rd. 4 yd. 4^ in. 

7. (rt) A number associated with objects or quantities, (b) A concrete number 

that expresses a single denomination of weight, measure, or money value. 
(c) A number that expresses two or more denominations of the same kind of 
weight, measure, or money value. 

8. S246. 

9. 90. 

10. Because the number of equal parts expressed, by the resulting fraction is in- 
creased in the same ratio that the size of the parts is diminished . 

47 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

ARITHMETIC. 

2d and 3rd Grades, , August 14, 1888. 

1. Reduce to decimals and find their sum f, ^, \l, -//j. 10 

2. Reduce to common fractions .0125, .06^, .067^, .006325. 10 

3. By what number must 30f be multiplied to produce 604 ^ 10 

4. Divide 320 acres of land among A, B, and C, so that A shall have 15 acres 

more than B, and C shall have 27 acres more than B. 10 

5. From 10 bu. subtract the sum of 3.64 bu., ^^ bu., and 1 bu. 3 pk. 6.53 qt. 10 

6. At 90 cents a yard, what will l)e the cost of a carpet for a flight of stairs of 

18 steps, each 7^ inches high and 10 inches wide ? 10 

7. Add 137 days to Aug. 14th, and give the resulting date. 10 

8. Four men hire a pasture field together. The first pastures 4 cows 18 weeks; 

the second, 5 cows 12^ weeks; the third, 11 cows 6i weeks; and the 
fourth, 9 cows 16 weeks. What part of the rent should each pay ? 10 

9. \ is what per cent of ^? 10 
10. Find the interest on $1 for 3 yr. 1 mo. 29 da. at 5 per cent per annum. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, September 1, 1888. 

1. Find the value of a trapezoidal field whose parallel sides are 12 ch. 41 1. and 

17 ch. 87 1., and whose altitude is 13 ch. 5 1., at $58 per acre. 10 

2. A reservoir 8 f t. x 4 ft. x 3 f t. 9 in., holds how many barrels of water ? 10 

3. Explain the different quantities expressed respectively by 24' 37', and 24 
min. 37 sec. ^^ 

4. Define {a) uniform scale; (b) varying scale. Illustrate each by a number in- 

volving it. 1^ 

5. A farmer sold 48.64 acres of his farm of 112 A. 96 sq. rd. What per cent 

of his farm had he left ? 1^ 

6. Find the cost of a pile of 4-foot wood 27 ft. long and 6 ft. high, at $5.50 

per cord. 1" 

7. What is the interest on $128.40 for 1 yr. 5 mo. 17 da. at 6 per cent? 10 

8. Required (a) all the prime factors of 23.660; (5) all the odd integral divisors 

of the same number. 1"' 

9. Find the diagonal of a square park containing 20 acres. 10- 
10. Reduce to simplest form (a) | of ^ of 2| ; Q>)-^ 1^ 

TT 

2d and 3rd Grades, ... - September 11, 1888. 

1. Find the amount of an agent's sales when his commission at 5 per cent 

amounts to $37.65. ^^ 

2. The tax on an assessment of $8,500 is $48.37. Required the rate on $1,000 

of assessment. ^" 

3. A note is made and dated Sept. 11, 1888, and is made payable in 90 days. 

Find the date of maturity. 1^ 

4. Give the general principles of division. 10 

5. What is the ratio of 5 bu. to 3 pk. 6 qt? 10 

6. If 45 horses eat \\ tons of hay in 30 days, how many tons should last 84 

horses 56 days ? 

48 

\ 



10 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

ARITHMETIC— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... August 14, 1888. 

1. 1.299609375. 

*"• '^'!5< TS' 5TJ7' 40000" 

4. A 107 A. 106f sq. rd.— or 107f A. 

B 93 A. 106| sq. rd.— or 92| A. 
C 119 A. 106| sq. rd.— or 119| A. 

5. 3 bu. 3 pk. 3 qt. 

6. $7.88. 

7. December 29th. 

8. First man should pay /^ of the whole. The second, 4^-^^. The third, ^^. 

And the fourth, |f||. 

9. 66| per cent. 
10. $.15fi. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . • September 1, 1888. 

1. $1,145.95. 

2. 28||| barrels. 

3. 24' 37' is a measure of distance on the surface of a sphere or of angular space. 

24 min. 37 sec. is a measure of time, or duration. 

4. A uniform scale is one in which the variation or step from any unit to the next 

greater is by the same multiplier. A varying scale is one in which some or 
all the steps are by different multipliers. 

Ex. 1. 3,475, — uniform scale, 10. Ex. 2. 24 mi. 16 rd. 4 ft. 9 in., — varying 
scale, descending, 320, 16|, 12, 

5. 56||| per cent remaining. 

6. $27.84. 

7. $11.28. 

8. («) 2, 2, 5, 7, 13, 13. (6) 5, 7, 13, 35, 65, 91, 169, 455, 845, 1,183. '5,915. 

9. 80 rods. 

10. (a) 1^. {h) ^%\. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 11, 1888. 

1. $753. • 

2. $509. 

3. Dec. 13th. 

4. Multiplying the dividend by any number multiplies the quotient by the same 

number. 
Multiplying the divisor by any number divides the quotient by the same number. 
Dividing the dividend by any number divides the quotient by the same number. 
Dividing the divisor by any number multiplies the quotient by the same number. 
Multiplying or dividing both dividend and divisor by the same number does not 

change the quotient. 

5. 5i. 

6. 5\i tons. 

49 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

ARITHMETIC. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . September 11, 1888. 

7. The list price of a certain kind of stOTe is $38, and the retail dealer is al- 

lowed commercial discounts of 20 per cent, 5 per cent, and 3 per cent. 
What price does he pay for the stoves ? 10 

8. Find the area of a triangle whose base is 22 ft. 8 in. and altitude 19 ft. 9 in. 10 

9. A car contains 21,643 pounds of wheat. Find the value of the load at 93 

cents per bushel. jq 

10. On a note made and dated June 3, 1887, for |150 and interest, is indorsed a 
payment of $78, April 17, 1888. Interest at 6 per cent. How much 
remains due on the note to-day ? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - .- - October 6, 1888. 

1. Express with proper abbreviations — twenty-four square miles, two hundred 

eighty-six acres, ninety-five square rods, twenty-two square yards, five 
square feet. 10 

2. Reduce the number above given to acres, expressed decimally. 10 

3. What fractional part of 31^^^ is 12|? 10 

4. Define (a) prime number; (b) involution. 10 
6. Reduce ^f to its lowest terms. ll> 

6. What elements are required to find the per cent of gain or loss in a business 

transaction? Illustrate by original problem. 10 

7. Railroad stock that cost 121f pays a semi-annual dividend of four per cent. 

Required the rate per cent per annum of income on the investment. 10 

8. Find the solid contents of a cube the area of one face of which is 256 square 

feet. 10 

9. A certain quantity of paper will make 4,000 copies of an octavo book. How 

many copies of a 12-mo book will the same paper make? 10 

10. In what time will a note for $200, drawing 5| per cent interest, double 

itself? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, _ . . - November 3, 1888. 

1. Two persons start from the same place and travel in opposite directions, one 

at the rate of 4^ miles an hour and the other at the rate of 7f miles an 
hour. How far apart will they be at the end of 37| hours? 10 

2. If a ton of coal last a family 21 days, what will be the cost of coal used by 

it from Oct. 17, 1888, to April 25, 1889, exclusive of either day named, at 
$4.50 a ton? 10 

3. In a hotel the weekly wages of the clerk are $15, of the cook $7.50, of the 

porter $9, of the waiter $3, of the hostler $6, and of the errand boy $4. 

Find the average wages paid. 10 

4. Require the cost of 11,723 feet of lumber at $19.25 per M. 10 

5. Reduce 217 ft. 8 in. to chains and links. 10 

6. A man was born May 24, 1832. What is his age to-day? 10 

7. Find the cost of plastering the walls and ceiling of a hall 72 feet long, 50 

ft. wide, and 22 ft. high, at 18| cents a square yard, allowing 972 sq. ft. 
for openings and baseboards. IC 

8. Find the cost of 87 shares of railroad stock at 76J, brokerage i per cent. IC 

50 



State of New York. 
department of public ins t it uo t 1 on. 

ARITHMETIC— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades . . . September 11, 1888. 

7. $28.01. 

8. 223 sq. ft. 120 sq. in. 

9. $331.86. 
10. 181.77. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... October 6, 1888. 

1. 24 sq. mi. 286 A. 95 sq. rd. 22 sq. yd. 5 sq. ft. 

2. 15,646.598 + A. 

Q 1«0 

4. A prime number is one that cannot be resolved into integral factors. 
Involution is the process of raising a number to any required power. 
ft IT 

6. The cost and the gain or the loss. (Problems will vary.) 

7. 6f|f per cent per annum. 

8. 4,096 cu. ft. 

A 

9. 6,000 copies. 

10. 18 yr. 2 mo. 6 da. (No parts of days recognized.) 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... November 3, 1888. 

1. 453^ miles. 

2. $40.50. 

3. $7.41f per week. 

4. $225.67. 

5. 3 ch. 29.8 1., nearly. 

6. 56 yr. 5 mo. 9 da. 

7. 1166.58. 

8. 16,644.63. 

51 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

ARITHMETIC. 

2d and 3rd Grades, November 3, 1888. 

9. A sight draft on New York was sold in St. Louis for $3,542, exchange 
being at | per cent premium. Required the face of the draft, allowing 
no days of grace. 5 

10. Find the exact interest of $625 for 23 days, at 8 per cent per annum. 10 

11. If a promissory note become due to-day, and be not paid before noon, when 

must it be paid? 5 

2d and 3rd Grades, ... . January 5, 1889. 

1. Define {a) a fraction; (h) an improper fraction. 10 

2. Express in Arabic notation, five trillion, twenty billion, seven hundred forty 

thousand. 10 

3. Multiply 17|+13| by f of 27. 10 

4. Find the cost of 3,846 pounds of hay at $15 per ton. 10 

5. Find the greatest common divisor of 42, 112, 140, and 308 by factoring; the 

least common multiple of the same numbers by factoring. 10 

6. Make and solve a problem involving compound proportion. 10 

7. What is the length of the diagonal of a square field containing 40 acres? 10 

8. Required the cost of 75 scantlings, 2 in. by 4 in. by 16 ft. long at $12 per M. 

board measure. 10 

9. The premium on a fire insurance policy at | of 1 per cent was $140. Re- 

quired the face of the policy. 10 
10. A note for $324.61, and interest, amounted to $384.13, 2 yr. 7 mo. 13 da. 

after date, when it was paid. Required the rate per cent per annum. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... February 2, 1889. 

1. Define (a) Reduction Ascending ; (h) a varying scale. 10 

2. (a) Write with proper signs the following number: One sign, eleven degrees, 

forty minutes, and sixteen seconds, {b) Write in words: 5ib83,43. 10 

3. Make and solve an example illustrating (a) the multiplication of a fraction by 

a fraction; (b) the division of an integer by a fraction. 10 

4. Reduce 17 lb. 11 oz. avoirdupois weight to pounds, ounces, penny weights, 

and grains, Troy weight. 10 

5. Give the term in the classification of numbers, associated with {a) concrete ; 

{h) fractional; (c) odd; {d) composite; {e) simple. Write a number or 
numbers to illustrate each of the foregoing terms. 10 

6. Reduce the couplet, f : ^, to its lowest integral terms. 10 

7. Find the square root of .441 correct to two decimal places. 10 

8. How many acres of land in the form of a square may be inclosed by 160 

rods-of fence? 10 

0. 3 bu. 1 pk. 5 qt. is what per cent of 20 bu. 1 pk. 6 qt. ? 10 

10. Find the difference between the true discount of $650 for 4 mo. 18 da., at 6 
per cent per annum, and the bank discount of the same sum for tlie same 
time and rate. 10 

52 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

ARITHMETIC— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . _ . November 3, 1888. 

9. $3,515.63, face of draft. 

10. $3.15. 

11. Monday, November 5. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . January 5, 1889. 

1. (a) A fraction is one or more of the equal parts of an integral unit — or a fraction 

is a fractional unit or a collection of fractional units, (b) One whose nume- 
rator equals or exceeds its denominator. 

2. 5,030,000,740,000. 

3. 637i. 

4. $28.85. 

5.43=2x3x7. 2x7=14, G. C. D. 

112=2x2x2x2x7. 2x3x2x2x3x5x7x11 = 18.480 L. 

140=3x2x5x7. CM. 

308=2x2x7x11. 

6. Answers wilt vary. Note that the problem may have either one or two compound 

ratios. 

7. 113.13+ rd. ; or, 113rd. 2.14+ ft. 

8. $9.60. 

9. $16,000. 

10. 7 per cent per annum. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - February 2, 1889. 

1. (a) The process of changing numbers to higher denominations. 

(b) A series of numbers not uniform, used to denote the number of units of each 
denomination in a denominate table, that is equal to one of the next higher. 

2. (a) 1 S. 11° 40' 16". 

(5) Five pounds, eight drams, four scruples. 

3. No answers required. 

4. 31 lb. 5 oz. 18 pwt, 30.5 grains. 

5. (a) Abstract. (&) Integral, (c) Even, (d) Prime, (e) Compound. 
Illustrative examples, (a) 7 men. (b) f . (c) 19. {d) 13. (e) 13, or 13 oz 

6. 12 :5. (Process f :^=f x 38 -.^^ x 38- 13 :5.) Principle,— Multiplying both terms 

of a couplet by the same number does not afiect the ratio. 

7. .66+. 

8. 10 acres. 

9. 16| per cent. 

10. $.34. 

53 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

ARITHMETIC. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 2, 1889. 

1. Define {a) interest; (6) a decimal. 10 

2. {a) Write in words MMMCMXLIV; (h) using the proper abbreviations, 

write a number containing all the denominations of surveyor's linear 
measure, and one containing all the denominations of square measure. 10 

3. Find the product {a) of 23^ bu. by 19.32; (6) of 22| times 19.32 bu. 10 

4. Reduce the expression f=|^ to the form of a proportion. 10 

5. Find the number of days from to-day to August 11, 1889. 10 

6. M bought ^ of a manufacturing business for $3,517.85, and N bought y\ of 

the same business at the same rate. How much did N's interest cost him? 10 

7. Find the interest of $1,000 for 19 days at 5 ^ per annum. 10 

8. 3 oz. is what per cent of 5 lb. avoir ? 10 

9. Write two composite numbers each greater than 30 that are prime to each 

other. Show why. 10 

10. Make and solve a problem illustrating the application of square root in find- 
ing the side of a right angled triangle. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 12, 1889. 

1. Define (a) compound number ; (B) odd number ; (c) composite number. Write 

an example of each. 10 

2. (a) Write decimally five-eighths of one per cent, {h) Write as a fraction 

the ratio of eight to three. 10 

3. Add f hr., 20| min., and 49.2 sec. Express the answer in minutes and 

seconds. 10 

4. Find the difference in time corresponding to a difference in longitude of 

7° 42' 30'. 10 

5. Multiply eight hundred and forty-six ten-tnousandths by three thousand 

forty millionths. 10 

6. A number is expressed by eleven integral and four (.^ecimai figures. Name 

in order from left to right the integral periods and the decimal places. 10 

7. What decimal part of a mile is 39.27 yd.? 10 

8. My agent collects the yearly rent of my house and retains $13. 25, the amount of 

his commission at 2^ per cent. For how much does the house rent per year? 10 

9. A rectangular field is 7 ch. 25 1. long, and contains 5 acres. How wide is 

the field ? 10 

1 0. Make and solve a problem illustrating how the principal is *ound when the inter- 
est, rate per annum, and time are known, using 1 yr. 1 mo. 1 da. as the time. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- April 6, 1889. 

1. Define {a) common factor ; (b) common multiple ; (c) diagonal of a quadrilateral. 10 

2. In the written number 54, 372, the value expressed by the 5 is how many 

times the value expressed by the 2? 10 

3. How many times can a jar holding i of f of a gallon be filled from another 

jar containing | of 3^ gallons ? 10 

4. A watch case is ^^ gold and /^ alloy. How many carats fine is it ? 10 

5. The sum of two numbers is 12 bu. 1 pk. 3 qt., and their difference is 1 bu. 

2 pk. 5 qt. What are the numbers ? 10 

54 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

ARITHMETIC— Answers. 

2d, and 3rd Grades, ..... March 2, 1889. 

1. {n) Interest is a sum allowed for the use of money, {h) A decimal is a division 

or subdivision of an integral unit upon a scale of 10. 

2. (a) Three thousand nine hundred forty-four. (?'). .mi. . .ch.. .rd. . .1. ..in. and 

. . A. . . sq. rd. . . sq. yd. . . sq. ft. . . sq. in. 

3. {a) 224 bu. multiplied by 19^, i. e., 19. 32=436 j*^ bu. {h) 19.32 bu. multiplied by 

224=436.08 bu. 

4. 5 : 7::40 : 56. 

5. 29 da. + 30 da + 31 da. + 30 da. + 31 da. + 11 da. = 162 da. 

6. $3,999.24. 

7. $2.60, exact interest. $2.64, on basis of 360 days to the year. 

8. 3f per cent. 

9. Any two such numbers that have no common integral factor. 
10. Answers may differ 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - . . March 12, 1889. 

1. (a) A number expressed in two or more denominations of tiie same table. 

{I) A number ending in 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9. (c) A number that can be resolved 
in two or more integral factors. 

Ex. (a) 4 lb. 5 oz. (?;) 79. (c) 48. 

2. (a) . 00625. (&) f . 

3. 47 min. 12^ sec. 

4. 30 min. 50 sec. 

5. 800. 0046 X . 003040 = 2 . 4320 1 3984. 

6. Billions, millions, thousands, units, tenths, hundredths, thousandths, ten- 

thousandths. 

7. .0223125 mi. 

8. $530. 

9. 6 eh. 89.6-f-l. 

10. Answers may differ. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... April 6, 1889. 

1. {fi) A factor that is found in two or more given numbers, (h) A number that is 

exactly divisible by two or more given numbers, (c) A line connecting its 
opposite angles. 

2. 25,000 times. 

3. 15 times. 

4. 14 carats. 

5. The greater number is 7 bu., and the less is 5 bu. 1 pk. 3 qt. 

55 



State of New York 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

ARITHMETIC. 
2d and 3rd Grades, April 6, 1889. 

6. Find the ratio expressed {a) by the couplet 66| : 8i; (b) by the couplet 1 1 in. : 5 ft. 10 

7. The volume of a rectangular prism is 5 cu. yd. 1 cu. ft. 290 cu. in., and its 

length is 8 ft. 2 in. Find the other dimensions. 10 

8. How many feet of lumber are there in a board 16 feet long, 15 inches wide 

at one end, and 13 inches wide at the other ? 10 

9. Make and solve a problem illustrating the application of percentage to the 

finding of an agent's commission. 10 

10. What is due to-day on a note given September 24, 1887, for $138.50 and 

interest at 5 per cent per annum ? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ------ May 4, 1889. 

1. What is a composite number ? A rectangle ? 10 

2. How is the value of a fraction changed ])y increasing its denominator ? Why? 10 

3. Divide .75 of 17| by | of .035. 10 

4. Make and solve a problem to illustrate reduction descending ; one to illus- 

trate reduction ascending. 10 

5. Find the common prime factors of 858, 1,518, and 5,874. lO 

6. If 4 men eat 64 pounds of bread in 2 weeks, how many pounds will 16 men 

eat in 7 weeks, at the same rate ? 10 

7. Raise 16 to the fourth power, using but two multiplications. 10 

8. How many perch of stone are required for the walls of a cellar 18 ft. by 

16 ft. by 8 ft., the walls to be li feet thick, making no deduction for 
corners, and estimating the perch to equal 24f cubic feet ? 10 

9. A hotel is insured for | of its value, at 1| per cent premium, and the pre- 

mium amounts to $150. Find the valuation of the hotel. 10 

10. Find the interest on $350 for 1 yr. 10 mo. 20 da., at 6 per cent, by two different 
methods. 

1st Grade, - - - - August 13 and 14, 1889. 

1. Express decimally ^f^, f of 1%, %^l%. 10 

2. Find the prime factors of 168, 264 and 696. From these prime factors find 

the greatest common divisor and the least common multiple (measure) of 
the given numbers. 10 

3. What is one-ninth of 28 bu. 3 pk. 7 qt. 1 pt. ? 10 

4. Required the cost of laying a pavement 5i rods long and 8 ft. 6 in. wide, at 

$1.40 per square yard. 

5. If 3 be added to both terms of the fraction |, will the value be increased or 

diminished, and how much ? 10 

6. Multiply 24.234 by .346, and write the result in words. 10 

7. A school-house is built at an expense of $5,986, to be defrayed by a tax upon 

property valued at $665,870. What rate upon $1,000 of assessment will 
cover the cost ? 10 

8. Property worth $6,000 is insured for % of its value, at f of one per cent. 

What will be the loss, including premium, in case of total destruction 
by fire? 10 

56 



10 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT F PUB LI G 1 NS T RU C T I O N, 

ARITHMETIC— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... April 6, 1889. 

6. {a) 8. Q>) \l. 

7. Width and thickness are each 4 ft, 1 in, 

8, 18f. 

9, Answers may differ. 

10. $149,12, 
J 
2d and 3rd Grades, - - - . - - May 4, 1889. 

1. A number that can be resolved into two or more integral factors. A four-sided 

figure or surface all of whose angles are right angles. 

2. It is diminished. Because the equal parts enumerated are smaller. 

3. 472iVi, or 472. 098+ 

4. Answers will differ. 

5. 2, 3, and 11. 

6. 896 pounds. 

7. 16X16=256; and 256X256=-65,536. 

8. 32f| perch, 

9. $15,000. 

10. Interest, $28.33. Processes may differ. 

1st Grade, - - _• . . August 13 and 14, 1889. 

1. .00375. .004. .85875. 

2. 168=2x2x2x3x7; 264=2X2X2X3X11; 696=2X2X2x3x29. 

2x2X2x3=24, the greatest common divisor ; 2x2X2x3X7x11x29=53,592, 
the least common multiple. 

3. 3 bu. 7 qt. \ pt. 

4. $116.35f. 

5. Increased y\ of 1. 

6. Eight and three hundred eighty-four thousand, nine hundred sixty-four mil- 

lionths. 

7. $8.99—. 

8. $1,533.75. 

57 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

ARITHMETIC. 

Ist Grade, . . . . - August 13 and 14, 1880. 

9. For how long must $450 be at interest at five per cent per annum to amount 

to $481.62? 10 

10. In how many days of 10 hours each will seven men build 800 rods of wall, if 
12 men in 11 days of 8 hours each build 90 rods? (Solve either by analy- 
sis or proportion.) 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . August 13, 1889. 

1. The sum of two numbers is 15f, and one of them is 94^. Find the other 

number. 10 

2. Define minuend, multiple (measure), and involution. Illustrate each. 10 

3. A piece of land is 120 feet wide and 150 feet long. What part of an acre 

does it contain? 10 

4. Express in common fractions the value of ^ per cent, 6 J per cent. Express 

as per cents f , f . > 10 

5. Divide the difference between 4|- and Sf by their sum. 10 

6. Required the amount of $550 for 2 yr. 5 mo. 11 da., at 6^ per annum. 10 

7. A bin 6 ft. long and 4 feet wide has a capacity of 75 bushels stricken 

measure. How deep is it ? 10 

8. Subtract sixteen ten-millionths from 27 millionths, and multiply the re- 

mainder by 20.5. 10 

9. How many rods of fence are required to enclose a square lot whose area is 

5,184 sq.ft.? 10 

10. Three quarts dry measure is what per cent of one bushel? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . September 7, 1889. 

1. Express decimally, and also as common fractions, the value of each of the 

following: 115 per cent; -^ of 1 per cent, |f of 1 per cent. 10 

2. Multiply the sum of f and | by their product, and reduce the result to a 

decimal. 10 

3. If I buy goods at $3.15 per yard, and sell them at a profit equal to | of the 

the cost, how much do I receive for 8:^ yards? 10 

4. Reduce -5-J — I to a simple fraction. 10 

8^— 3i 

5. An agent buying wheat is offered a commission of 4c. per bushel, or one 

of 4^ per cent, and he choses the former. The average price paid per 
bushel is 91^ cents. Does he gain or lose by his choice, and how much 
per bushel ? 10 

6. Illustrate, by original examples, all the cases in which any three terms of a 

proportion may be given to find the remaining term. 10 

7. A farmer drew to market three loads of wheat, weighing respectively 2,873 

pounds, 3,027 pounds, and 2,911 pounds. At 93c. per bushel, how much 
did he receive for the three loads? 10 

8. How many acres of land are there in a rectangular farm ^ of a mile long 

and f of a mile wide? 10 

9. Required the per cent of gain or loss on 10 reams of paper, bought at $3 per 

ream, and sold at 25c. per quire. 10 

10. Give the steps in the process of finding the principal, when the amount, 

rate and time are given. 10 

68 



State of New York. 
department of public ins t liu c t j on. 

ARITHMETIC— Answers. 
Ist Grade, . . . . . August 13 and 14, 1889. 

9. 1 yr. 4 mo. 2G da. 



10. 50? days. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . - . . August 13, 1889. 

2. The minuend is the greatest number in subtraction; or the number to be sub- 

tracted from. A multiple (measure) of any number is a number exactly divisi- 
ble by that number. Involution is the process of raising any number to a 
given power. Illustrations may vary. 

3. //t a. 

4. xU, tV, 75^ or .75. 62i^ or .62^. 

K 19 

6. $630.76. 

7. 3 ft. lOf in. 

8. .0005307. 

9. 17y\ rods. 
10. 9f per cent. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . - . September 7, 1889. 

1. 1.15; If. .000625; ^W .0040625; ^if^. 

2. .93. 

3. $29.70. 

5. $.001^, loss per bushel. 

6. Answers will differ. 

7. $136.57. 

8. 60|^ acres. 

9. 66|5Jgain. 

10. 1st. Find the amount of $1 for the given time, at the given rate. 

2d. Divide the given amount by the amount of $1, found in the first step, 

59 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions, 

ARITHMETIC. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . September 10, 1889. 

1. Express in words .00004, 800.016, and -^. 10 

2. Find the weight of one dozen silver tablespoons, each weighing 1 oz. 5 

pwt. 10 

3. Make and solve a problem in which avoirdupois weight is changed to Troy 

weight. 10 

4. Required, the ratio of 5 gallons to 3 pints. 10 

5. A, B, and C are associated in a business venture, A furnishing $200 of the 

capital, B §500, and C $700. They gain $472.22, which is divided among 
them in proportion to their respective investments. Required each man's 
share of the gain. 10 

6. A dwelling-house is insured for f of its value, at \^ per cent, and the pre- 

mium is $150. Find the valuation. 10 

7. The cost of building a school-house was $935, and the assessed valuation of 

the district was $34,750. Find the tax on an assessment of $3,650. 10 

8. Make and solve a problem involving bank discount. 10 

9. How many square yards of plastering are required for the walls of a room 

16 ft. by 14 ft. by 8-|- ft., making no allowance for openings? 10 

10. Define (a) days of grace; (b) consignor; (c) commission. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . - October 5, 1889. 

1. Reduce to lowest terms {a) HM; Q>) HI- 10 

2. The large wheel of a bicycle is 15.7 feet in circumference. How many 

times must it revolve in running 1 mile ? 10 

3. What is the diameter of the wheel described in question 2 ? 10 

4. What two things determine the value expressed by any figure in a written 

number ? " 10 

5. Find the least number exactly divisible by 13, 26 and 44. 10 

6. How is the ratio of two numbers, having the relation of antecedent and con- 

sequent, found ? Their inverse or reciprocal ratio ? 10 

7. Extract the square root of the fifth power of 9. 10 

8. Find the cost of 7 two-inch oak planks, each 14 feet long and 13 inches 

wide, at $22 per M, board measure. 10 

9. Which is better, and how much per barrel, to buy flour on six months' credit 

at $8, or for cash at-$7.50, money being worth 8 per cent per annum ? 10 

10, Make and solve a problem in compound interest, using 2 yr. 3 mo. as the 

time. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- November 26, 1889. 

1. Express with proper abbreviations {n) a number containing tlie first three 

denominations of Troy weight in the ascending scale ; (5) the first three 

of liquid measure in the descending scale. 10 

2. Divide i by .00003^. 10 

3. What number added to 4^ times will itself equal 60^ ? 10 

4. Find the cost of 40 pieces of scantling 18 feet long, 4 inches wide, and 2 

inches thick, at $14 per M, board measure. 10 

60 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

ARITHMETIC— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 10, 1889. 

1. Four hundred-thousandths. Eight hundred and sixteen thousandths. Thirty- 

seven four hundred twenty-fifths. 

2. 1 lb. 3 oz., Troy weight. 

3. Answers may differ. The avoirdupois pound contains 7,000 Troy grains. 

4. 13i. 

5. A's share, $67.46; B's, $168.65; C's $236.11. 

6. $15,000. 

7. $98.21. 

8. Answers may differ. 

9. 56f sq. yds. 

10. Three days allowed for the payment of a note after it becomes due. One who 
sends goods to another to be sold on commission. The fee or allowance paid 
to a commission merchant or agent for buying, selling or collecting. 

2d and 3rd Grades, October 5, 1889. 

1. (a)M; (^) M. 

2. 336^*^ times. 

3. 5 ft.— 

4. The value of the figure standing alone and the place it occupies, — or its simple 

value and the place it occupies. 

5. 572. 

e. By dividing the antecedent by the consequent. By dividing the consequent by 
the antecedent, — or by dividing 1 by the true ratio. 

7. 243. 

8. $4.67. 

9. It is $.19y33 per barrel better to buy for $7.50, cash. 
10. Answers may differ. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - • November 26, 1889. 



1. 


oz. pwt. gr. 




bbl. gal. qt. 


2. 


10,000. 


3. 


11. 


4. 


$6.72. 



61 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

ARITHMETIC. 

2d. and 3rd Grades, . . . . . November 26, 1889. 

5. Find all the prime factors of 17,727. 10 

6. Make and solve a problem illustrating an appHcatiou of square root. 10 

7. How many inch boards can be sawed from a stick of timber 3 feet square, if 

the saw cut is y\ of an inch ? 10 

8. If 40 per cent of the selling price of an article is profit, what is the per cent 

of gain on the cost? 10 

9. Find the interest on $865 for 13 days, at 5i per cent per annum (30 days to 

the month). 10 

10. Which is the higher rate of freight on wheat, $.16 per hundred or $.10 per 

bushel, and what per cent ?■ 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - January 11, 1890. 

1. Write in words {a) .267; (b) 200.067; (c) ^%; (d) 200^^. 10 

2. Reduce .1675 bu. to integers of lower denominations. 10 

3. Find the base of a right-angled triangle whose perpendicular is 21 feet and 

hypotenuse 75 feet. 10 

4. The different prime factors found in a set of numbers are 2, 2, 7, 13, 29 and 

from these factors may be formed any number in the set. Find the least 
common multiple of the numbers. 10 

5. Divide 22.5 by 51.75, and express the result in the form of a common frac- 

tion. 10 

6. Find the cost of 96 feet of pine lumber at $25 per M and 1,650 lath at $18 

per C. 

7. If a merchant pays 6ic. per yard for muslin, and sells the same for 7Jc. per 

yard, what is his gain per cent ? 10 

8. How much sliall I receive for 16 shares of bank stock sold at 127f , brokerage 

^ per cent. 10 

9. In what time will $726 amount to $764.35 at 6 per cent, per annum ? 10 

10. Change the expression f =14 to the form of a proportion, and prove that the 

proportion thus formed is true. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ... - - March 4, 1890. 

1. Write (a) in Arabic notation, three hundred trillion, three billion, thirty 

thousand; (?>) in words, 3,648.0294. 10 

2. Reduce 240 rd. 4 yd. 1.2 ft. to the decimal of a mile. 10 

3. In the written number 185.4 the number expressed by the first two (left 

hand) figures is how many times the value expressed by the second two 
figures ? 1^ 

5. If .01125 of the value of a piece of property is $348.75, what is the whole 

value ? 1^ 



10 



6. If I sell I of my farm for f of what the farm cost me, what is my gain per 
cent ? 

62 



10 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIG INST liU G T ION, 

ARITHMETIC— Answers. 

3d and 3rd Grades, ----- November 26, 1889. 

5. 3, 19, aud 311. 

6. Answers may differ. 

7. 20. 



10. $.10 per bushel is ^\% the higher rate. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . - January 11, 1890. 

1. {a) Two hundred sixty-seven thousandths, {h) Two hundred, and sixty-seven 
thousandths, (c) Two hundred sixty-seven -thousandths, (d) Two hundred, 
and sixty seven-thousandths. 

3. 5.36 qts. 

3. 73 feet. 

4. 10,556. 

6. $33.10. 

7. 16,^. 

8. $2043. 

9. 10 mo. 17 da. 
10. 3:7 :: 15 : 35.* 

*Proof. — The product of the means equals the product of the extremes,— or 
Reducing the second couplet to its lowest terms, the couplets become the same, 

-or, 
The ratio expressed by the first couplet is the same as that expressed by the second 

couplet. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - - . March 4, 1890. 

1. (a) 300,003,000,030,000. 

(5) Three thousand six hundred forty-eight and two hundred ninety-four ten- 
thousandths. 

3. .7525 mi. 

3. 33i times 

5. $31,000. 

6. 12^^ per cent. 

63 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

ARITHMETIC. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . _ - . - March 4, 1890. 

7. How much money shall I remit to my broker in order that he may purchase 

for me 24 shares of D., L. & W. R. R. stock at a premium of 41^ per 
cent, brokerage J per cent, par value $100 per share ? 10 

8. Find the amount to-day of $210.25 at interest from January 2, 1889, at 5 

per cent per annnum. 10 

9. Make and solve a problem illustrating the application .of simple proportion. 10 

10. A coal bin is 6 feet long and 4 feet wide. How deep must it be to contain 

5 tons of stove coal, if one ton occupies 36 cubic fest of space ? 10 

1st Grade, ....-- March 4 and 5, 1890. 

1. What fractional part of 30 rd. 5 yd. 1 ft. is 8 rd. 4 yd. 2 ft.? 10 

2. Divide 550 into four parts that shall be in the ratio of 9, 11, 13, 17. 10 

3. Find the diameter of a tree that is 13 ft. 4 in. in circumference. 10 

4. Find the two equal factors that produce 47,534. 10 

5. Reduce the couplet 27 :45 (a) to its lowest integral terms ; (h) to the form of 

a fraction, using the same terms that are used in the couplet. 10 

6. A man walking at the rate of 3 m. 96 rd. per hour, will walk how far in 5 

hr. 16 min.? 10 

7. William Wilson sold goods to the amount of ^1,000. One-half of his sales 

showed a profit of 25 per cent on the cost, and the remaining half a loss 

of 16| per cent on the cost. Required, the total cost of the goods. 10 

8. If I buy stocks at 20 ^ premium and sell the same at 10 % discount, what 

per cent of my investment do I lose ? 10 

9. Find the amount, to-day, of $187.40 at interest from November 3, 1889, at 

4 per cent per annum. 10 

10. Write a number that is in all the following classes : odd ; composite ; simple ; 

integral; denominate. 10 

64 



State of New York. 
departmext of public instruction. 



ARITHMETIC— Answers. 



2d and 3rd Grades, 


7. 


$3,393. 


8. 


$222.57. 


9. 


Answers will vary. 


10. 


7 ft. 6 in. 


1st Grade, 


1. 


f- 


2. 


99, 131, 143, aud 187. 


3, 


4 ft. 2.9+ in. 


4. 


218x218. 


5. 


(«)3:5. (?Ofi. 


6. 


17 mi. 121| rd. 


7. 


$1,000. 


8. 


2-5 per cent. 


9. 


$189.92. 



March 4, 1890. 



March 4 and 5, 1890. 



10. Answers will vary. Ex. (1) 35 sq. rd. (2) 15 oz. (3) 21 gr. 

65 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS, 

BOOK-KEEPING. 

1st Grade, _ _ . . - March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. Rule form of (a) day book; (b) ledger. 20 

2. James Miller bought of us on account, March 10, 1888, 10 lb. sugar at 7|- 

cts., 2 bu. potatoes at 60 cts., 50-lb. sack of flour, |1.70, 3 bars of soap, 25 
cts., \ lb. of tea at 80 cts., and \ gal. N. O. molasses at 90 cts. March 14, 
1888, he pays us on account $2.50. 
Enter the foregoing in the ruled form of day book and post to the ruled form 
of ledger. 40 

3. If A and B keep accounts with each other, the items on the Cr. side of the 

account kept by B will be found where in the account kept by A? 10 

4. What cash items are entered in the Dr. column of the cash book? 10 

5. What is meant by the book of original entry? 10 

6. We receive $25 of Amos Brown this day and place. Write him a receipt 

for the same. 10 

1st Grade, ...... May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. What is an invoice book? 10 

2. August 1, 1888. Cash on hand, $261.35; received for petty sales, $89.76; 

received of John Eich on account, $37.50; paid store rent, $60; received 
for Wm. Seeley's note, $203.72; paid express charges, 90 cents; paid Enz 
k Miller on account, $119.65. 
Rule a form of a cash book. 10 

3. Enter the foregoing statement. / 10 

4. Balance the account. 10 

5. A merchant buys goods to the amount of $516.30, and gives his note in pay- 

ment. Is the transaction a matter of account? Why? 10 

6. Draw a check on the First National Bank of Albany for fifty dollars, pay- 

able to the order of Howard Finch. • 10 

7-8. August 1, 1888, J. H. Osgood & Co. of Buffalo, N. T., sold Mrs. C. 
K. Mills 18 yards of silk at $1.70 per yard, 2^ dozen buttons at 80 cents 
per dozen, 32 yards of carpet at 83 cents per yard, and 3 pairs of window 
curtains at $3.25 per pair. 
Make bill of sale to Mrs. Mills, using proper abbreviations. 20 

9. Receipt the bill for the firm. 10 

10. A pays for a bill of goods by note at 60 days, dated July 7, 1888. Find 

when the note becomes due. 10 

1st Grade, - - - - - August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. In real accounts what are represented (^7) by credits; Xb) by debits ? 10 

2. Write a note for $75 and interest, payable in six mouths, at the First 

National Bank of Albany, N. Y., negotiable by endorsement, maker, 
William Douglass, p lyee, Henry L. Warren. 10 

8. Required that the note above given be endorsed in full to George Wilson. 10 

66 



State of New York. 
depaiitarbxt of public 12^8 t bu c t i on. 

BOOK-KEEPING.— Answers. 

1st Grade, ..... March 13 and. 14, 1888. 

1. No answer required. 

2. No auswer required. 

3. They will be found on the Dr. side. 

4. Items of cash received. 

5. The book in which an item of account is first entered. 

G. Answer according to any well-established form. 
1st Grade, ------ May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. An indexed book in which are entered (generally by pasting) the invoices (or 

bills) of goods purchased. 

2, 3, 4. See any approved forms. 

5. No. The creditor has accepted the note in payment. 

6. |50. . , May 5, 1888. 

First Nation.vl Bakk, 

Albany, N. Y. 
Pay to Hoicard Finch, or order, 

Fifty Dollars. 

JoHx Doe. 

7. 8. See any approved form. 

9. Received payment. 

J. H. Osgood & Co. 

per (Name of person examined). 
10. Sept. 8, 1888. 
1st Grade, .... - August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. In real accounts, credits represent either sums paid to us or goods sold to us, on account, by 
the party with whom we keep the account; debits, money paid by us or goods sold by us, 
on account, to the party with whom we keep the account. 

2. eVS.OO. , N. Y.. Aug. 14, 1S88. 

Six months after date, I promise to pay to the order of Henry L. Warren, seventy-five 
dollars, with interest, at the First National Bank of Albany, N. Y. Value received. 

WILLIAM DOUGLASS. 



^ ^ a >, 

--54-1 o 

do 3 



67 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

BOOK-KEEPING. 

1st Grade, ----- August 14 and 15, 1888. 

4-5. Rule form («) of day book; (Ji) of cash book, 20 

6-7. Enter in ruled forms of day book and cash book, for Henry Perkins, the 
following transactions: (a) Aug. 14, 1888. Henry Perkins bought of Miller 
&j Bros., on account, 20 firkins of butter, 2,095 pounds at 22 cents per 
pound, {h) Aug. 20, 1888. Henry Perkins paid Miller & Bros., on ac- 
count, $350. 20 

8. On which side of a cash account must the balance be entered ? 10 

9. G-ive the rule for ascertaining net capital. 10 
10. What are liabilitiies ? 10 

1st Grade, . . - - _ March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. Define (rt) debit; (/^) balance. 10 

2. Write a promissory note dated to-day, payable to the order of yourself at a 

bank, non-interest bearing, time sixty days. 10 

3. Indorse the foregoing described note in full. 10 

4. Give the date of maturity of the same. 10 

5. Write the abbreviations or conventions in common use for account, credit, 

amount, day book, interest. 10 

6-10. James Lester, dealer in general merchandise, does business on account 
with Henry Slocum as follows: 

March 1, 1889, he sells Slocum 2 pairs of shoes at $3.25 and $2.50, 
respectively; 1 hat at $1.75 ; 22 yards of muslin at 8^* ; 50 pounds of flour 
@ $3.10 per hundred. March 5, 1889, he sells Slocum 15 pounds of sugar 
at 7^; 2 pounds of coffee at 33^; 1 pair of overalls at $.75. March 10, 1889, 
Slocum w^orks for Lester one day at $1.50. To-day Slociim pays Lester 
cash to balance the account. 

What books should Mr. Lester use in entering the foregoing? 10 

Rule the forms for these books. 10 

Make the proper entries. 20 

""Show the account finally balanced. 10 

1st Grade, ----- August 13 and 14, 1889. 

1. Define (a) net capital ; (b) acceptance. 10 
Memoranda.— John Sherman, dealer in general merchandise, of Plattsburgh, 

N. Y., does business ou account, witli Thomas Mann, as follows: June 1, 
1889, he sells Mann 1 bbl. of flour at $9.75 ; 8 cwt. of meal at 90c. ; 1 bbl. 
granulated sugar, 190 lbs., at lie. June 13, 1889, he buys of Mann 2 
cd. of dry wood at $3, and 4 cd. of green wood at $2. June 20, 1889, 
Mann pays him $14 on account. 

2. Rule form of day book and ledger. 15 

6. Enter and post in said forms the foregoing memoranda. 25 
4. Balance the account and tell what the balance shows. 15 

68 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

BOOK-KEEPING.— Answers. 

1st Grade, . . . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 

4-5. See any approved form. 
6-7. Account is headed "Miller and Bros." 
(rt) Entered on credit side of day book. 

{b) Entered on debit side of day book, and on credit side of cash book. (See 
approved forms.) 

8. On the credit side of account. 

9. Subtract total liabilities from total assets. 

10. Debts that we owe — whether on account or bills payable. 



1st Grade, 



March 12 and 13, 1889. 



1. 



{a) An entry denoting value parted with to .another or lost from the business. 
Qi) The footing of an account having only one side, or the difference in the 
footings of one having two sides. 
($100.00.) (Albany, N. Y.), Mar. 13, 1889. 

Sixty days after date, we jointly and severally promise to pay to the order 
of (John Doe) (one hundred dollars) at the (First National Bank of Albany, 
N. Y.) Value received. /Thos. Crane. \ 

\ Peter Sands./ 




4. May 15, 1889. 

5. ojc or acct. Cr. Amt. D. B. int. 
6-10. Day book, cash book, and ledger. 

See any approved forms. 

See any approved methods of entry. (Note particularly the use of abbrevia- 
tions or conventions.) 
See any approved form of ledger accounts. 



Ist Grade, 



August 13 and 14, 1889. 



1. (a) The value of the entire business after making allowance for the payment of all outstand- 
ing obligations or indebtedness, (h) The act by which the person upon whom an order is 
drawn, engages to pay it (generally by writing across its face). Also, the order itself after 
it has been accepted by the drawee. 

2 and 3. 

Plattsburgh, N. Y., t/Mn« 1, ISSlt. Dr. Thomas M.\xx, Cr. 



Thomas Maxn, D 

To 1 bbl. flour ... 

" 8 cwt meal ® 90c 

" 1 bbl. sugar, 190 lb. ® lie . 
U 



Thomas Mann, 
By 2 od. dry wood <5» »3 . . . , 
" 1 " gruen wood ® 32. 

-20- 



TrioMAS Mann, 
By cash on acc't. . . 



20 90 1 337 




37 


85 


lS-9. 
June 13 

'• 20 
Aug. I-l 


BySund. 
''^ Cash, 
" Bal'c. 


37 


85 








9 


So 







4. See account balanced in 2 and 3. 
Sherman §9.85. 



The balance shows that Thomas Mann still owes John 



69 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

BOOK-KEEPING. 

1st Grade, . . . . . August 13 and 14, 1889. 

5. Write a receipt for the cash paid on account. 15 

6. Write a note to balance the account at this date, payable in sixty days, 

without interest. 15 

7. Find the date of maturity of said note. 5 

1st Grade, .-.-.. March 4 and 5, 1890. 

1. When the credit side of a personal account is larger than the debit side, 

what does the balance express ? 10 

2. How often is it customary in business to balance the cash book ? 10 

3. Upon the closing of all accounts and the taking an inventory, how is the 

net capital determined ? 10 

4. Give the meaning of each of the following symbols or conventions: ^c; ^; 

5. Write the proper abbreviation for (a) bills receivable ; Qi) inventory ; (c) bal- 

ance; ((?) package; (e) invoice book. 10 

6. Write a check on the First National Bank of Albany for thirty dollars, 

payable to the order of Henry Lansing. 10 

7. Write a receipt for seventy-five dollars in settlement of all accounts between 

yourself and Rol)ert Erwiu. 10 

8. A. note given for ninety days matures to-day. What is the date of the note? 10 
9-10. Richard Wilson commenced business with a capital of $10,000. At the 

close of the year his books show the following resources and liabilities: 
Cash on hand, $3,963.23; notes on hand, $2,390; notes outstanding, 
$3,030; personal accounts due him, $3,212.13; personal accounts against 
him, $2,144.25; merchandise unsold, per inventory, $4,815.90. Make a 
statement showing the condition of the business as to resources and lia- 
bilities, net capital, or present worth, and gain or ioss. 20 

70 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT O F PUBLI C INS TM UCTJOii . 
BOOK-KEEPING.— Answers. 



1st Grade, 

5. ei4. 



August 13 and 14, 1889. 



Plattsbitkgu, N. Y., June 20, 1889. 
Received of Thomas Mann fourteen dollars on account. 

JOHN SHERMAN. 

6. $9.85. PLATTSBiTRGn, N. Y., August 14, 1889. 

Sixty davs after date, I promise to pay John Sherman, or order, nine and 85-100 doK 
lars. Value received. THOMAS MANN. 

7. Oct. 16, 1889. 



1st Grade, 



March 4 and 5, 1890. 



1. A liability, i. e., a sum owing by the^person or firm upon whose books the account is found. 

2. Once each business day. 

3. By subtracting the sum total of liabilities from the sum total of resources. 

4. (ijc — account. </; — cents. V — check mark. 1^ — one and two-fourths, or one and one- 

half. ^ — percent. 

5. (o) B. R. (b) Inv't. (c) Bal. {d) P'kg. {e) I. B. 

6. $30. Rochester, N. Y., March b, 1890. 

The First National Bank of Albany. 

Pay to the order of Henry Lansing, 

Thirty ." Dollars. 

No JOHN DOE. 

7. $75. , Oswego, N.Y., J/a?Y'A 5, 1890. 

Received of Robert Erwin seventy-five dollars in full of all accounts. 

JOHN DOE. 
S. Dec. 2, 1889. STATEMENT. 

9-10. RiCHAKD WiLSOX. 

ifa?rA5, 1890. 



Resources. 

Cash on band, per C . B . . . 

Bills receivable, per B . B 

Personal accounts, per Ledger 

Mdse., per Inv't 



Liabilities. 

Bills payable, per B . B , 

Personal accounts, per Ledger , 



Present worth. 
Investment . . . 



Net loss. 



$3962 
2390 
3212 
4815 



$3030 
2144 



28 



$14380 
5174 



$9206 
10000 

$793 



71 



State of New York. 

UNIFOBM EXAMII^ATION QUESTIONS. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1st Grade, ..... March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. What legal requirement must county officers comply with before entering 

upon the duties of their offices ? 10 

3. What is a deed ? A mortgage ? 10 

3. What is the highest United States court ? Of how many judges is it com- 

posed ? 10 

4. In which branch of Congress must bills for raising revenue originate ? 10 

5. What is the fundamental law of this State ? Of the United States ? 10 

6. What is meant by the "elective franchise"? Name two classes who are 

wholly deprived of it. 10 

7. State two similarities existing between the government of this State and 

that of the United States. 10 

8. What is the difference in the manner of choosing the judges of the courts of 

this State, and those of the United States courts ? 10 

9. Where does the treaty-making power in the United States Government reside? 10 
10. What is a corporation? Name two kinds. 10 

1st Grade, ...._. May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. What is meant by impeachment ? 10 

3. Where does the sole power of impeachment reside in the government of the 

United States ? . 10 

3. What is a mayor ? What is a common council ? 10 

4. What advantage would be supposed to follow from having the legislative 

department of a government consists of two branches or bodies instead 

of one ? 10 

5. What qualification is prescribed by the Constitution for voters for Members 

of Congress ? 10 

6. How often is there a new Congress ? 10 

7. How may a foreigner become a citizen ? 10 

8. What is an indirect tax ? Give an example. 10 

9. Name one privilege that a territorial representative in Congress is allowed 

and one that he is denied. 10 

10. How many congressional districts are there in this State ? 10 

1st Grade, - . . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. How are postmasters of the more important post-offices appointed ? 10 

3. Give the names of five county offices. 10 

3. How may a bill, which has been vetoed by the President, become a law ? 10 

4. Name one of the duties of the Lieutenant-Governor of this State. 10 

5. What is the title of the liighest judicial office of a county? 10 

6. Where is the government of the District of Columbia vested ? 10 

7. What is the constitutional requirement for eligibility to the office of Presi- 

dent of the U. S., as to residence ? 10 

8. Of how many members does our State Senate consist ? 10 

9. How long must an alien reside in this country before he can become a citizen ? 10 
10. How is this State prohibited from making a treaty with a foreign nation ? 10 

72 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 

1st Grade, - - - - - March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. They must take the oath of office. 

2. A conve5-ance of the ownership of hind by one party to another, etc. An in- 

strument giving security upon property for the payment of money due. 

3. The Supreme Court. Nine. 

4. House of Representatives. 

5. The Constitution of the State of New York. The Constitution of the United 

States. 

6. Freedom to vote at all elections where qualified by law. Any two of the following : 

Minors. Personsconvictedof State prison offenses. Indians not taxed. Aliens. 

7. No definite answer can be given here. 

8. In this State they are elected by the people, except in case of vacancy in office. 

In the United States they are appointed by the President and confirmed by 
the Senate. 

9. With the President and Senate. 

10. A society of persons authorized by law to transact business as an individual. 
1st Grade, ------ May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. An accusation against a public officer, charging him with crime or misdemeanor. 

2. In the House of Representatives. 

3. The chief executive officer of a city. The legislative body of a city. 

4. One body ought to be a check upon the other and so prevent unwise or hasty 

legislation. 

5. They must be entitled to vote for the most numerous branch of the State Legis- 

lature where they reside. 

6. Once in every two years. 

7. By residence in this country and naturalization. 

8. A tax on articles consumed, but not collected directly from the consumer. 

e.g., A duty on sugar. 

9. He is allowed to speak, but not to vote. 
10. Thirty-four. 

1st Grade, ----- August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. They are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. 

2. 

3. It must pass both branches of Congress by a two-thirds vote. 

4. 

0. County judge. 

G. In Congress. 

7. He must have been a resident of the United States for at least fourteen 

years. 

8. Thirty-two. 

9. Five years. 

10. By the Constitution of the United States. 

73 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1st Grade, ... - - March 12 and 13, 1889 

1. Mention a provision of the Constitution of the United States giving the 

legislative branch of the government the power to restrain or limit the 
executive. 10 

2. Mention two respects in whicli our system of government is better than that 

of Great Britain. 10 

3. Mention three necessary steps in the passage of a bill, before it can become 

a law of the United States. 10 

4. How may a State be divid&d into two or more States ? 10 

5. What officers are the legal advisers of the President ? How are they chosen? 10 

6. Can a State make a treaty with another State or nation? Give reasons for 

your answer. 10 

7. What is a notary public ? 10 

8. Name three of the great divisions of the courts in this State. 10 

9. What is the general duty of a district attorney ? 10 
10. How may the salary of the Governor of this State be increased ? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... January 7, 1888. 

1. What is the term of office in the State of N"ew York of (a) the Governor? (h) 

State Senators? (c) Members of Assembly? {d) State Treasurer? ie) Super- 
intendent of Public Instruction? 20 

2. (a) Explain the difference between an election by a majority and an election 

by a plurality, (b) Which is required for election of a school commis- 
sioner? 20 

3. If a State has seven electoral votes, how many members of the House of 

Representatives has it? 20 

4. What is the title of the chief executive officer of {a) the United States? (b) 

a State? (c) a county? {d) a town in this State? (e) a city? {/) a village? (p) 

a .school district? 20 

5. What officials are elected by the Legislature of this State on joint ballot? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, - ... February, 1888. 

1. Mention one duty of each of the following officers : {a) justice of the peace ; 

ib) supervisor ; (c) county clerk ; (d) Member of Assembly. 40 

2. How is a supervisor elected? For how long time? 20 

3. Mention two duties of the district clerk and two of the collector. 20 

4. What is the chief duty of the Lieutenant-Governor of this State? 10 

5. How is the number of members of the United States Senate determined? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 3, 1888. 

1. What is the title of the presiding officer of the House of Representatives? 

How is he chosen? 10 

2. What is the title of the presiding officer of the United States Senate? How 

is he chosen? 10 

3. Which of the President's Cabinet is charged with administration of foreign 

affairs? 10 

74 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 

1st Grade. - - - - - March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. Answers maj- differ. 

2. Answers maj- differ. 

3. Answers may differ. 

4. By the concurrent action of Congress and the Legislature of the State. 

5. They are nominated by the President, and confirmed by the Senate. 

6. No. The Constitution forbids it. 

7. An officer nominated by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate, who is 

authorized to administer oaths and take acknowledgments, 

8. Answers may differ. 

9. He is the attorney for the county. 
10. By amending the Constitution. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - - - January 7, 1888. 

1. («) Three years. (5) Two years, (c) One year, {d) Two years, {e) Three years. 

2. {a) A majority is more than one-half of all the votes cast, while a plurality is 

more votes than any other candidate receives. Q)) A plurality only. 

3. Five. 

4. {a) President. (6) Governor, (c) Sheriff, {d) Supervisor, {e) Mayor. (/) 

President of the village, [g) Trustee. 

5. United States Senators, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Regents of 

the University. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . . February, 1888. 

1. (a) To issue his warrant for the arrest of persons charged with crime, {h) To hold and pay 

out the public school moneys upon the order of school trustees, (c) To record deeds, mort- 
gages, etc., in the proper books kept in his otfice. {d) To assist in making new laws and in 
revising old ones. 

2. By the voters of the town at the annual town meeting for one year. 

8. To record the proceedings at each school meeting, and to issue notices of such meetings. To 
collect school taxes, and to hold moneys raised by tax until ordered to pay them out by the 
school trustee. 

4. To preside over the sessions of the Senate. 

5. There are two elected from each of the thirty-eight States of the Union. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . - . March 3, 1888. 

1. The Speaker; by the Members of the House. 

2. The Vice-President ; by Electors chosen by the people. 

3. Tlie Secretary of State. 

75 



State of New York. 
vniform ex am in a tion questions. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

2d and 3d Grades, March 3, 1888. 

4. Why should the Constitution forbid the passage of an ex fost facto law? 10 

5. What is the highest military title in our country? 10 

6. How are Grovernors of territories appointed? 10 

7. What is a congressional district? 10 

8. Why is greater honor attached to the office of State Senator than to that of 

Member of Assembly? 10 

9. What limitations do the National and State. Constitutions place upon the ap- 

pointing powers of the chief executives? 10 
10. In what way do the National and State Constitutions make chief executives 

responsible for legislation? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - March 13, 1888. 

1. In what way does tlie United States Government secure funds with which to 

meet its expenses? 20 

2. How many Members of the Assembly in this State? Of the State Senate? 

How many members of the United States Senate? 20 

3. What officials constitute a town 'board in this State? 20 

4. Give two legal qualifications necessary to make a man eligible to office of U. 

S. Senator. 20 

5. How is a vacancy in the office of Member of Congress filled? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... March, 1888, Special. 

1. Name the three departments of the United States Government and state of 

what each is composed. 30 

2. What is the term of office of the President of the United States ? Of United 

States Senators? 10 

3. What are the duties of assessors? 10 

4. Name five duties of the school commissioner. 25 

5. Define State, county, township, election district and school district. 25 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . - - - April 7, 1888. 

1. Mention five State officers of this State who are elected by the people. 10 

2. By what means may a village become a city? • 10 

3. Conviction requires how many votes of a trial jury? 10 

4. By whom are Governors of territories chosen? 10 

5. Name the Member of Assembly from your district. 10 

6. Name the State Senator representing your district. 10 

7. Name the counties composing the Senatorial district. 10 

8. Name your Representative in Congress. 10 

9. Name the counties composing the Congressional district. 10 
10. How many days are allowed the Governor to consider a bill, while the Leg- 
islature is in session ? 10 

76 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 3, 1888, 

4. Because it would be unjust to coudemn a man for violating a law not in exis- 
tence at the time the act was committed. 
. 5. General. 

6. By the President with the approval of the Senate. 

7. A portion of a State entitled by law to send a Representative to Congress. 

8. Because he represents a much larger constituency, and he is elected for a longer 

term. 

9. His ajipoiutments must be approved by the Senate. 
10. It gives them the power of veto. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . . March 13, 1888. 

1. Principally, by collecting duties on imported goods, and by taxing the manufac- 

ture and sale of tobacco and spirituous liquors. 

2. 128 Members of Assembly. 33 State Senators. 76 United States Senators. 

3. Supervisor, justices of the peace, and town clerk. 

4. Age, 30 years at least ; nine years a citizen of the U. S. ; a resident of the State 

he is elected to represent. 

5. The Governor of the State issues a special writ of election, and the electors of 

the district act thereunder. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - March, 1888, Special. 

1. Legislative (Congress). Executive (President). Judicial (Supreme Court and such inferior 

courts as Congress may establish). 

2. 4 years. 6 years. 

3. To estimate the value of taxable property. 

4. 'Any five of the following: To visit and examine schools; to recommend changes in the course 

of study; to condemn school buildings; to direct trustees to abate nuisances; to direct 
trustees to make necessary alterations or repairs (not to exceed $200); to examine and 
license teachers; to hold institutes; to examine charges affecting moral character of teach- 
ers; to report to State Superintendent. 

5. A State is a community of persons, living within certain limits of territory, under one gov- 

ernment ; a county is one of the direct sub-divisions of a State; a township is one of the 
direct sub-divisions of a county ; au election district is a portion of a township set apart for 
election purposes ; a school district is one of the divisions of a township set apart for school 
purposes. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . April 7, 1888. 

1. Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Comptroller, Secretary of State, Treasurer, 

Attorney-General, Engineer and Surveyor. 

2. By an act of the Legislature. 

3. Twelve — all of them. 

4. Governors of territories are appointed by the President and confirmed by the 

Senate ; the members of territorial Legislatures are elected by the people of 
the territories. 

5. 6, 7, 8 and 9. Answers will differ according to locality. 
10. 10 days. 

77 



State of New York. 
uniform examination q uesti0n8. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . May 5, 1888. 

1. In what way does the Constitution provide that the smaller States shall 

have a larger influence in the legislative branch of our government, in 

proportion to their population, than the larger States? 10 

2. What body has the power to try an impeachment of a United States officer? 10 

3. How often does Congress assemble? "When? 10 

4. Why is the power to coin money vested in Congress rather than in the 

Legislatures of the States? 10 

5. Why does the government grant patents and copyrights? 10 

6. Where is the power to declare war vested? 10 

7. What is the Electoral College? 10 

8. When will the term of President Cleveland's successor commence? 10 

9. Name two qualifications, prescribed by the Constitution, for eligibility to 

the office of President of the United States. 10 

10. When is a person said to be admitted to hail? 10 

2d and 3d Grades, ..-.-. June, 1888. 

1. Why do our National and State Constitutions provide that the terms of 

office of the chief executives shall be brief ? 10 

2. How long is the term of office of a United States Senator? 10 

3. What is meant by majority and plurality in an election ? 10 

4. What is the name of the highest court in this State? 10 

5. When do our presidential elections occur? 10 

6. Which has the greater influence in electing a President of the United States 

in proportion to population, New York or Rhode Island? Why? 10 

7. Name the titles of the seven Cabinet officers. '10 

8. Name some act which, if committed, would be treason against the Unitad 

States. 10 

9. Why does the Constitution of the United States require that bills for raising 

a revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives? 10 

10. Who is commander-in-chief of the military forces of this State? 10 
2d and 3d Grades, - . . . . August 14, 1888. 

1. What is a democracy? 10 

2. What is the meaning of the phrase, Taxation without representation ? 10 

3. What is a limited monarchy? 10 

4. Where does the power reside for imposing taxes for the use of the National 

government? 10 

5. In whom is the power vested to make treaties with foreign nations? 10 

6. If neither candidate for the office of Vice-President receives a majority of 

the electoral votes, how shall that officer be elected? 10 

7. Name one of the duties of an assessor. 10 

8. What class of officers have power to issue a warrant of arrest ? 10 

9. What is an executive session of the Senate of the U. S.? 10 
10. By what authority is the number of State Senators prescribed? 10 

78 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - " - - - May 5, 1888. 

1. By providinfT that all the States shall have an equal delegation in the Senate. 

2. The Senate of the United States. 

3. Every year. On the first Monday in December. 

4. That the coins and standards may be uniform. 

5. To protect inventors and authors in their rights, and to encourage and stimulate 

men to make useful inventions and books. 

6. In Congress. 

7. It is tlie Presidential Electors when assembled in their respective States to cast 

their votes for President and Vice-President. 

8. It will commence on the 4th of March, 1889. 

9. He must be native born ; he must be 35 years old ; he must have resided 14 years 

in the United States. 

10. When an accused person is released from custody, surety being given for his 
appearance for trial. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - - June, 1888. 

1. They are thereby restrained from assuming and exercising arbitrary or unlaw- 

ful authority. 

2. Six years. 

3. A majority is more than half the votes cast; a plurality is more votes than is 

received by any other candidate. 

4. The Court of Appeals. 

5. On the Tuesday next following the first Monday in November in every leap year. 

6. Rhode Island; because she has as many Senators in Congress as New York. 

7. Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of War, Secsetary of the 

Navy, Secretary of the Interior, Attorney-General and Postmaster-General. 

8. For one of her citizens to make war against the United States, etc. 

9. Because the members of the House of Representatives more directly represent 

the people than the Senators do. 

10. The Governor. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... August 14, 1888. 

1. A government by the people. 

2. It means that taxes are imposed upon a people while the right is denied them 

of having a voice in ordering the taxes or of disposing of the revenue. 

3. A monarchy in which the power of the monarch is restricted by the law. 

4. In the Congress. 

5. In the President with the advice and consent of tke Senate. 

6. By the Senate of the U. S. 
7. 

8. Justices of the peace or other judicial oflBcers. 

9. A session for the purpose of considering treaties or the appointment of 

oflacers. 

10. By the State Constitution. 

79 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATIOI^ QUESTIONS. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - September 1, 1888. 

1. What is an absolute monarchy? 10 

2. What is the title of the highest executive officer of a county? 10 

3. Where is the highest judicial authority of the U. S. vested? 10 

4. Name one of the duties of a sheriff. 10 

5. How are the judges of the Court of Appeals of this State chosen? 10 

6. Who appoints the various committees of the House of Eepresentatives of 

the U. S. ? 10 

7. Who is the Representative in Congress from your district? 10 

8. How may new States be admitted into the Union? 10 

9. Name one of the duties of a constable. 10 

10. Where is the power vested, under the Constitution of the U. S., to declare 

war? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . , September 11, 1888. 

1. What is larceny? 10 

2. By what authority is the State prohibited from coining money? 10 

3. What is the title of the highest executive officer of a State? 10 

4. Why is the term of office of a judge made longer than that of au executive 

officer? 10 

5. Name two offices that are filled by officers elected by joint ballot of the two 

brauches of our Legislature. 10 

6. The Speaker of the House of Representatives can vote upon any question 

that comes before that body, while the Vice-President has only a casting 

vote in the Senate. Why this distinction? 10 

7. What are the requirements for eligibility to the office of President of the 

United States, as to age? 10 

8. Of how many members is the United States Senate, at present, composed? 10 

9. What are the divisions of a city called? 10 
10. Why, in 1824, was the President of the United States elected by the House 

of Representatives? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . October 6, 1888. 

1. For how long a term is the Secretary of State of this State elected? 10 

2. In what bodies is the highest legislative power of this State vested? 10 

3. Where is the power vested to grant city charters to villages m this State? • 10 

4. Name one of the duties of a town clerk. 10 

5. For how long a term is tlie Governor of this State elected? 10 

6. For how long a term is a Representative in Congress elected? 10 

7. What is meant by a congressional district? 10 

8. Why is our government called a representative government? 10 

9. What is the title of the officer who takes proof of wills and attends to the 

settlement of estates of deceased persons? 10 

10. WTiat is meant by a quorum of a legislative body ? 10 

80 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRJJ CTION. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - - . . September 1, 1888. 

1. One in ■which the monarch's will is law. 

2. Sheriff. 

3. lu the Supreme Court of the United States. 
4. 

5. By the people. 

6. The Speaker of the House. 
7. 

8. By act of Congress. 
9. 

10. In the Congress. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 11, 1888. 

1. It is wrongfully taking the personal property of another. 

2. By the Constitution of the U. S. 

3. Governor. 

4. Because, from the nature of his duties, it is desirable that he be, as far as possi- 

ble, independent. 

5. 

6. Because the Speaker is a member of the House, while the Vice-President is only 

the presiding officer, ex officio, of the Senate. 

7. He must be at least thirty-five years old.- 

8. Seventy-six. 

9. They are called war4s. 

10. Because neither of the candidates had a majority of the electoral votes. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - _ - - October 6, 1888. 

1. For two years. 

2. In the Senate and Assembly. 
8. In the State Legislature. 

4. 

5. For three years. 

6. Fomwo years. 

7. A part of a State, or a whole State, that is entitled to one Representative in 

Congress. 

8. Because the laws are made and executed by men who represent the people. 

9. Surrogate. 

10. The number of its members that must be present in order, legally, to transact busi- 
ness. 

81 



State of New York. 
uniform examination q uesti0n8. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- November 3, 1888. 

1. What is the title of the Cabinet officer who has charge of the postal service? 10 

2. What is the name of the body in which the legislative power of the U. S. is 

vested? ' 10 

3. After a bill has passed both houses of Congress, what must next be done 

before it can become a law? 10 

4. Where is the jDOwer to raise and support armies for the U. S. service vested? 10 

5. Who has the power to pardon criminals who have been convicted and sen- 

tenced in the courts of this State? 10 

6. Name one of the duties of a supervisor. 10 

7. Of how many members does the State Senate of New York consist? 10 

8. For how long a period are the judges of the Court of Appeals of this State 

chosen? 10 

9. In whom is the power vested to convene the Congress in extra session? 10 
10. How often must the Congress assemble by law? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- January 5, 1889. 

1. What is a constitution? 10 

2. Who is constituted the presiding oflScer of the United States Senate, and 

when is he entitled to vote upon any question before the Senate? 10 

3. What is the right of suffrage? Is it a natural or civil right? 10 

4. Name your Member of Assembly; your Congressman-elect. 10 

5. How is the number of Presidential Electors determined? How many were 

elected at the last general election? 10 

6. What is the Presidents Message? 10 

7. What is the county legislature called, and how often does it meet? 10 

8. Name five town oflJcers, and mention a duty of each. 10 

9. For how long a term is each of the following officers elected: {a) Governor? 

(b) Comptroller? (c) State Superintendent of Public Instruction? {d) 
Sheriff? (e) County judge? 10 

10. Define specific and ad valorem duties. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, February 2, 1889. 

1. How may a territory become a State ? 10 

2; Where is tJie treaty-making power vested ? 10 

3. What are the required qualifications of the President and Vice-President of 

the United States ? 10 

4. How are the members of the Cabinet chosen ? ^10 

5. Name two articles from the manufacture or sale of which internal revenue is 

derived. 10 

6. When will the Fifty -first Congress regularly assemble ? 10 

7. By whom is a territory represented in Congress ? How is he chosen ? 

What may such person do in Congress, and what may he not ? 10 

8. What is the official title of the presiding officer of our State Assembly ? 

How is he chosen ? 10 

82 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- November 3, 1888. 

1. Postmaster- General. 

2. The Congress. 

3. It must be submitted to the President for his approval or disapproval. 

4. In the Congress. 

5. The Governor. 

6. Answers will vary. 

7. Thirty-two. 

8. For fourteen years. 

9. In the President. 
10. Annually. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - - . January 5, 1889. 

1. The code of fundamental laws which govern a State or country. 

2. The Vice-President of the United States. He may vote upon any question 

when the Senators present and voting are equally divided. 

3. The right to vote. It is a civil right. 

4. Answers must vary. 

5. Each State is entitled to as many Electors as it has members of Congress. 

Four hundred one were elected at the late election. 

6. It is a written document sent to Congress upon its convening, embodying the 

President's opinions and suggestions as to legislation, and is accompanied 
by full reports of the executive departments of the government. 

7. Board of Supervisors. Annually. 

8. Answers will vary. 

9. («) Three years, (b) Two years, {c) Three years. {cT) Three years, {e) Six years. 
10. Specific duties are proportioned to the quantity of the article imported ; ad 

valorem duties are proportioned to the market value of the article in the 
country which produces it. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- February 2, 1889. 

1. By act of Congress. 

2. In the President and Senate of the United States. 

3. Natural born citizen, age 35 years, 14 years a resident within the United States. 

4. Nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. 

5. Spirituous or malt liquors, tobacco, oleomargarine. 

6. First Monday in December. 

7. By a delegate elected by the people. He may speak, but not vote. 

8. Speaker, chosen from their own number, by the Members of the Assembly. 

83 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... February 2, 1889. 

9. Name four State oflBcers, and mention one duty of each. 10 
iO. "Who is the chief executive officer of («) the United States, (5) the State, 

(c) a county, {d) a city, (e) a village? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, March 2, 1889. 

1. Name tlie three departments of government. 10 

2. Name one officer each of the nation, State, and county representing each of 

the departments of government. 10 

3. Where does the Constitution place the power to make treaties? To declare 

war? 10 

4. Mention three steps required by the Constitution in chosing a President of 

the United States. 10 

5. What is treason? What is a felony? 10 

6. What is an extradition treaty? What is an ex po&t faf,io law? 10 

7. Name live county officers, and state one duty of each. 10 

8. Distinguish between the duties of a grand jury and a petit jury. 10 

9. Explain what is meant by the veto power; the pardoning power. 10 
10. Name two acts in which a State is independent of the general government, 

and two acts which can only be performed by the general government. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . - ^ March 12, 1889. 

1. State three qualifications that a voter at our State elections must have. 10 

2. Name two officers of a territory, and state how each is chosen. 10 

3. How can the sale of intoxicating liquors be legally prohibited in any town 

of this State? 10 

4. When is our State election held? In what year will State Senators be next 

elected in this State? 10 

5. Name five State officers, and mention one duty pertaining to each. 10 

6. What is the difference between original and appellate jurisdiction of courts? 10 

7. Name one officer in each of the three deiaartments o-' government in a 

county. 10 

8. What are the qualifications required to render a person eligible to the office 

of Governor of this State? 10 

9. Give the official titles of the judicial officers who constitute a Court of 

Sessions. 1 

10. What are capital crimes ? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, April 6, 1889. 

1. Who is commander-in-chief of the army of the United States? 10 

2. What is meant by President pro tempore of the Senate of the United 

States? 10 

84 



State of New York. ' 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . February 2, 1889. 

9. Answers ueed not be uniform. (See "Red Book" or State Almanacs.) 
10. (a) President, (h) Governor, (f) sheriff, {d) mayor, (e) president. 

2d and 3rd Grades, • . . & : March 2, 1889. 

1. Legislative, executive and judicial. 

2. Answers may differ. 

3. The President and Senate can establish a treaty with a foreign power. War can 

be declared only by Congress. 

4. The States must appoint Presidential Electors; the Electors must meet in their 

respective States and ballot for President and Vice-President; the President 
of the Senate shall open the certificates and the votes shall be counted. 

5. Treason against the United States consists in levying war against them, or in adher- 

ing to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. Felony in New York is a 
crime punishable by death or by imprisonment in a State prison. 

6. A treaty providing for the delivery of fugitives from justice by one nation to 

another. An ex •post facto law would inllict a penalty for an act committed be- 
fore the making of a law, 

7. Answers may differ. 

8. A grand jury investigates charges against persons, and, if it find jast cause, holds 

them by indictment for trial. On the trial the ;>cii< jury decides as to the guilt 
or innocence of the accused. 

9. The executive officer of the nation or State vetoes a bill by withholding his ap- 

proval. The power to remit or lessen a sentence of death, or other penalty. 
10. Answers may differ. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 12, 1889. 

1. Qualifications of voters: (1) Male citizen. (8) 21 years of age. (3) Citizen for 

ten days. (4) Resident of State for one year next preceding the election. 
(5) Resident of county four months. (6) Resident of election district 30 days. 

2. Governor and Secretary appointed by the President and confinned by the 

United States Senate. 
Auditor, Treasurer, and Superintendent of Common Schools elected by the 
Legislature of the territory. 

3. By the refusal of the excise board to grant licenses. 

4. On the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Senators will be 

elected in 1889. 

5. Answers may differ. 

6. Original jurisdiction — having power of the first hearing of causes; appellate — 

having jjower to review causes which have been heard by an inferior court. 

7. Answers may differ. 

8. Must be a male citizen not less than thirty years of age, and must have been a 

resident of the State for five years next preceding his election. 

9. County judge and justices of Sessions. 
10. Crimes puuisUablc by death. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . April 6, 1889. 

1. The President. 

2. A Senator chosen by the Senate to preside in the absence of the Vice-President, 

or when the office of Vice-President is vacant. 

85 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - -, - - April 6, 1880. 

3. Who presides over the Senate Of the United States when it meets as a court 

of impeacliment for the trial of the President? 10 

4. Uame three sources of internal revenue. 10 

5. "What are the principal duties of the Comptroller? 10 

6. When will occur the next election of Governor and Lieutenant-Governor of 

this State? 10 

7. Name the officers of a school district, and state the principal duty of 

each. 10 

8. Name six officers who are elected at a town meeting; give the length of 

term of office of each one mentioned. 10 

9. By what authority is a county organized? A town? 10 
10. Why is the veto power given to the Governor? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . _ . May 4, 1889. 

1. What is statute law? 10 

2. What officer has the power to form and dissolve school districts? 10 

3. Not every voter at a general election is a voter at a school district election. 

State two qualilicatious whicli will entitle one of the former to vote for 

a district trustee. 10 

4. How many justices of sessions are chosen in each county? What other office 

must they also hold? 10 

5. The autliority of a State Legislature to enact laws is derived from what 

source? 10 

6. How many judges constitute the General Term Court? By what authority 

are they chosen? Who only can be chosen? 10 

7. Explain how it may happen that a person may be elected President of the 

Uuited States by a minority of the popular vote. 10 

8. In case the President and Vice-President should die, what officer would be- 

come President? For how long time? 10 

9. State two qualifications demanded of a person elected President or Vice- 

President of the United States, that are not required of any other United 
States officer. 10 

10. How axe vacancies in the United States Senate filled? 10 

Ist Grade, _ - - - - August 13 and 14, 1889. 

1. Describe the shortest process by which a bill may become a law of the U. S. 10 

2. Why is our government called a representative democracy ? 10 

3. When it is said that the Court of Appeals of this State has appellate juris- 

diction only, what is meant ? 10 

4. Are custom-houses maintained by the State or by the Nation. Why ? 10 

5. Explain how it liappens that the executive and legislative departments of the 

State or National government may be under the control of diHerent po- 
litical parties. 10 

6. To what officer must a trustee make his annual report ? With what officer 

must he file it, and when ? 10 

86 



State of New York 

DEPARTMENT F PUBLl C INST RUC TI ON. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... April 6, 1889. 

3. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. 

4. Answers may differ. 

5. To examine, and audit or reject claims against the State. 

6. November, 1891. 

7. The trustee has general charge of the school property, hires the teacher, makes 

the report to the school commissioner, and levies the district taxes. The 
clerk calls district meetings, and keeps the district records. The collector 
collects the taxes, and pays the money collected, on orders given by the 
trustee or trustees. The librarian has charge of the library. 

8. Answers may diHer. 

9. The Legislature. The board of supervisors. 

10. To prevent the enactment of unwise or unconstitutional laws. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... May 4, 1889. 

1. It consists of laws enacted by the legislative department of government. 
3. School commissioner. 

3. Answers may differ. 

4. Two. Justice of the peace. 

5. The Constitution of the State, 

6. Three. By the Governor. Justices of the Supreme Court. 

7. The electors for a defeated candidate may be chosen by very large majorities in 

many States, while the electors for the successful candidate may be chosen 
by very small majorities. 

8. The Secretary of State, provided he has the legal qualifications. The remainder 

of the term. 

9. He must be a natural born citizen, thirty-five years of age, and must have been 

fourteen years a resident of the United States. 
10. The State Legislature fills the vacancy, if it is in session; if not, the Governor 
appoints a person to serve until the Legislature convenes. 

Ist Grade, . . . . . August 13 and 14, 1889. 

Note. — School Law and Civil Government combined for this examination only . 

1. By passing in both houses of Congress and receiving the approval of the President. 

2. Because the powers of government are exercised by the people through their 

representatives. 
C. That it can hear and decide only cases that have been tried in lower courts and 
appealed. 

4. By the Nation, because the revenues from customs can be collected only by the 

National government. 

5. It may liappen from the fact that representatives in Congress and members of 

Legislatures are elected by districts, while Presidential electors and State 
officers are elected by vote of an entire State. 

6. The school commissioner. The town clerk, between the close of the school year 

and the annual school meeting. 

87 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1st Grade, . . , . _ August 13 and 14, 1889. 

7. State four ways in which a 2ierson may become a regularly certified teacher 

in this State. 10 

8. Name all the legal holidays that may occur on what would otherwise be a 

regular school day. ' 10 

9. What is the length of term for which each of the following is chosen, and 

how is each elected: State Superintendent of Public Instruction? School 
Commissioner ? School Trustee ? 10 

10. Before what officeis may a teacher make affidavit to the correctness of the 

register of attendance ? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - . . August 13, 1889. 

1. How is a vacancy in the office of Member of the House of Representatives 

filled ? 10 

2. What good reason is there for the constitutional provision that the chief 

executive shall have tlie power of veto ? 10 

3. What is usury ? Give reason for its being made unlawful. 10 

4. State a provision of the Constitution of the U. S. concerning taxation. 10 

5. Name a power jJossessed by the House of Representatives, and not possessed 

by tlie Senate. 10 

6. By what steps may an alien become a citizen ? 10 

7. How are territories represented in Congress ? 10 

8. Name the highest legislative, executive and judicial officer respectively, 

whose official duties are confined within the limits of the county. 10 

9. Name three points of similarity between the State and the National govern- 

ments. 10 

10. How are first, second and third-class postmasters appointed? How are 

fourth-class postmasters appointed ? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . September 7, 1889. 

1. For how long a term is a member of the board of supervisors elected ? How 

large a district does he rejiresent ? 10 

2. How are treaties made by our government ? 10 ■ 

3. In what case may a Governor of a State appoint a U. S. Senator ? 10 

4. How many assembly districts are there in this State ? How many congres- 

sional districts? 10 

5. Name the date of the beginning of the regular annual session of congress, 

In what month, and on what day of the month does the term of office of 

a representative in Congress exjoire ? 10 

6. Give the names of five committees appointed by either house of Congress to 

assist in the work of legislation. 10 

7. In what respect is the President of the U. S. a legislative officer ? 10 

8. What is the duty of a grand jury ? 10 

9. If the Governor of this State should resign his office, who would become 

liis successor and for how long a term ? 10 

10. What advantage is derived from having the people nearly equally divided 

between the political parties ? 10 

88 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 
1st Grade, - - - - - August 13 and 14, 1889. 

7. (1) By passing the required examination for State certificates. ('2) By passing the required 

examination for commissioners' certificates. (3) By graduating from a State normal 
school. (4) By teaching successfully for three years after graduating from a college or 
university. (5 and 0) By being temporarily licensed by the State Superintendent or by a 
school commissioner. 

8. New Year's Day, Washinorton's Birthday, Decoration I)ay, Independence Day, I/abor Day, 

General Election Day, I'hanksgiving Day, or any secular day, except Saturday, set apart 
by the Governor of the State of New York as a day of fasting, thanksgiving or prayer, and 
Christmas Day. 

9. Three years — by a majority vote on joint ballot of the Legislature. Three years — by a plu- 

rality vote of the district he is to represent. One year — by a majority vote at an annual 
school meeting, or at a special meeting called for that purpose. 
10. School commissioner or district clerk, also a justice of the peace, a notary public or any other 
otEcer generally .empowered to administer oaths by the laws of this State. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . August 13, 1889. 

1. By a new election. 

2. He may thereby apply a remedy to hasty, inconsiderate or partisan legislation. 

3. It is taking a higher rate of interest than the law provides for. The object is to 

protect the borrower from exorbitant demands of the lender 

4. Answers may differ. 

5. Answers may differ. 

6. He must declare his intention, before a proper r fRcer, of becouting a citizen, two 

years before he can become such ; then, after he has been a resident for at least 
five years, he may become a citizen of the United States by renouncing allegi- 
ance to other governments and swearing allegiance to this. 

7. By delegates elected by the voters of the Territory. 

8. A supervisor, a sheriff, a county judge. 

9. Answers may differ. 

10. By the President, with the approval of the Senate. By the Postmaster-General. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . September 7, 1889. 

1. For one year, A town or ward. 

2. Negotiated by the President and ratified by the Senate. 

3. When a vacancy occurs in the senatorial delegation of a State during a recess of 

the Legislature of the State. 

4. One hundred twenty-eight. Thirty-four. 

5. The first Monday of December. On the fourth of March. 

6. Answers will vary. 

7. Every bill, in order to become a law, must have his signature, unless it receives 

a majority of two-thirds in both houses of Congress after the President has 
vetoed it. 

8. To examine persons charged with crime, and when the evidence is sufficient to 

warrant it, to present indictments against them. 

9. The Lieutenant-Governor. Until tlie Governor's term expires. 

10. Answers will vary. 

89 



State of New York. 
DjSpaetment of public instruction. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 10, 1889. 

1. Whicli brancli of Congress most directly represents the people ? Give reason 

for j'our answer. 10 

2. For how long a term is a State senator elected ? A member of the assembly? 

The State Treasurer ? , 10 

3. For whom do we vote directly in a presidential election ? 10 

4. "What judicial officers in this State are next inferior to the justices of the 

Court of Appeals ? 10 

5. By whom and how are U. S. senators elected ? 10 

6. Name the two first cabinet officers in the order in which the law provides 

for theitt succession to the office of the President of the U. S. 10 

7. For what purposes are custom-houses established ? * 10 

8. Explain the meaning of the word civil in the phrase civil government. 10 

9. State the principal functions, respectively, of the legislative, the executive 

and the judicial departnaents of our government. 10 

10. Why is the District of Columbia under the control of the "National govern- 
ment more comjiletely than a State is ? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . - . October 5, 1889. 

1. Name one of the qualifications, required by the Constitution, for the office 

of President of the "U. S., and state the reason for the requirement. 10 

2. Where does the power of impeachment reside under the Constitution of the 

U. S. ? What is meant by impeachment ? 10 

3. What officers are charged with the following duties: Management of our 

State finances? Prosecution of criminals in behalf of the State? Grant- 
ing commutations and pardons to criminals convicted of crimes against 
the State ? 10 

4. State an advantage in having two branches of a legislature. 10 

5. Name two powers possessed by the Senate of the TJ. S., and not possessed 

by the House of Representatives. 10 

6. What is a caucus ? 10 

7. To what cabinet officer is the management of foreign affairs entrusted? 10 

8. Which has the larger delegation in Congress in proportion to population, 

the more j^opulous or the less populous States ? 10 

9. How are Governors of Territories chosen ? 10 

10. Where does the power reside to decide a contest for the same seat in Con- 
gress by two claimants ? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ' - - - - - November 26, 1889. 

. Of the following questions, the candidates will answer only six, to each of which sixteen and 
two-thirds credits are assigned. 

1. How many "U. S. Senators represent this State in Congress ? How many State 

Senators in its Legislature ? 

2. Mention five powers denied a State by the Constitution of the U. S. 

3. Name three objects for which the Constitution of the "U". S. was framed, as set 

forth in the preamble. 

90 



State of New York. 
uniform examina tion question's. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - ... September 10, 1889. 

1. The House of Representatives; they are elected directly by the people. 

2. For two years ; for one year ; for two years. 

3. For Presidential electors. 

4. Justices of the Supreme Court. 

5. By the Legislatures of the States in joint session. 

6. Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury.' 

7. For collecting customs duties. 

8. It means "pertaining to a State or community." 

9. Of the legislative, making laws ; of the executive, executing the laws ; of the 

judicial, interpreting the laws. 
10. Because, to have the National Capital located within the jurisdiction of a State 
might lead to conflict of authority and embarrassment. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . _ . October 5, 1889. 

1. Answers may differ. 

3. In the House of Representatives. To make charges of crime or misdemeanor 
against an officer of the United States. 

3. The Comptroller. The Attorney-General. The Governor. 

4. Answers may differ. 

5. Answers may differ. 

6. A meeting of citizens for the purpose of agreement upon candidates or measures 

to be supported. 

7. Tlie Secretary of State. 

8. The less populous States. 

9. Nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. 
10. In tlie branch of Congress in which the seat is contested. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - ... . November 26, 1889. 

1. Two. Thirty two. 

3. Answers may differ. 

3. See preamble to Constitution. 

91 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMIITATION QUESTIONS. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- November 26, 1889. 

4. What is the difference between the county court and the court of sessions ? 

5. State two qualifications required by the Constitution for the office of Senator of 

the U. S. ? For what purjiose is the President x>i'o temiwre of tlie Senate of the 
U. S. elected? By whom is he elected? 

6. State two causes for which a member of Congress may be expelled. 

7. When is the beginning and when the close of the school year ? 

8. Name two classes of voters at school district meetings. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - ' - January 11, 1890. 

Of the following questions, the candidates will answer only six, to each of which sixteen and 
two-thirds credits are assigned. 

1. Where is the pardoning power vested in this State ? In the United States ? 

2. What is the lowest court held in this State ? 

3. By what voters is a supervisor elected ? A Member of Assembly ? 

4. What is a constitutional monarchy ? Name one in Europe. 

5. What is meant by becoming naturalized ? 

6. How is the Attorney-General of this State chosen ? The Superintendent of 

Insurance ? 

7. What power in the decision of questions have justices of sessions ? 

8. What is a statute law ? 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - March 4, 1890. 

Of the following questions, the candidates will answer only six, to each of which sixteen and 
two-thirds credits are assigned. 

1. On what date, as ordered by the Constitution, does our State Legislature meet ? 

The Congress of the United States ? 

2. At what elCiCtious or meetings can women vote in this State ? 

3. What is the writ of habeas corpus? 

4. What is a constitution ? 

5. State three of the duties of a sheriff. 

G. How are the members of the President's cabinet appointed ? 

7. State two things necessary to be done in naturalization ? 

8. Name three kinds of juries. 

1st Grade, ._...- March 4 and 5, 1890. 

1. State one duty of a grand jury. Of a petit jury. . 10 

2. In case of conviction for murder, to what courts may the prisoner appeal ? 12 

3. Name four personal rights secured to each citizen by the government ? 16 

92 



State of New York. 
department of publl c instruction. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 
2d and 3rd Grades, ----- November 26, 1889. 

4. The latter tries criminal cases, while the former does not. 

5. (a) Answers may ditler. (A) To preside in the Senate in the absence of the Vice-President. 

((•) By the Senate. 

6. Answers may differ. 

V. Begins July 26, closes July 25. 

8. There are four classes of "persons entitled to vote at school meetings in this State: 1st. Every 
person of full age, who is a resident of the district, entitled to hold lands in this State, who 
either owns or hires real estate in the district liable to taxation for school purposes. 2d. 
Every resident of the district, who is a citizen of the United States, 21 years of age, and who 
is a parent of a child of school age, provided such child shall have attended the district 
school (in which the election is held), for a period of fit least eight weeks within one year 
preceding. 3d. Every resident of the district, a citizen of the United States, 21 years of age, 
not being a parent, who shall have permanently residing with him or her a child of school 
age, which shall have attended the district school for a period of at least eight weeks 
within one year preceding. 4th. Every resident and citizen of full age, who owns any per- 
sonal property assessed on the last preceding assessment-roll of the town, exceeding fifty 
dollars in value exclusive of property exempt from execution. 
In either class the voter may be male or female. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . _ . . . January 11, 1890. 

1. In the Governor. In the President. 

2. A Justice's Court. 

3. By the legal voters of the town. By the legal voters of an Assembly district. 

4. One where the power of the ruler is restrained and fixed by a Constitution. Ex- 

emple: England. 

5. Becoming invested with the rights and privileges of natural-born citizens. 

6. Elected by the people. Appointed by the Governor and Senate. 

7. Tliey constitute a majority of the court in the decision of cases. 

8. A law enacted by a legislative body and approved by the executive. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - - . . March 4, 1890. 

1. The first Tuesday in January. The first Monday in December. r- 

2. At the election of school ofiicers and at all school meetings. 

3. An order from a court that an imprisoned person be brought before it for in- 

quiry into the cause of the imprisonment. 

4. The fundamental law of a State. 

5. Answers may differ. 

- 6. By the President and confirmed by the Senate. 

7. Answers may differ. 

8. Answers may differ. 

Ist Grade, - * - - - - - March 4 and 5, 1890. 

1. Answers may differ. 

2. To the General Term and the Court of Appeals. 

3. Answers may differ. 

93 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINA TION QUESTIONS. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

1st Grade, ...... March 4 and 5, 1890. 

4. What is the legal rate of interest in this State ? By what power is it deter- 

mined ? 12 

5. What is the right of eminent domain? 10 

6. How and for how long a term are the justices of the United States Courts 

appointed ? 10 

7. How are the expenses of the United States government met ? Of our own 

State government ? 20 

8. When can a president be elected by the House of Representatives ? 10 

94 



State of New York. 
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INS T li U C T I ON. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Answers. 

1st Grade, . . . . . . March 4 and 5, 1890. 

4. Q%. By the State Legislature. 

5. The right of State to take private property for public use, by due process of law 

6. They are appointed for life by the President and Senate. 

7. Principally by duties ou imported goods, and by the revenue arising from a tax 

upon the manufacture and sale of oleomargarine, tobacco and liquors. By 
direct taxes. 

8. When no person has received a majority of the electoral votes. 

95 



I State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 



COMPOSITION. 

No Answers Furnished. 

1st Grade, . . . . . March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. Write a sentence, using the word rise, and another, using the word raise. 10 

3. Write a sentence, using the word done, and another using the word set. 10 

3. Write a description of some industry, or a branch of some industry, with 
which you are well acquainted, speaking of (1) its location and advantages 
of location ; (2) the history of the factory or establishment ; (3) the condi- 
tion of the workmen or employees ; (4) the benefits or injury it brings to 
the vicinity in which it is located. 

Credits as follows : 

For correctness of form and language. 10 

For correctness of punctuation. 10 

For correctness of spelling, and capitals. 10 

For excellence of composition. 25 

As provided in general regulations. 25 

1st Grade, May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1, Write a reply to a letter from your commissioner, asking you to name the 
text-books in Arithmetic, Geography and Physiology which you would 
recommend for a school of your grade, and to state fully your reasons for 
each recommendation. 

Correctness and appropriateness of language. 25 

Correctness in form and general appearance. 25 

Correctness in punctuation and use of capitals. 25 

For remaining 25 per cent, see regulations. 

1st Grade, ... - - August 14 and 15, 1888. 

Write a composition on either of the following subjects: 

Arbor Day. 

A Summer Resort. 

My Favorite G-ame. 
Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with particular reference 
to three points: 

(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 35 

For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 
1st Grade, . _ - . - March 12 and 13, 1888. 

Write a composition on either of the following subjects : 

The Kindergarten. 

Winter Sports. 

The Inatjguration of President Harrison. 
Credits will he given on the merits of the composition with particular reference 
to three points : 

(1) The matter, L e., the thoughts expressed. 35 

(2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 35 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 35 

For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 

96 



State of New York. 
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTBVGTION. 

COMPOSITION. 

No Answers Furnished. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - - . . January 7, 1888. 

Write a letter to a trustee of a school district, applying for a position as teacher, 
and giving age, experience, educational qualifications, and references as 
to character and ability. 75 

See directions for remaining 25 per cent of credits. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . . February, 1888. 

1. Should A, S. Draper, Superintendent of Public Instruction, ask you for your 
opinion, fully and freely expressed, of the comparative merits of the sys- 
tem of Uniform Examinations for Commissioners' Certificates and the 
system formerly practiced, v?hat would be your reply? (Write out a copy 
of your letter to him, complete as to form and matter.) 

Orthography, 10; Punctuation, 10; Form, 10; Correctness and pro- 
priety of language, 35. 55 

3. Write a sentence, using the -word flowed, and another, using the word 

floicn. 10 

3. Write a sentence using the word struck, and another, using the word 

stricken. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - _ . March 3, 1888. 

1. Write a description of a lake which you have visited, or which you may im- 
agine yourself to have visited, referring to the following points of interest : 
Location, dimensions, basin, outlet, navigation, fisheries, surrounding 
scenery, other jJoints that may occur to you. 

Completeness with which the subject is treated. 15 

Clearness of the description. 15 

Grammatical correctness of language. 15 

Use of capitals and punctuation. 15 

Orthography and general appearance. 15 

For remaining 25 per cent, see directions. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . March 13, 1888. 

1. Give two rules for the use of the period. 10 

3. Give rule for the punctuation of direct quotations, and give example. 10 

3. Write a formal letter to the Commissioner of your district, setting forth five 

reasons why you think yourself qualified to teach school. 55 

See regulations for remaining 25 per cent of credits. 

Answers, 

1. A period should be placed after every declarative or imperative sentence; after every 

abbreviation not fully noted by marks of elision ; and after Roman numerals. 

2. Every direct quotation should be set off by commas. 

3. No answer required. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... March, 1888, Special. 

1. Write a letter to your commissioner embodying in it a statement of (a) your 
present grade of certificate, (h) the grade you are aiming to secure, (c) the 
district where you are now teaching, (il) the name of the trustee or trus- 
tees, (e) where you were educated, using not less than one hundred words. 75 

Note. — For general excellence of all papers submitted witb reference to neatness, order 
and punctuation. 25 

97 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. ^ 
COMPOSITION. 

No Aus-wers Furulslied. 

2cl and 3rd Grades, . . . . - April 7, 1888, 

1. Write a short letter to your school commissioner, telling him what school you 

wish or expect to teach. 25 

2. Write a sliort account of the Pilgrims iu accordance with the following analy- 

sis: {a) Cause of leaving their own country; (&) whence they sailed; (c) 
the voyage; (d) the landing; {e) life in the New World. 50 

For general excellence of all papers submitted, with reference to neatness, order 

and pimctuation. 25 

2d and 3rd Grades, .-.._. May 5, 1888. 

1. Write a description of the school-house where you taught last, or, if you have 
not taught, where you last attended school. 

Let your description be brief, and let it embrace these points: The size 
of the building, its material, its seating capacity, its general condition of 
repair, its hygienic qualities — such as location, means of heating and ven- 
tilation, provisions for light, etc. — its facilities for teaching — such as 
blackboards and other apparatus — and suggestions for improvements. 

Correctness and appropriateness of language. 25 

Correctness in form and general appearance. 25 

Correctness in punctuation and use of capitals. 25 

For remaining 25 per cent, see regulations. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .---_. June, 1888. 

1. Write a composition, taking for your subject one of the following vegetable 
products of this State, describing the plant from which it is obtained, 
the manner of cultivating it, if it be a cultivated plant, the manner of 
preparing it for commerce, and adding any other matters of interest per- 
taining to the subject: Flour, maple sugar, lumber, potatoes, hay, malt. 
Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with reference to 
three points: 

(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts it contains. 25 

(2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, use of caiiitals, and general appear- 

ance. 25 

For remaining 25 per cent, see regulations. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... August 14, 1888. 

Write a composition on either of the following subjects: 
Ice Cream. 
The Violin. 
Industrial Education. 
How Nature Provides for the Protection op the Eye. 

Crediis will be given on the merits of the composition wdth reference to three 
points : 
(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(3) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general aj)pearance. 25 

For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 

98 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTltUCTION. 
COMPOSITION. 

No Answers FuruisUed. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . September 1, 1888. 

Write a composition on cither of the following subjects: 
County Fairs. 
The Prohibitionists. 
Language Teaching. 

Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with reference to three points : 

(1) The matter, i. c, the thoughts expressed. 25 

(3) The correctness and projiriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

For remaining 35 credits, see regulations. 

2d and 3rd Grades, _ - . . September 11, 1888. 

Write a composition on either of the following subjects: 
The Description op a Church Edifice. 
Teachers' Associations. 
The Educational Influence op a Good School-house. 

Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with particular reference 
to three points: 

(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed, 25 

(2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . October 6, 1888. 

Write a composition on either of the following subjects : 
A District School. 
The Cultivation of Indian Corn. 
A Letter op a Pupil to His Teacher, Describing Vacation Pleasures. 

Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with reference to three points : 
(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(3) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... November 3, 1888. 

Write a composition on either of the following subjects : 
A Normal School. 
Bees. 
A Teachers' Institute. 

99 



Statk of Nkw York. 

UNIFOUM Ji'XAMJyATJOy QUJJST2 0N8. 
COMPOSITION. 

No AiiH\v<<rH l<'iiriilsli«ul. 

2d and 8rd Grades, .... Novombor 3, 1888 

CrcditH will !)(• ^ivdii on I he iiu-rils of I lie coinpoHitioii \\\i]\ piirtjculiir rcfnrenco 
to tlircu! points: 

(1) The vuUl()\ i. o., the tliouj^hts expressed. ' 25 

(3) Tli(( (u)rreetiiesH iiiiil propriety of tlie liuiguiige used. 25 

(!5) Th(M-)rtlioj,n-iipliy, ])iiiietii!iti(m, division into [)uni^niplis, use of capitals, 

and "iiMieral a[)pearaiice. 25 

For remaining '^.') crcnlits, sco reyulatious. 

2d and 3rd Grudos, . - . . . January 5, 1880. 

Wiite u composition on cillu'i' of tlic following' snbjoct.s: 
Tnic Nicw Vic An. 
'I'mh; lNin,i)icN(;i« of Oood Hookh. 

ThiC 'riCAClIICIt'H OlM'OUTllNITllCS. 
CiVIli SlCltVU'lC IvICKOllM. 

Credits will bo j^ivc^n on (lie merits of the composition with particnlar referenco 
to three points: 

(1) The vnittrr, 1. e., the thoni;lits exiiressed. ' 25 

(2) 'IMie correc^tncss anil proprii^ty of the lanyuag'o used. 25 

(!5) The orthoLjraphy, pnnctnation, division int«) paragraj)hs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

l*\)r rinnainin;'; 2r> credits, soc regulations. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . February 2, 1880. 

Write a eom]>ositioi\ on either of the following snbjects: 
('iiicicsic Maiuno. 
Santa Cla ua. 

NATUUAli SCKNKIIY AHOUT My IloMK. 

Credits will be given on tlu^ merits of the composition with pariicnlar reference 
to tliroo points: 

(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts exi)ressed. 25 

(2) The (U)rroctiicss and |)ropriety of the language used. 25 

(\\) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appcuranco. 25 

For remaining 25 credits, sec regulations. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . - March 2, 1880. 

Write a composition on cither of lh(* following sul>ject8: 
Danokus ok Coastijno. 
lUiT'ncu Makino. 
BiCNiCFiTS AiuaiNi) FUOM TicAouiCKs' Associ A'riONS. 

Credits will bo given i)n the merits of the composition with particnlar referonce 
to three points; 

(1) The matter, i. c, the thoughts expressed. 25 

100 



Stati'. ov Ni:w York, 

DEPA Ji TMEN T F I' UBLI V IN IS T li UC TION. 

COMPOSITION. 

No AiiNivtirx Kuril InIumI. 

2d and ard Grados, . - - . . . March 2, 1889. 

(3) The correct noss and pro|)rii'ly ol' the liiiij^'imgo used. 'JfJ 

(■3) TIio or(lio^Ta))liy, piincltiiilioii, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and j^cncrid iippciiraiuH^ 25 

For n-nniiniiiL;' 25 crcdilM, see rogulatious. 

2d and 3rd Grados, - - . . . March 12, 1880. 

Write a composition oi\ oitlicr of the followinjj^ snlijccts: 

A.MUSIOMKNTS Ol' MV ClllM)lIOl)l). 

My IjAst School. 

BUKAU >rAKlNU. 

Crcilits will bo given on the merits of ilie composition with parlicnhir refercnro 
to tiirce points: 

(1) The matter, i. 0., tlie Mionghfs expressed. 25 

('^) The correctness and propriety of tlie langnage used. 25 

(3) Tlio orthogra])hy, punctiiution, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general ap[)earani'e. 25 

For remaining 25 credits, sec regulations. 

2d and 3rd Grados, - - - - - April 6, 1889. 

Write a letter to your seiiool commissioner, describing the condition and needs 
of the school-hoiise in whicii you last taught, or attendeil sciiool, as to 
furniture, blackboards, and a|)paratus; or 

Write to a trustee of a school distric't, a letter (H" recommendation for an ae(piaint- 
ancc seeking a position as teacher. 

Credits will be given on tiie nu-rils of the com[)osition with particular refercneo 
to three points: 

(1) The VKitlcr, i. e., the thoughts exprcissed. 25 

(2) Tiu! correctness and propriety of the languages used. 25 
(8) The orthograpiiy, punctuation, division into [)aragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

For remaining 25 credits, sec regulations. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... May 4, 1880. 

Write a composition on either of tiic following subjcu'ts; 
Bkmci'its oii^ I'nvsicAi, Ciii/min;. 
A Shout Kiovikw ok somic ]Jook Rkckntly Ukad. 

TUKH I'l.ANTINd. 

Credits will be given on tiic nuuits of tin; composition witii particular reference 
to three points: 

(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(2) The correctness and propriety of the language used, 25 
(8) The orthography, ])unctinition, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearuuce. 25 

For remaining 25 cfedits, see regulations. 

101 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

COMPOSITION. 

No Answers Furnished. 

1st Grade, . . . . . August 13 and 14, 1889. 

Write a composition on either of the following subjects: 

How I Spent my Vacation. 

Bicycling. 

The Circulation op the Blood. 

School Trustees. 

Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with particular reference 
to three points: 

(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - August 13, 1889. 

Write a composition on one of the following subjects : 

A Day's Experience op a Housekeeper. 
The Washington Centennial Celebration. 
Summer Schools for Teachers. 
Cigarette Smoking. 

Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with particular reference 
to three points: 

(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 

2d and 3rd Grades, _ . . . . September 7, 1889. 

Write a composition on one of the following subjects : 

A Day's Experience op a School Teacher. 

Medicines and Cures, 

Boys. 

The Flower Garden. 

Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with particular reference 
to three points : 

(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 

102 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

COMPOSITION. 

No Answers Furnished. 

2(i and 3rd Grades, .... September 10, 1889. 

Write a composition on one of the followiug subjects: 

The American Flag. 

The Fur Seal. 

Base Ball. 

Description op a Wedding. ' 

Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with particular reference 

to three points : 
(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(3) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 

2d and 3rd Grades, October 5, 1889. 

Write a composition on one of the following subjects: 

Examinations. 
Book Agents. 
School Compositions. 
Fishing. 

Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with particular reference 
to three points : 

(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . November 26, 1889. 

Write a composition on one of the following subjects : 

The Mountains of the State op New York. 
Drawing in the Public Schools. 
How WE Observed Arbor Day. 
Absent-mindedness. 

Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with particular reference 
to three points : 

(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 

103 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

COMPOSITION. 

No Answers Furnished. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- January 11, 1890. 

Write a composition on one of the following subjects : 

Some Books I have Read. 

A Letter to a Friend Narrating the Experience of this Day. 

Snow. 
Credits will be given on the merits of the composition with particular reference 

to three points : 

(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed, 25 

(2) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

For remaining 25 credits, see regulations. 

104 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

COMPOSITION. 

No Answers Furnished. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, ... - March 4 and 5, 1890. 

Write a comijosition on one of the following subjects : 

Home Decoration. 
"La Grippe." 
A Description of a Storm. 
Charity. 

Credits will be given on the merits of the composition -with particular reference 
to three points : 

(1) The matter, i. e., the thoughts expressed. 25 

(3) The correctness and propriety of the language used. 25 

(3) The orthography, punctuation, division into paragraphs, use of capitals, 

and general appearance. 25 

For remaining 35 credits, see regulations. 

105 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

1st Grade, ----- March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. What is the name of the presiding officer of the Senate of this State? the 

Assembly? 10 

2. What portion of our State Capitol has been condemned as unsafe? Why? 10 

3. Name two territories which are asking for admission to the Union, as States. 10 

4. In what cities respectively are the two great political parties to hold their 

next national convention? 10 

5. What is tlie principal feature of the Crosby Bill? 10 

6. What Englishman is known as the "grand old man "? 10 

7. What important educational bill has recently passed the United States 

Senate? 10 

8. What interoceanic canal is now in process of construction? .10 

9. What brave act did Miss Freeman, a western teacher, recently perform? 10 
10. Who is the oldest monarch of Europe? 10 

1st Grade, ------ May 4 and 5, 1888» 

1. Name six places in this State at which State normal schools are located. 10 

2. How many members has the United States Senate? - 10 

3. Where is the burial place of General Ulysses S. Grant? 10 

4. How has rapid transit been attained in the city of New York? 10 

5. Upon what date does Decoration Day occur? 10 

6. Name three of the leading literary magazines of the present day. 10 
« 7. Name and locate three colleges or universities of this State. 10 

8, State something of interest relating to the royal family of Germany. 10 

9. Who is now mayor of the city of New York? 10 
10. What is meant by the "Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers?" 10 

1st Grade, ... - - August 14 and 15, 1888. 

Twenty credits will be allowed for each of five of the following questions, to be selected by 
the candidate : 

1. Who is President of the French republic? 

3. What rank in the United States army was recently revived by act of Con- 
gress? Upon whom was it conferred? 

3. What change in respect to the method of execution of the death penalty was 

made by the last Legislature of this State? 

4. Give the names of the nominees of two of the national political conventions 

recently held. 

5. What is meant by cremation ? 

6. What eminent ex-United States Senator recently died in New York? 

7. Whom did President Cleveland nominate for Chief Justice of the Supreme 

Court of the U. S.? 

106 



State of New York. 

DEPAITTMENT OFPUBLIGINSTltUCTION. 

CURRENT TOPICS.— Answers. 

1st Grade, ...... March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. Edward F. Jones; Fremont Cole. 

3. The ceiling of the Asscmbh' chamber. Because the stone supports were not 
strong enough to supjjort the weight, 

3. Dakota, Utah and Montana. 

4. Chicago and St. Louis. 

5. High license to restrict the liquor traffic. 
6 Gladstone. 

7. The Blair Educational Bill. 

8. Nicaragua ship canal. 

9. By tying thirteen children, her pupils, together, she conducted them to a place 

of safety, during a terrific storm that destroyed the school-house ; the weather 
was exceedingly cold. 
10. The Emperor of Germany. 

1st Grade, - - ... May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. Albany, Potsdam, Cortland, Oswego, Geneseo, Brockport, Buffalo, Fredonia, 

New Paltz. (Any six.) 

2. Seventy-six. 

3. Riverside Park, New York city. 

4. By means of elevated railroads. 

5. May 30th. 

6. Answers will vary. 

7. Answers will vary. 

8. Answers will vary. 

9. Abram S. Hewitt. 

10. A secret organization of locomotive engineers whose object is mutual assistance 
and protection for its members. 

1st Grade, . _ . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. M. Carnot. 

2. The rank of General, General Philip Sheridan. 

3. Persons convicted of capital offenses committed after January 1, 1889, are to 

be executed by means of electricity. 

4. Democratic, Grover Cleveland and Allen G. Thurman; Prohibition, Clinton B. 

Fisk and John A. Brooks; Republican, Benjamin Harrison and Levi P. 
Morton. 

5. Burning instead of burying the dead. 

6. Roscoe Conkling. 

7. Melville W. Fuller. 

107 



State of New York. ^ 

uniform examination questions. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 
1st Grade, . . . . . March 12 and 13, 1889. 

Of the following questions, the candidate will answer only five, to each of which twenty credits 
are assigned. 

1. What is meant by the Excise Commission Bill? 

2. Congress has recently passed an act authorizing the admission into the Union 

of what new States? 

3. Name the members of President Harrison's Cabinet, and give the official title 

of each. 

4. What inter-oceanic canal has been recently chartered by Congress? 

5. Name the Representative in Congress from your district. 
Name the Member of Assembly from your district. 

6. Mention five great bridges wholly or in jiart in this State. What waters do 

tliey span? 

7. Who is the recently elected secretary of the Regents of tlie University? 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - . - . January 7, 1888. 

1. Give a short account of Bismark. 20 

2. What event of great political importance to France transpired during the 

past month? 20 

3. What important legislative body convened on the 5th of December, 1887? 2Q 

4. What were the fates of the seven anarchists who were convicted of com- 

plicity in the bomb-throwing at Chicago in 1886? 20 

5. Name three educational journals of this State, and state where each is pub- 

lished. 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . - . February, 1888. 

1. What territory desires to be divided and admitted to the Union as States? 20 

2. Mention one important recommendation in the last message of the President. 20 

3. Name the Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, nominated by the Presi- 

dent and confirmed by the Senate the present session. 20 

4. What was the recommendation of the commission to the jiresent Legisla- 

ture on the mode of executing the death penalty? 20 

5. With what great national measure is Gladstone identified? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 3, 1888. 

1. What illustrious American scientist died in January, 1888? 10 

2. What famous English actor is now in America? 10 

3. What publication relating to school affairs is soon to be sent to every school 

district in this State? 10 

4. State some fact or incident of which you have read relating to a great storm 

in Dakota or Nebraska. ,10 

5. Wliat is the name of the great Irish leader in the British Parliament? 10 

6. What is, probably, the question to be most discussed in the approaching 

presidential campaign? 10 

108 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

CURRENT TOPICS.— Answers. 

1st Grade, - - • - - - March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. A bill recently introduced in the Legislature of New York, to regulate the sale 

of intoxicating liquors prepared by a commission appointed by the Legisla- 
ture of 1888. 

2. North Dakota, South Dakota, Washington, and Montana. 

3. Secretary of State, James G. Blaine of Maine ; Secretary of the Treasury, 

William Windora of Minnesota; Secretary of War, Redfield Proctor of Ver- 
mont ; Secretary of the Navy, Benjamin F. Tracy of New York ; Secretary of 
the Interior, John W. Noble of Missouri ; Postmaster-General, John Wana- 
maker of Pennsylvania; Attorney-General W. H. H. Miller of Indiana; 
Secretary of Agriculture, Jeremiah M. Rusk of Wisconsin. 

4. Nicaraugua ship canal. 

5. Answers will differ. 

6. Answers may differ. » 

7. Melvil Dewey. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . January 7, 1888. 

1. No answer required. 

3. The resignation of President Grevy, and the subsequent election by the French 
Assembly of President Carnot. 

3. The fiftieth Congress of the United States. 

4. Four were hanged, the sentence of two were commuted to imprisonment for life, 

and one committed suicide. 

5. No answer required. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . • - - - February, 1888. 

1. Dakota. 

2. Reduction of the revenue by removing the tax from certain articles. 

3. L. Q. C. Lamar. 

4. That in cases of capital punisl?ment, death by electricity be substituted for death 

by hanging. 

5. With home rule in Ireland. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - . - . March 3, 1888. 

1. Prof. Gray. 

2. Irving. 

3. The Code of Public Instruction. 

4. Various answers. 

5. Parnell. 

6. The tariff question. 

109 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 3, 1888. 

7. What distinguished woman astronomer is a professor in one of our American 

colleges? .What is the name of the college referred to? 10 

8. Why is the freshman class at Cornell larger than any previous class? 10 

9. What two changes have recently been made in the President's cabinet? 10 
10. Describe an eclipse that has occurred this year. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . ^ . . March 13, 1888. 

1. What nation threatens the peace of Europe at the present time? What part 

of its policy is considered aggressive? 30 

2. What has been done with the Blair Educational Bill at this session of Con- 

gress? * 20 

3. Of what is oleomargarine made? 20 

4. What educational gathering is to convene at Watkins, N. Y., July 5, 1888? 30 

5. Give some account of the condition of tlie Crown Prince, Frederick Wil- 

liam, of Prussia. 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, _ . . . March, 1888, Special. 

1. When will occur the next regular election of {a) school trustees, (b) school 

commissioners, (c) Governor of this State, and {d) State Senators for this 
State? 20 

2. What commission has just completed its labors at Washington? Why was 

this commission made necessary? 20 

3. What is meant by industrial education as connected with public education? 20 

4. Give a short account of the Female Suffrage movement, mentioning some 

of the leaders and some of the points already gained for it. 20 

5. What are the duties of a stenographer? 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, , . . . . April 7, 1888. 

1. Give the names of two persons who were candidates for the office of Secre- 

tary of State at our last State election. 10 

2. Who was elected United States Senator from New York in 1887? Whom 

did he succeed? 10 

3. Name one of the justices of the Supreme Court in your judicial district. 10 

4. Name five leading daily newspapers published in New York city. 10 

5. What two important State officers are to be chosen this year in this State? 10 

6. What prominent gentleman has recently announced that he is not a candi- 

date for the presidential nomination? 10 

7. What prominent American jurist has recently died? What office did he 

hold? ■ 10 

8. Who is the president of the New York Central Railroad? 10 

9. What European monarch has recently died? 10 
10. Name the Republican and Democratic candidates for President at the last 

three presidential elections. 10 

1 10 



State of New York. 
department of public ins t r v c t i on. 

' CURRENT TOPICS.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 3, 1888. 

7. Maria Mitchell, Vassar College. 

8. Because of a new law in relation to free scholarships allowing substitutes from 

districts not otherwise represented. 

9. Mr. Vilas has been transferred to the charge of the interior department and Mr. 

D. Dickinson has been appointed in his place. 
10. A total eclipse of the moon occurred ou the evening of January 28. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ...... March 13, 1888. 

1. Russia. The massing of troops adjacent to the frontiers of Germany, Austria, 

and Turkey. 

2. It has passed the Senate and been sent to the House of Representatives. 

3. Principally, of the fat of animals. 

4. Xew York State Teachers' Association. 

5. He is suffering from a throat disease generally believed to be a cancerous affection 

of the larynx and trachea. His physicians liave inserted a tube through his 
neck into his trachea for him to breathe through. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... March, 1888, Special. 

1. {(i) Ou the last Tuesday of August next. Qi) At the general election of 1890. (c) 
At the next general election, {d) At the general election of 1889. 

3. The Fisheries Commission. Disputes as to the respective rights of Canada and 
the United States on the fishing grounds of the North Atlantic coast. 

3. The introduction of teaching to train the hand and eye, with a view to practical 

application iu life work. 

4. Answers may differ. 

5. By short-hand to write from dictation and afterward transcribe the matter, or 

reproduce it iu Rorrian letters by a type-writer. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . April 7, 1888. 

1. Frederick Cook; Frederick D. G-raut; Henry George. (Either two* of the 

three.) 

2. Frank Hiscock ; Warner Miller. 

3. Answers will differ according to locality. 

4. World, Tribune, Herald, Times, Sun, Post, Telegram, Star, Mail and Express, 

Press, Commercial Advertiser, Staats-Zcitung. 

5. Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, 

6. .James G. Blaine. 

7. Morrison R. Waite, Chief Justice. 

8. Chauncey M. Depew. 

9. Emperor William of Germany. 

10. 1876: Hayes, Tilden; 1880: Garfield, Hancock; 1884: Blaine, Cleveland. 

Ill 



State of New York. 
uniform examina tion q uesti0n8. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... May 5, 1888. 

1. Name six places in this State at which State normal schools are located. 10 

2. How many members has the United States Senate? 10 

3. Where is the burial place of General Ulysses S. Grant? 10. 

4. How has rapid transit been attained in the city of New York? 10 

5. Upon what date does Decoration Day occur? 10 

6. Name three of the leading magazines of the present day. 10 

7. Name and locate three colleges or universities of this State. 10 

8. State something of interest relating to the royal family of Germany. 10 

9. Who is now Mayor of the city of New York? 10 
^10. 'Wh.ai \s. meavit hj i\\e Brotherliood of Locomotive Engineers? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - - . - - June, 1888. 

1. How must the vacancy now existing in the SujDreme Court of the United 

States be filled? 20 

2. Why is the income from our State prisons now much less than the cost of 

conducting them? 20 

3. What is Arbor Day in this State? 20 

4. Name one of the two cities chartered by our last Legislature. 20 

5. Of what organization is T. V. Powderly the chief executive officer? 20 

I 
2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - August 14, 1888. 

Twenty credits are allowed for each of five questions selected ifrom the following by th& 
candidate : 

1. Who is the only living ex-President of the united States? 

2. Who is Emperor of Germany? 

3. Who are the Mormons? 

4. What is meant by the words hoodie aldermen f 

5. What is meant by the term 'boycott ? 

6. For what is Watkins, N. Y., noted? 

7. State two methods of propelling street cars without the use of a steam 

locomotive. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 1, 1888» 

Ten credits are given for each of five questions to be selected from the following by the 
candidate : 

1. What specially eminent divine of this State died within the past two years? 

2. Name two of the three cities chartered by the last Legislature of New York. 

3. What is meant by the toioishi]^ system as applied to schools? 

4. Name two prominent features of the Uniform Examination system, now 

in use in this State. 

5. What is meant by civil service reform f 

6. Who is now the presiding officer of the United States Senate? 

7. For what is Saratoga noted ? 

112 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF P UbIiC INSTR UGTION. 

CURRENT TOPICS.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... May 5, 1888. 

1. Albany, Potsdam, Cortland, Oswego, Genesee, Brockport, Buffalo, Fredonia, 

New Paltz. 

2. Seveuty-six. 

3. Riverside Park, New York city. 

4. By means of elevated railroads. 

5. May 30th. 

6. Answers will vary. 

7. Answers will vary. 

8. Answers will vary. 

9. Abram S. Hewitt. 

10. A secret organization of locomotive engineers whose object is mutual assistance 
and protection for its members. 

2d and 3rd Grades, --.... June, 1888. 

1. By nomination by the President and confirmation by the Senate, 

2. Because of the abolition of the contract system in prison management of labor. 

3. By act of the Legislature, the first Friday after the first day of May is made 

Arbor Day, on which day special exercises are to be held in the several 
schools, under direction of school officers in accordance with plans prescribed 
by the State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

4. Hornellsville or Ithaca. 

5. The Knights of Labor. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... August 14, 1888. 

1. Rutherford B. Hayes. 

2. Wilhelm II. 

3. The first settlers of Utah whose religion is based on the Book of Mormon, which 

permits polygamy. 

4. Aldermen who were bribed to vote for certain measures. 

5. An agreement among a large number of persons not to buy any thing of certain 

individuals, or not to purchase of anybody articles manufactured by persons 
who are obnoxious to those making the agreement. The object is to compel 
compliance with their demands. 

6. Its glen, a very deep and romantic chasm cut out by a stream of water. 

7. (1) By horses, (2) by electricity, (3) by a moving wire cable between the rails 

and below the surface of the ground. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . _ September 1, 1888. 

1. Rev. Henry Ward Beecher. 

2. Hornellsville, Ithaca, and Middletown are the three. 

3. Each town has one school board controlling all of the schools of the town. 

4. No answer needs to be given here. 

5. The appointment of persons to oflBces of a minor character, as the result of 

competitive examinations, and the retention in office of the appointees. 

6. John J. Ingalls. 

7. For its mineral springs and its immense hotels. 

113 



State of New York. 
uniform examina tion questions. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 
2d and 3rd. Grades, .... September 11, 1888. 

Ten credits are given for each of five questions to be selected from the following by the 
candidate : 

1. What is meant by the River and Harbor Bill? 

2. Name a candidate recently nominated for a State office by one of the leading 

political parties of this State and specify the otBce. 

3. What is meant by Presidential Electors? 

4. Between what nations was the proposed Fisheries Treaty of 1888 negotiated? 

5. What prominent oflBcer of the United States army died in the summer of 

1888? 
Who succeeds him? 

6. What is the phonograph? 
Name the inventor. 

7. What is meant by a Wagner or Pullman car? 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- October 6, 1888. 

Twenty credits are given for each of five questions to be selected from the following by the 
candidate : 

1. What are TmsU? 

2. Name the candidates of the two great political parties, for Governor of this 

State. 

3. What noted astronomer died about the middle of last month? 

4. Which States held their State elections last month? 

5. What has recently called attention to Jacksonville, Fla.? 

6. Mention the legal holidays in this State? 

7. The moneys used for meeting the expenses of tne national government are re- 

ceived from what source? 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . . November 3, 1888. 

Twenty credits are given for each of five questions to be selected from the following by the 
candidate : 

1. What is meant by Home Rule? 

2. Who is the most celebrated American explorer of recent times? 
Locate his field of work. 

3. What is meant by a corner as used in connection with the late advance in 

the price of wheat ? 

4. Mention five European sovereigns or rulers, naming countries ruled respect- 

ively. 

5. Define ha7ikruptcy. 

6. Name three educational journals. 

7. How must the death penalty be inflicted in this State after Dec. 31, 1888? 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- January 5, 1889. 

Twenty credits are given for each of five questions to be selected from the following by the 
candidate : 

1. Who has just been elected Speaker of the Assembly? 

2. What noted Englishman recently wedded an American bride, and who was the 

lady? 

114 



State of New York. 
depahtment of public instruction. 

CURRENT TOPICS.— Answers. 

2ci and 3rd. Grades, . - . . September 11, 1888. 

1. An act of Congress making larg»o appropriations for the improvement of rivers 

and harbors in various parts of the country. ^ 

2. Governor — Warner INIiller. Lieut. -Governor — S. Y. R. Cruger. Judge of 

Court of Appeals — Wm. Rumsey. 

3. Persons chosen in each State once in four years, to elect a President and Vice- 

President of the United States. 

4. United States and Great Britain. 

5. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan. 
Gen. Schofield. 

6. A machine that records and reproduces sounds. 
Edison. 

7. A drawing-room or sleeping car specially provided with comforts and con- 

veniences of travel, for which an extra charge is made. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- October 6, 1888. 

1. Business combinations formed by manufacturers or producers to avoid competition. 

2. Warner Miller, Republican; David B. Hill, Democrat. 

8. Richard Anthony Proctor. 

4. Yermont and Maine. 

5. The prevalence of yellow fever in a malignant form. 

6. The following days and half-days namely : The first day of January, commonly called New 

Year's Day; the twenty-second day of February, known as Washington's Birthday ; the 
thirtieth day of May, known as Decoration Day ; the fourth day of July, called Independence 
Day ; the first Monday of September, to be known hereafter as Labor Day ; the twenty-fifth 
day of December, known as Christmas Day; any general election day in this State ; every 
Saturday from twelve o'clock at noon until twelve o'clock at midnight; and any day ap- 
pointed or recommended by the Governor of this State, or the President of the United 
States, as a day of thanksgiving, or fasting or prayer, or other religious observance. 

7. From tariff duties on imported goods, and internal taxes on tobacco, spirits and oleomargarine. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . _ _ . November 3, 1888. 

1. The rule of a country, province or state by a Legislature, sitting within it, and whose repre- 

sentative members are elected solely by its inhabitants. 

2. Henry M. Stanley. South Central Africa. 

3. See supplement to Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. 

4. Victoria I, Queen of Great Britain ; Maria Christina, Queen-Regent of Spain ; M. Sadi-Carnot, 

President of France; W. F. Hertenstein, President of Switzerland: Francis Joseph, Em- 
peror of Austria; William II, Emperor of Germany ; Alexander III, Emperor of Russia; 
Humbert I, Kintj of Italy; Oscar II, King of Sweden and Norway; Luis I, King of Portu- 
gal ; George I, King of Greece; Christian IX, King of Denmark; Willem III, King of 
Netherlands; Leopold II, King of Belgium; Abdul Hamid II, Sultau of Turkey. 

5. The state of a person or firm whose business is stopped and broken up because he is insolvent. 

6. Answers will vary. 

7. After December 31, 1888, the punishment of death must, in every case, be inflicted by causing 

to pass through the body or the convict a current of electricity of sufficient intensity to cause 
death, and the application of such current must be continued until such convict is dead. 

2d and 3rd Grades, _____ January 5, 1889. 

1. Fremont Cole. 



3. Joseph Chamberlain ; Miss Endicott, daughter of the present Secretary of War. 

115 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- January 5, 1889. 

3. What educational meeting will be held in New York city next week? 

4. Who is the central figure in French politics at present? 

5. What foreign Minister was recently dismissed by President Cleveland? 

6. What nation recently seized one of our merchant vessels, and what action in 

connection therewith, was immediately taken by our government? 

7. What is meant by the surplus, so often mentioned in discussions of the 

national financial policy? 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- February 2, 1889. 

Twenty credits are given for each of five questions selected by the candidate from the 
following: 

1. Mention one result of the cyclones occurring during the past month, in the 

Eastern States. 

2. What is meant by the President's Cabinet ? 

3. Name two great steamers now running between New York and Liverpool. 

4. Who is Henry M. Stanley? 

5. When did the Electoral College last meet to choose a President and Vice- 

President of the United States? 

6. Name four educational journals published in this State. 

7. What is meant by annexation as now used in the newspapers? 

2d and 3rd Grades, - .- - - March 2, 1889. 

Twenty credits are given for each of five questions to be selected from the following by the 
candidate : 

1. What recent event does the name Haytien Repiiblic suggest? 

3. The Samoan controversy is chiefly between what two great nations? • 

3. Who is Mayor of New York city? Who is Lieutenant-Governor of this 

State? 

4. What great strike recently occurred in this State? In what cities? 

5. Mention two bills which have been introduced during the present session of 

our State Legislature. 

6. Who are the ]Vhite Caps ? 

7. Why are very many convicts in our State prisons idle? 

2d and 3d Grades, ----- March 12, 1889. 

Of the following questions, the candidates will answer onh' five, to each of which twenty credits 
are assigned : 

1. Name two reasons which have been proposed for restricting immigration. 

2. What was the nature of the recent hotel disaster in Hartford? State the cause. 

3. What is the new system of warming railroad cars? Why was it adopted? 

4. What is meant by the Parnell investigation ? 

5. What has been done to relieve the pressure of business before the Court of 

Appeals? 

6. What new Cabinet office has recently been created? 

7. Give name and official title of three members of President Harrison's Cabinet? 

116 



State of New York. 
department f publl o ins tbu c t ion. 

CURRENT TOPICS.— Answers. 

2d and, 3rd Grades, . - . . . January 5, 1889. 

3. Annual meeting of the New York State Association of School Commissioners and 

Superintendents. 

4. General Boulanger. 

5. Sackville West. 

6. The Republic of Hayti. Ships of war were dispatched to that country to enforce 

the claims of our government. 

7. Moneys received from tariff duties on imported goods and internal taxes on 

tobacco, spirits, and oleomargarine in excess of the appropriations for the 
expenses of the government. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- February 2, 1889. 

1. Great loss of life and property at Pittsburg and Reading, Pa. 
Destruction of the upper suspension bridge at Niagara Falls. 

2. The seven men who are heads of departments in the national government; they 

are the President's official advisers. 

3. City of New York, — City of Rome, — TJmbria, etc, etc. 

4. A great African explorer. 

5. January 14, last. 

6. School Bulletin, School Journal, Teachers' Institute, Educational Gazette, 

Normal Instructor, etc. 

7. The annexation of Canada to the United States. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- March 2. 1889. 

1. The Haytien government having seized the Haytien Bepuhlic, an American 

steamship, the United States government sent a naval force to demand the 
surrender of the vessel. The President of Hayti immediately complied with 
the order. 

2. Germany and the United States. 

3. Hugh J. Grant. Edward F. Jones. 

4. Of car drivers and conductors. New York and Brooklyn. 

5. Answers may differ. 

6. A secret organization of men who in disguise have committed numerous outrages 

under the pretense of punishing wrongs. 

7. The State abolished the contract system of labor in the State prisons, and has not 

yet adopted an adequate substitute. 

2d and 3d Grades, ----- March 12,. 1889. 

1. Answers may differ. 

2. The hotel was wrecked by the explosion of a steam boiler. 

3. The heating of cars by steam from the locomotive. To avoid danger of fire from 

stoves, in case of accident. 

4. An investigation by the English government to determine the truth or falsity of 

certain cliarges connecting Charles Stewart Parnell with certain crimes com- 
mitted in England and Ireland. 

5. A supplementary Court of Appeals has been formed by the appointment by the 

Governor, of judges from the Supreme Court. 

6. Secretary of Agriculture. 

7. Answers may differ. 

117 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 
2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . . • April 6, 1889. 

Of the following questions, the candidates will answer only five, to each of which twenty credits 
are assigned : 

1. What is meant by Imllot reform? 

2. "Who is the presiding oflacer of the United States Senate? 

3. What centennial will be celebrated April 30tli next? Where? 

4. What is meant by rapid transit ? 

5. What prominent journalist has President Harrison recently appointed to a 

foreign mission? 

6. What instittite conductor of this State died last December? To what branch of 

teaching had he been giving his special attention during the past year? 

7. Who are the United States Senators repesenting New York? 

8. What is meant by constitutional prohibition ? 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . _ . . May 4, 1889. 

Of the following questions, the candidates will answer only five, to each of which twenty credits 
are assigned: 

1. The name of John Ericsson, recently deceased, was prominently connected with 

what event of the Civil War? 

2. Who is the only surviving ex- Vice-President of the United States? 

3. Give the location of the alleged rich gold fields recently discovered. 

4. What Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court died recently? 

5. What noted English statesman died last March? 

6. Briefly describe the recent casualties in Samoa. 

7. State three uses of electricity in the mechanic arts. 

8. State the rate of postage on first-class domestic mail matter. 

9. What government land has been recently opened to settlement by proclamation 

of President Harrison? 

10. What sons of ex-Presidents have been recently appointed to foreign missions? 
1st, 2d and 3d Grades, - - - August 13 and 14, 1889. 

Of the following questions, the candidate will answer only five, to each of which twenty credits 
are assigned : 

1. («) Our tenth State Normal School will open next September. Wliere is it 

located ? (J)) The last Legislature authorized another. Where will it be 
located ? * 

2. What change did our last Legislature make in the length of the school year? 

3. What is the Paris exposition intended to commemorate ? 

4. State something about Laura Bridgmau. 

5. To what country does each of the following belong: Boulanger, John Bright and 

Legitime ? 

6. With what two projects has the name of M. De Lcsseps been prominently con- 

nected ? 

7. Locate Johnstown, Pa., and state what has recently directed public attention to 

that city. 

118 



State of New York. 
department of public inst rug tiox. 

CURRENT TOPICS.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... April 6, 1889. 

1. A change in the maauer of conducting elections to secure secrecy in voting, and 

to provide ballots at public expense. 

2. Vice-President Levi P. ^Morton. 

3. The inauguration of George "Washington as the first President of the United 

States. In New York. 

4. Improved facilities for conveyance, which shall reduce or lessen the time required 

at present. 

5. Whitelaw Reid. (Other nominations may be made which Commissioners are 

authorized to accept). 
G. Dr. John H. French. Industrial Drawing, 

7, Wm. M. Evarts and Frank Hiscock. 

8. A constitutional amendment which shall prohibit the traffic in alcoholic spirits. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - - - . May 4, 1889. 

1. The building of the Monitor. 

2. Hannibal Hamlin. 

3. Lower California. 

4. Stanley Matthews. 

5. John Bright. 

G. Answers may differ. 

7. Answers may differ. 

8. Two cents for each ounce or fraction of an ounce, 

9. Oklahoma. 

10. Robert T. Lincoln and Frederick D. Grant, 

1st, 2d and 3d Grades, - - - August 13 and 14, 1889. 

1. {(i) Oneonta. {!)) Plattsbnrgh. 

2. The Legislature made the minimum length of the school year 82 weeks. 

3. The centennial of the beginning of the French Revolution — one of the events 

being the destruction of the Bastile. 

4. Laura Bridgman, though a blind, deaf mute, under the instruction of Dr. Howe, 

made wonderful advancement in education, and thereby become widely known. 
She died during the past year. 

5. BoTilanger, France ; John Bright, England ; Legitime, Hayti. 

6. Suez canal and Panama canal. 

7. In western Penn., in the Conemaugh valley. The recent awful flood. 

119 



State of New York. 
UNiFOEM examinatio:n questions. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 
2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . . September 7. 1889. 

Of the following questions, the candidates will answer only seven, to each of which fourteen 
credits are assigned : 

1. What is meant by a college commencement ? 

2. Name a college president and a lady astronomer who have died within the past 

year. 

3. Where was the National Education Association held this year ? 

4. Briefly state the circumstances attending the killing of Judge Terry in California. 

5. What has recently given great prominence to the name of Dr. Brown-Sequard ? 

6. Who were the leaders of the two opposing forces in civil war in Hayti ? Which 

leader was finally successful ? 

7. Why is it proposed to hold a world's fair in the United States in 1892 ? 

8. How often is the United States census taken ? When will the next census be 

taken ? 

9. Who is the first person sentenced to be executed by electricity in this State ? 

Why is the execution delayed ? 

10. What is meant by the term " new apportionment,'" as used in the newsj^apers of 

the State ? 

11. What is the phonograjjh ? Who invented it ? 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . September 10, 1889. 

Of the following questions, the candidates will answer only seven, to each of which fourteen 
credits are assigned : 

1. Name three State officers to be chosen in this State at the next general election. 

2. What recent criminal trial in England has caused much comment in this country? 

What of the result of the trial ? 

3. Mention some circumstances concerning recent legislative and executive action 

in reference to establishment of additional Normal schools in this State. 

4. When and where was the meeting of the New York State Teachers' Association 

this year ? Where will the next meeting be held ? Who is the joresident of 
the association ? Who was its retiring president ? 

5. Wliat additional Normal school was authorized by the Legislature of 1889 ? 

What Normal school opens for the first time this month ? What Normal school 
principal recently resigned ? Who is his successor, and where from ? What 
Normal school principal has recently died ? 

6. Mention some features concerning a recent railroad accident in northern New 

York ? 

7. Who is the newly appointed Commissioner of Education ? 

8. What has recently called public attention to the governor of Mississippi ? 

9. Mention five prominent summer resorts of New York State. 

10. What prominent American inventor has been recently honored in Europe ? 

11. Where is the New York State Fair to be held this year? 

120 



State of New York. 
department of public ijs's t li u c t i on. 

CURRENT TOPICS.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - . . September 7, 1889. 

1. The annual graduating exercises. 

2. Dr. Barnard ; Dr. Maria j\Iitchell. 

3. At Nashville, Tenu. 

4. Justice Field of tlie United States Supreme Court had imprisoned Judge Terry 

for gross contempt of court ; recently the latter attacked Justice Field, when 
Deputy United States Marshal Nagle, who had been detailed to protect him, 
shot and killed the assailant. 

5. Numerous experiments made by prominent physicians to test Dr. Brown-Sequard's 

so-called elixir of life. 

(3. Legitime and H}"ppolite. Hypi^olite. 

7. To celebrate the four-hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by 

Columbus. 

8. Once in ten years. In 1890. 

9. Kemmler. Discussion in the courts as to the constitutionality of the method of 

punishment. 

10. A new arrangement of senate and assembly districts after each State census. 

11. An instrument that records and reproduces sounds, including speech. Thomas 

A. Edison. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . September 10, 1889. 

1. Judge of Court of Appeals; Secretary of State ; Comptroller; Treasurer; Attorney- 

General; State Engineer and Surveyor. 

2. Mrs. ^laybrick convicted of the murder of her husband. Sentenced to death 

Sentence commuted to imprisonment for life. 

3. The Legislature passed bills establishing Xormal schools at Plattsburgh, Jamaica. 

Whitestown, Watkins, Fairfield, Saratoga Springs and Wliite Plains. All bills 
were disapproved bj' the Governor except the first named. 

4. July 3, 4, 5 ; Brooklyn, Saratoga Springs (permanently) ; Wm. B. Gunnison ; Dr. 

E. H. Cook. 

5. Plattsburgh; Oneonta; Dr. E. H. Cook of Potsdam; Dr. T. B. Stowell of Cort- 

land ; Dr. Edward P. Waterbury of Albany. 

6. The derailment of Barnum's circus train near Potsdam on the Rome, Watertown 

and Ogdensburgh Railroad, by which twenty-eight valuable horses and sev- 
eral animals were killed. 

7. Dr. William T. Harris of Massachusetts. 

8. His efforts to arrest and bring to trial Sullivan and Kilrain the prize fighters. 

0. Saratoga Springs ; Trenton Falls; Thousand Islands; Lake Champlain ; Niagara 
Falls; Coney Island; The Catskills; Richfield Springs; Sharon Springs; Wat- 
kins Glen; Chautauqua; C'jutral New York Lakes, Lake George, etc., etc. 

10. Thomas A. Edison. 

11. Albany. 

121 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 
2d and 3rd Grades, ----- October 5, 1889. 

Of the following qnestii.ns, the candidates will answer only eight, to each of which twelve and 
one-half credits are assigned : 

1. Where were the Republican and Democratic State Conventions held this year ? 

3. Mention one nominee of each of these conventions. 

3. What two State Educational meetings are to be held before November 10 ? 

4. What prominent member of Congress died recently in New York city ? 

5. What is meant by the Cronin trial ? 

G. Distinguish between the manner of appointing fourth-class postmasters and that 
of ajipointing those of the first, second and third classes. 

7. What recently caused a great loss of life and property in Japan ? In Quebec ? 

8. Mention three firms in this State, which publish educational text-books ? 

9. What noted English novelist died during the latter part of September ? 

10. How many members of the legislature are to be elected this fall ? 

11. What has recently called a number of representative South Americans, Central 

Americans and Mexicans to this country ? 

12. Designate the legal holidays occurring in November and December. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - _ - November 26, 1889. 

Of the following questions, the candidates will answer only six, to each of which sixteen and 
two-thirds credits are assigned : 

1. What section of the United was visited by an unusually severe cold storm dur- 

ing the early part of this month ? 

2. Name two successful candidates in the recent election for State officers. 

3. Who designates Thanksgiving day ? 

4. To what country does each of the following belong: (a) Pasteur, (b) Gladstone, 

(r) Henry M. Stanley, {d) Bismark, {e) Edwin Booth ? 

5. When does our next State Legislature convene ? 

6. What country in South America has experienced a revolution during the present 

month ? 

7. Who is the senator-elect from your district ? 

8. How many States in the United States ? 

2d and 3rd Grades, . _ . . . January 11, 1890. 

Of the following questions, the candidates will answer only six, to each of which sixteen and 
two-thirds credits are assigned : 

1. Who is Speaker of the U. S. House of Representatives ? Of what State is he 

one of the representatives ? 

2. For the murder of whom were a number of men recently jointly tried in Chicago? 

The jury imposed what penalty upon the three adjudged most guilty ? 

3. What two cities of Massachusetts recently suffered greatly from fire ? For the 

manufacture of what was one of them specially noted ? 

4. For the rescue of whom did Henry M. Stanley undertake his last expedition ? 

What place on the coast did he finally reach ? 

122 



State of New York. 
♦ department f pub l i c in st ru o tiok. 

CURRENT TOPICS.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . October 5, 1889. 

1. Republican, at Saratoga Springs; Democratic, at Syracuse. 

2. See newspapers. 

3. State Association of School Commissioners and Superintendents, and Council of 

School Suiicrinteudents. 

4. Samuel Sullivan Cox. 

5. The trial of parties indicted for the murder of Dr. Cronin in Chicago. 

6. Postmasters of the first, second and third classes are appointed by the President 

and confirmed by the Senate ; postmasters of the fourth class are appointed 
by the President through the First Assistant Postmaster-General. 

7. In Japan a freshet, inundation and land-slide. In Quebec the sudden falling of 

great masses of projecting rock, beneath which houses had been erected. 

8. Answers may differ. 

9. TVilliam Wilkie Collins. 

10. Thirty-two Senators and one hundred and twenty-eight Members of Assembly. 

11. The International Congress. 

13. Election day, Thanksgiving day and Christmas. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . November 26, 1889. 

1. Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, etc. 

2. Frank Rice, Edward Wemple, Elliot Danforth, Charles F, Tabor and John 

Bogart. 

3. The President of the United States, or the Governor of this State, or both. 

4. (a) France, (h) England, (c) United States, (d) Germany, (e) United States. 

5. January 1, 1890. 

6. Brazil. 

7. Answer according to locality. 

8. Forty-two. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - January 11, 1890. 

1. Thomas B. Reed. Maine. 

2. Dr. Cronin. Imprisonment for life. 

3. Boston and Lynn. The manufacture of shoes. 

4. Emin Pasha. Zanzibar. 

123 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

CURRENT TOPICS. 

2d and 3d Grades, . . . - . January 11, 1890. 

5. Locate the State prisons in this State. The removal of which one to another lo- 

cation is now being considered ? 

6. What noted English jioet died in December ? 

7. "Who has been recently elected Speaker of the Assembly ? 

8. What disease imported from Europe is now epidemic in this country ? 

9. What two noted Southerners — representatives of the old and the new South 

respectively, died last mouth ?'. 

10. Who has been recently appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the 

United States in place of Stanley Matthews, deceased ? 

11. Who is the Member of Assembly from your district ? 

12. What prominent educational officer of this State died this month ? 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . March 4 and 5, 1890. 

Of the following questions, the candidates will answer only six, to each of which sixteen and 
two-thirds credits are assigned : 

1. Bills for the admission of what two territories have been recently introduced in 

Congress ? 

2. What disposition has been made of the Parnell-Times libel suit ? 

3. When will the next Fedei'al census be taken ? 

4. Narrate briefly the circumstances concerning the recent bereavement of Hon. B. 

F. Tracy. 

5. What affliction has recently befallen the family of Hon. James G. Blaine ? 

6. State three prominent measures introduced in the present Legislature. 
7i What has recently called attention to Salt Lake City, Utah ? 

8. What four cities were the leading competitors for the location of the World's 

Fair to be held in this country in 1893 ? Which one was successful ? 

9. State facts concerning two recent rapid trips around the earth. 
10. Who is the United States Commissioner of Education ? 

124 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC JNSTltUCTION. 

CURRENT TOPICS.— Answers. 

2d and 3d Grades, .... - January 11, 1890. 

5. Auburn Prison. Auburn; Clinton Prison, Dannemora; Sing Sing Prison, Sing 

Sing. Sing Sing Prison. 

6. Robert Browning. 

7. James "W. Husted. 

8. The Russian influenza or la grippe. 

9. Jefferson Davis and Henry W. Grady. 

10. David J. Brewer. 

11. Answers will differ. 

13. Heniy R. Pierson, Chancellor of the University of the State of New York. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, ... - March 4 and 5, 1890. 

1. Idaho and Wyoming. 

3. It has been settled by mutual agreement; the Times Publishing Company paying 
to Charles S. Parnell the sum of £5,000. 

3. During the present year. 

4. His wife and daughter lost their lives by the burning of his residence in Wash- 

ington on the morning of Feb. 3, 1890. 

5. The death of his son, Walker Blaine, Jan. 15, 1890, and of his daughter, Mrs. 

Alice Blaine Coppinger, wife of Col. John J. Coppinger, Feb. 3, 1890. 

6. Ballot Reform Bill ; World's Fair Bill; School Township System Bill; or others 

equally good. 

7. The municipal election there, resulting in the success of the Gentile or Anti- 

Mormon party. 

8. New York, Washington, Chicago and St. Louis. See newspapers. 

9. Two ladies, Miss Bisland and "Nellie Bly," left New York in the early part of 

November, 1889, traveled in opposite directions around the earth, and reached 
New York again in less than Jules Verne's ideal time of " eighty days." 
10. Hon. Wm. T. Harris. 

135 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

DRAWING. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - January 7, 1888. 

1. What is geometric drawing? 10 

2. Define perspective. 10 

3. Draw an outline of a cube. 20 

4. Draw a triangle ; a circle ; a parallelogram ; an ellipse ; an oval. 30 

5. Show the application of compound curves in drawing the outline of a 

pitcher; of a vase. 30 

Note. — This subject omitted after this date — pending instruction to be given at Teachers' In- 
stitutes — until November 26, 1889. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- November 26, 1889. 

Of the following questions, the candidates will answer onlj' six, to each of which sixteen and 
two-thirds credits are assigned : 

1. Give directions for pencil-holding in drawing straight lines. 

2. What character of line is desirable in drawing? 

3. Define (a) face, (b) surface, {c) edge. 

4. What is the axis of a figure? 

5. Into what three departments is the work of industrial drawing divided? 

6. What is meant by a top view? 

7. What is a working drawing? 

8. Draw a front view (a) of an upright square prism; ifi) of a hemisphere resting on 

its plane face. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . _ - . - January 11, 1890. 

Of the following questions, the candidates will answer only six, to each of which sixteen and 
two-thirds credits are assigned ; 

1. What are the three solids first presented in form study? 

2. In what direction should vertical lines be drawn? Horizontal lines? 

3. Draw the top view and the front view of a cube, two inches on each edge. 

4. How is an edge formed? 

5. Make a top view and an edge view of a silver dollar placed horizontally. 

6. What are the three great divisions in drawing? 

7. Where should you begin in drawing a circle? In what position should the 

pencil be held? 

8. Represent a cylinder standing vertically with its top face on a level with the eye. 
2d and 3rd Grades, ----- March 4, 1890. 

Of the following questions, the candidates will answer only six, to each of which sixteen and 
two-thirds credits are assigned ; 

1. Give what you consider a logical order for the study of the parts of a solid. 

2. What drawings used in the trades belong to the department of construction? 

3. How does an oblique view of any plane figure differ from its true shape? 

4. Draw an equilateral triangle; draw the altitude of the triangle and mark its 

apex "A." 

126 



State of New York. 
depahtment of public ijsrstruction. 

DRAWING.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, , . - . - January 7, 1888. 

1. Geometric drawing is the representation, upon a plane surface, of geometric 

forms, with respect to to tlieir corresponding dimensions. 

2. Perspective is the appearance that any object presents to the eye, -with respect 

to form, lights and shadows. 

3. 4, 5. No answers required. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- November 26, 1889. 

1. The general rule in drawing straight lines is, that the pencil should point in a 

direction at right angles to the lines drawn. 

2. A broad, light gray line. 

3. (a) The part of a surface seen from one point. 

(b) The outside part of a body. 

(c) The uuiou of two faces where they meet. 

4. A straight line passing through the center of a figure and dividing it into two 

parts that balance each other. 

5. Construction, representation and ornamentation. 

6. The view obtained when an object is directly beneath the eye. 

7. A drawing that gives all the facts of form, size and structure of an object, and 

by which a workman can manufacture that object. 

8. Answer cannot be conveniently shown. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . January 11, 1890. 

1. Sphere, cul^e, cylinder. 

2. From the top downwards. From left to right. 

3. No answer need be given. 

4. By the meeting of two faces. 

5. No answer need be given. 

6. Construction, representation and decoration. 

7. At the lower end of an imaginary vertical diameter. In a horizontal position. 

8. No answer need be given. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... - March 4, 1890. 

1. Answers may differ. 

2.' Working drawings. 

3. It gives the figure a foreshortened appearance. 

4. Answer cannot well be shown here. 

127 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINA TION QUESTIONS. 

DRAWING. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 4, 1890. 

5. Give an example of a curved edge and a straight edge, 

6. When are lines perpendicular to each other? Illustrate. 

7. Make six varieties of the type-form known as "kite-shaped." 

8. Make a border six inclics long and one inch wide, using two of the above kite 

forms in alternation. 

1st Grade, ...... March 4 and 5, 1890. 

1. What sliould precede drawing? Give reason for your answer. 10 

2. What do you consider to be the chief value of the study of drawing? 10 

3. Mention six type-solids which might be used during the first year. 10 

4. Give a description of any two of these solids. 10 

5. How many dimensions does one geometric view show? 10 

6. Draw top view and front view of the cylinder and square prism. Height 

twice the diameter. 10 

7. Draw the top and front views of a scpiarc pyramid in an upright position. 

Height twice the diameter of the base. 10 

8. Draw the appearance of an upright cylinder below the level of the eye. 10 
0. Mention three principles of arrangement in decoration. 10 

10. Draw a fonr-incli circle; diWde it into any number of equal parts, and make 
a pleasing arrangement consisting of the repetition of a unit of design 
around the center. Unite the parts by a strong central figure, 10 

128 



State of Ni;w York. 

JJJiTA li TMKN T O F P U li L I {) 1 N ti T li U V TJ ON. 

DRAWING— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grados, ..... _ March 4, 1800. 

5. Answer caimot well bo sliowii licrc. 

(). ^Vlu'u they meet so as to form ii ri<j;lit iinglc. 

7. Answer need not bo given. 

8. Answer need not bo given. 

Ist Grade, ...... March 4 and 5, 1890. 

1. Form study sliould pivccdt- drawing. The gaining of an i(I(;a must i)recede its 
ex[)ression. 

3. Answers may differ. 

3. Splu'rc. cube, cylinder, hemisphere, Sjuaro prism, and triangular prism. 

4. Answers may dilTer. 

5. Two. 

0. Answer cannot well be shown lu-rc. 

7. Answer (^annol well be shown liere. 

8. Answer cannot well be shown liere. 

9. Symmetry^ repetition, and alternation. 

10. Answer cannot well be shown here. 

129 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

GENERAL QUESTIONS. 
1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 3, 1887. 

Note. — The following indicates the grade of questions used for the four examinations in this 
subject held in 18S7 : 

1st Grade. — All questions in every subject apply to first grade licenses. 

Sd Grade. — All questions in every subject, excepting School Law and Algebra, apply to second 
grade liceuses. 

Srd Grade. — Questions printed in italics only, apply to third grade licenses. — See Regulations. 

1. What is the organization known as the Knights of Labor? 20 

2. Name five living American authors, and three statesmen. 20 

3. Outline briefly your plan for the first day in school, 20 

4. How may a teacher cultivate a taste for good reading? 20 

5. What is ineaut by Civil Service Reform? 20 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, ... - October 3, 1887. 

1. Name (a) two American inventors; 



m 




lexicographers i 


(c) 




natwalists ; 


{d) 




novelists ; 


(^) 




histoi'ians ; 


(/) 




poets ; 


ig) 




jourmalists ; 


(h) 




p>ainters ; 


(^ 




sculptors ; 


U) 




orators. 



30 

2. Classify the faculties of the mind. 20 

3. Mention six objects of the recitation. 20 

4. Wlio are the present U. 8, Senators from this State? Who is your Representa- 

tive in Congress f 10 

5. Locate the normal schools in this State. 20 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, ... - November 5, 1887. 

1. Name fire of the hading newspapers of the United States. 20 

2. Name the towns of your county, and also the county seat. 20 

3. What centennial was celebrated in PhiladeljMa the week of September 11, 1SS7 ? 20 

4. What is the principal subject of dispute at the present time between the 

United States and Canada? 20 

5. What is understood by Authors' Day Exercises in school work? 20 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . December 3, 1887. 

1. Name three State Educational Associations of the State of Neto York. 20 

2. Wliat international sailing contest took place in the month of September, lSS7f 

What nations were represented f What vessels participated 1 How many 

■ trials? Which won? ' 20 

3. Name ten good hooks for a teachefs library, and give reasons for the selection. 20 

4. Name the State officers elected in this State in 1887, giving the office to 

which each was elected and the date upon which his term of office begins. 20 

5. Mention the leading manufactures of this county, and locate the principal 

manufacturing estabKshmeuts. 20 

130 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

GENERAL QUESTIONS.— Answers. 

1st, 2ci and 3rd Grades, .... September 3, 1887. 

1. A society, secret in its nature and composed of wage- workers, to protect the 

interests of labor. 

2. Bancroft, Ilolmes, Warner, Clemens, Aldrich. Conkling, Thurman, Blaine. 

3. Be early at school. Have all preparations completed before the hour for com- 

mencing. Take names of pupils as soon as they reach school, and learn what 
you can relative to their studies. Call to order on time. Introduce yourself 
witii a few pleasant remarks. Make opening exercises short. Complete en- 
rollment. Assign lessons. Begin with the order of study and recitation that 
you think it will be desirable to continue. 

4. By reading the best authors. 

5. The appointment of persons to civil offices on the sole ground of qualifications 

therefor. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, ... - October 3, 1887. 

1. {a) Robt. Fultou and Samuel F. B. Morse; 
{h) Jos. E. Worcester and Noah Webster; 

(e) Jno. Jas. Audubon and Louis J. R. Agassiz; 
(d) Washington Irving and J. Fenimore Cooper; 
{e) George Bancroft and Jno. Lothrop Motley; 
If) Jno. G. Whittier and Henry W. Longfellow: 
((/) Jas. Gordon Bennet, Sr., and Horace Greeley ; 
01.) Benjamin West and Gilbert Chas. Stuart; 
{i) Hiram Powers and Harriet Goodhue Hosmer* 
(,/) Daniel Webster and Henry Ward Beecher. 
Others of good standing should be accepted. 

2 . The perceptive faculties, the retentive faculties, and the reflective faculties. 

3. 1. Instruction imparted by the teacher; 

2. ilental training for the pupil; 

3. To induce study ; 

4. To test preparation ; 

5. To correct errors or mistakes ; 

6. To form habits of attention, readiness and self-possession. 

4. 1. William JL Evarts, Frank lliscock. 2. Answer according to locality. 

5. Albany, Buffalo, Brockport, Cortlr.nd, Fredonia, Geueseo, New Paltz, Oneonta, Oswego and 

Potsdam. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - . _ . November 5, 1887. 

1-2. No answers required. 

3. The centennial of tiie adoption of the Constitution of the United States. 

4. The fisheries question. 

5. The practice in many schools of observing the birthday of any noted author, by 

the reading and reciting of selections from his writings. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, ... - December 3, 1887. 

1. The New York State Teachers' Association; the New York State Association of 

School Commissioners and City Superintendents ; the University Convocation 
of the State of New York, etc. 

2. The contest for the America's cup; the British and the American; the Scotch 

yacht Thistle, and the American yacht Volunteer; two; the Volunteer. 

3. No answer required. ^ 

4. See newspapers. .Jan'y 1, 1888. 

5. Answer according to locality. 

131 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1st, 2d and 3d Grades, . . - - September 3, 1887. 

Note. — The following indicates the grade of questions used for the four examiuatioii£ in this 
subject held in 1S87 : 

1st Grade. — All questions in every subject apply to iirst grade licenses. 

2d Grade. — All questions in every subject, excepting School Law and Algebra, apply to second 
grade licenses. 

3rd Grade. — Questions printed in italics only, apply to third grade licenses. 

1. Define, hy outline or othericise, the houndaries of your own county, sliowing 

its position in the State. 5 

2. Name three canals in the United States, and mention the waters connected ly each. 10 

3. Oive route hy water from Boston to St. Louis ; from St. Augustine to Naples. 10 

4. Give the geographical position of France ; its form of government ; its climate 

and leading productions ; three important cities ; two rivers. 20 

5. State what you Tc7iow of the geographical distribution of coal and iron in the 

United States. 15 

6. What is meant by standard eastern time f 20 

7. Name the river basins of North America. 20 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - October 1, 1887. 

1. What State is noted for the, production of {ii) rice; {h) gold; (c) silver ; (d) sugar; 

(e) coal/ (f) oranges ; (g) tobacco ; (h) marble ; (i) zinc ; (j) tar ; ilc) cotton ; 

{l) copper ; (m) wine ; {n) petroleum, a7id {o) salt? 15 

2. What counties in New YorTc border on the great lakes ? 10 

3. Bound this State. 10 

4. Mention six modifications of climate. 10 

5. Name and locate five of the leading cities of Great Britain, mentioning a 

leading industry of each. 15 

6. What determines the width of the zones? 20 

7. Name the five great powers of Europe, and the form of government in 

each. 20 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - •• November 5, 1887. 

1. Name («) the natural divisions of land ; (h) the natural divisions of ivater. 12 

2. Name and describe three of the pjrincipal rivers of tJie State of Neic York. 12 

3. Name and locate (a) the chief commercial city of the U. S.; (b) of Gh-eat Britain; 

(c) of Brazil ; id) of Holland. 12 

4. What form of government has (a) the United States? (b) Great Britain? (c) 

Russia ? 12 

5. What is (a) the source of a river ? (b) its right bank ? (c) a delta ? 12 

6. Name and locate the principal mountain range of {a) North America; (b) 

Europe ; (c) Africa ; (d) South America. 20 

7. Bound by parallels the temperate zones of the earth. 20 

133 



State of New York. 
department of public ins t li uc t i on. 

GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 
1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . September 3, 1887. 

1. Answer accordiug to locality. 

2. Eric canal. Lake Erie and Hudson river. 
Delaware and Hudson. Delaware and Hudson rivers. 
Wabash and Erie. Lake Erie and Ohio river. 

3. From Boston on Boston harbor, Massachusetts bay, Atlantic ocean, Florida strait, Gulf of 

Jle.xico, and Mississippi river to St. Louis. 
From St. Augustine on Atlantic ocean, Strait of Gibraltar, Mediterranean sea, and Bay of 
Naples to Naples. 

4. Western part of Europe; republic; climate varied; productions, silk, wine, semi-tropical 

fruits, and cereals; Paris, Marseilles and Lyons; Seine and Rhone. 

5. The principal coal fields of the United States are those of the Appalachian region, Hlinois, and 

western Indiana, and Missouri and southern Iowa. The principal iron fields are in the 
Appalachian region, and in Missouri. 

6. The time adopted by those railroad companies whose roads are in that belt contiguous to the 

T5th meridian, seven and one-half degrees approximately, on each side. It is five hours 
■ slower than Greenwich time. 

7. The Arctic slope, the Hudson Bay basin, the St. Lawrence basin, the Atlantic slope, the Miss- 

issippi basin, the Great Basin, and the Pacific slope. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, ----- October 1, 1887. 

1. (a) S. C; (i) Cal.; (c) Nev.; (</) La. ; (e) Peun. ; (/") Fla.; {g) Ky. ; (A) Vt. ; {i) N. J. ; ( j) N. C. ; 

{k) Miss. ; U) Mich. ; (m) Cal. ; {n) Venn.; (o)'N. Y. 

2. Chautauqua, Erie, Niagara, Orleans, Monroe, Wayne, Cavuga, Oswego and Jefferson. 

3. Lake Erie, Niagara R., L. Ontario, St. Lawrence R., dominion oif Canada, L. Champlain, 

Poultuey R., Vt., Mass., Conn., L. I. Sound, Atlantic 0., Lower Bay, Raritan Bay, Staten I. 
Sound, Newark Bay, Kill von KuU, N. Y. Bav, Hudson R., N. J., Delaware R., and Penn. 

4. 1. Latitude; 2. Altitude; 3. Proximity to any great body of water; 4. Ocean currents; 

5. Prevailing winds; 6. Slope of surface. 

5. London, S. E. part of England, on the Thames R. ; manufactures clothing. 
Liverpool, western part of England on the Mersey R. ; commercial pursuits. 
Glasgow, south-central part of Scotland on the Clyde R. ; manufactures iron steamships. 
Birmingham, central part of England; manufactures hardware. 

Manchester, north-central part of England; manufactures cotton goods. 

6. The inclination of the earth's axis. 

7. Gt. Britain and Ireland; kingdom; limited monarchy. 
Germany; empire; limited monarchy 

France; republic. Russia; empire; despotism. Austro-IIungary ; empire; limited monarchy. 

1st, 2d and 3d Grades, November 5, 1887. 

1. (a) Continent, island, isthmus, peninsula, cape, promontory, mountain. 
(h) Ocean, sea, gulf or bay, strait, channel, lake, river. 

2. The Hudson river rises in the north-eastern part of New York, and flows southerly into New 

Vork bay. The Mohawk river rises in the northern-central part of New York, and flows 
easterly into the Hudson. The Genesee river rises in the south-western part of New York, 
and flows northerly into Lake Ontario. 

3. (a) New York on New Tork bay in the south-eastern part of the State of New York, (h) Lon- 

don, in the south-eastern part of England, on the Thames river, (c) Rio Janeiro, in the 
south-eastern part of Brazil, on the Atlantic ocean. (4) xVmsterdam, in the western part of 
Holland, on the Zuyder Zee. 

4. (a) Federal republic, (h) Limited (or constitutional) monarchy, (c) Despotism, or absolute 

monarchy. 
6. (a) The place where it rises or begins, (b) The bank on the right when going down the stream. 
(c) Land formed in and about the mouth of a river by deposits of earth washed down by the 
current. 

6. (a) The Rocky mountains, extending north-west and south-east in the western part. (J) The 

Alps, extending east and west iu the southern-central part, (c) The Mountains of the Moon, 
extending north and south in the eastern part, {d) The Andes, extending north and south 
in the western part. 

7. The North Temperate zone is bounded on the north by the parallel of 66* 30' north latitude, and 

on the south by the parallel 23° 30' north latitude. The South Temperate zone is bounded 
on the north by the parallel 23° 30' south latitude, and on the south by the parallel 66° 30' 
south latitude. 

133 



State of New York, 
uniform examination questions. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . December 3, 1887. 

1. Name the great lakes and the outlet of each. 15 

3. Which one of the United States extends farthest east? which farthest west? 10 

3. Name the j}ri7icipal river (a) of Alabama ; (b) of Virginia ; ("<•) of Pennsylvania; 

(d) of California ; (e) of Indiana. 10 

4. What is the principal vegetable product (a) of Minnesota ? (b) of Virginia? (c) of 

Louisiana ? {d) of Mississippi ? {e) of Illinois ? 15 

5. Which grand division has (a) the highest mountains ? (b) the largest river ? (c) the 

largest lakes? 10 

6. What are isothermal lines? 20 

7. Upon what does the fertility of a large part of Egypt depend? 30 

1st Grade, . . . . . March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. What nation controls the Suez canal? What waters does it connect? 10 

2. Name five valuable articles of commerce exported from Africa. 10 

3. Through what waters should a shijs pass in going from the city of Buffalo, 

the most direct way, to the Atlantic ocean? 10 

4. Name three important lines of railroad over which you may j^ass from Chi- 

cago to San Francisco. 10 

5. Name a city where the days and nights are exactly equal throughout the 

year. 10 

6. Name ten cities located in the following counties of this State : Chautauqua, 

Oneida, Broome, Monroe, Dutchess, Kings, Ulster, Chemung. 10 

7. Name five countries of Europe bordering on the Mediterranean sea. 10 

8. Locate the Philippine Islands; the Sandwich Islands. 10 

9. Define plateau ; water-shed. 10 

10. If an isothermal line were drawn from the east coast of North America 
through the British Islands to Norway, where would it be in highest lati- 
tude, in America, in Great Britain, or in Norway? Where would it be in 

lowest latitude? 10 

1st Grade, .._..- May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. What parallels of latitude form parts of the boundaries of New York State? 10 

2. Give the political boundaries of Iowa. 10 

3. Name and locate the great English seaport for trade with the United States. 10 

4. What two countries of Europe are republics? 10 

5. Name the largest three rivers of Africa. 10 

6. What are the dikes of Holland? Why were they built? 10 

7. Where are the Hebrides Islands? To what country do they belong? 10 

8. What and where is the Sargosso sea? 10 

9. Yihat is standard time? 10 

10. Why is a degree of longitude at Albany shorter than a degree of latitude at 

the same place? 10 

134 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, 

GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 
1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, December 3, 1887. 

1. Lake Superior — outlet, St. Mary's river; 
Lake Michigan — outlet, Straits of Mackinaw ; 
Lake Huron — outlet, St. Clair river; 

Lake Erie — outlet, Niagara river; 

Lake Ontario — outlet, St. Lawrence river. 

2. Maine extends farthest east; Oregon, farthest west. 

3. (rt) Alabama river; (J) James river; (c) Susquehanna river; (i) Sacramento river; («) Wa- 

bash river. 

4. (a) Wheat; (b) tobacco; (c) sugar cane; {d) cotton; (e) corn. 

5. (a) Asia; (/>) South America; (c) North America. 

6. Imaginary lines upon the earth's surface representing the localities having the same average 

temperature. 

7. Upon the anuual overflow of the Nile. 

Ist Grade, ----- March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. Great Britain. The Mediterranean sea and the Red sea. 

2. Any five from the following: gold, ivory, gums, valuable woods, ostrich feathers, 

palm oil, spices, sugar, diamonds, wool, hides. 

3. Lake Erie, Welland canal, Lake Ontario, St. Lawrence river, Gulf of St. Law- 

rence. 

4. Northern Pacific, Central Pacific, Southern Pacific. 

5. Quito. 

6. Dunkirk, Jamestown, Utica, Rome, Binghamtou, Rochester, Poughkeepsie, ' 

Brooklyn, Kingston, Elmira. 

7. Spain, France, Italy, Turkey, Greece. 

8. Philippine Islands in the Pacific ocean, off the coast of China; Sandwich Islands 

in the Pacific ocean, west of North America. 

9. A plateau is an elevated plain ; a water-shed is a ridge or divide between two 

river basins. 
10. Its latitude would be highest in Norway and lowest in America. 

1st Grade, - - . . . May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. 42° and 45°. 

2. It is bounded north by Minnesota, east by Wisconsin and Illinois, south by 

Missouri, and west by Nebraska and Dakota. 

3. Liverpool, on the Mersey, in the northwestern jjart of England. 

4. France and Switzerland. 

5. Nile, Niger, and Congo. 

6. High embankments. They were built to reclaim land which had been overflowed 

by the ocean. 

7. They are northwest of the mainland of Scotland, and belong to that country. 

8. A grassy sea in the Atlantic ocean, west of the northern part of Africa. 

9. Time is reckoned from 60th, 75th, OOtli, 105th and 120th degrees of west longitude. 
10. Owing to the gradual ai^proacli to each other of the meridians, in the latitude of 

Albany the degrees of loiujitude M-ti n\\\c\\ shorter, while latitude is reckoned 
from parallel to parallel, and the degrees remain of the same length. 

135 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions, 

GEOGRAPHY. 

let Grade, - - - - - August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. Bound New York State. (By political divisions and the Atlantic, ocean.) 10 

2. Wliere does the Red River of the North rise? In what direction and into 

what does it flow? 10 

8. Name and locate thS largest city of (a) Illinois, (i';) Louisiana, (c) California, 

{d) Virginia. 10 

4. What bodies of water does the Welland canal connect? AYhat nation con- 

trols that canal? 10 

5. Where are the Aleutian Islands? To what nation do they belong? 10 

6. Name the large river on the bounding line between South Carolina and 

Greorgia. What large city near its mouth? 10 

7. Describe an all-water route from Liverpool to Constantinople. 10 

8. Account for the mildness of the climate of Southern France. (43° N. lati- 

tude.) 10 

9. When will the next winter solstice occur? 10 
10. Define {a) perihelion, (Ji) apogee, and (c) equino.x'. 10 

1st Grade, . - . _ . March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. Define climate; latitude; parallel. 10 

2. On which side of the Andes mountains are the longest rivers? Why? 10 

3. Mention two routes by which a loaded canal boat can leave Toronto, and 

reach New York city without going to sea? 10 

4. Name and locate five important cities west of the Mississippi river, in the 

the United States. 10 

5. Name three great railroad routes from New York city to Buffalo. 10 

6. Name five agricultural and five mineral productions of the United States, 

and state where each is produced. 10 

7. Locate Moscow; Naples; Venice; Brussels; The Hague. 10 

8. Name and locate the capital of Ireland; Scotland; Denmark; Spain; Switz- 

erland. 10 

9. Distinguish between local and standard time. 10 
10. State the causes for the differences of climate in the Torrid zone. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . . January 7, 1888. 

1. {a) What large gulf on the western coast of Africa? (J>) What large river 

flows into it? 10 

2. (a) Which pole is now in darkness? (?/) Wiien did it pass into darkness? 10 

3. To what European government docs Greenland belong? Cuba? The Ber- 

mudas? 10 

4. What rivers imite to form the Ohio? the Missouri? 10 

5. Which of the grand divisions are peninsulas? Which is composed of 

islands? 10 

6. What are great circles of a sphere? Small circles? 10 

7. Name the islands known as the Greater Antilles. 10 

8. Name five important cities on the line of the New York Central R. R. 10 

9. Locate the principal salt works of New York. 10 
10. Define — water-shed; isthmus; foot-hills; canon; peninsula. 10 

136 



State of New York. 
depa rtmext of pvbliv in h t it u c t t on. 

GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 

Ist Grade, . . . . _ August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. North by Canada and Connecticut; east by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecti- 

Gut and the Athuitic ocean; south by the Athmtic ocean, New Jersey and 
Pennsylvania; west by New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Canada. 

2. In tlie northern part of the United States. It flows north into Lake Winni])cg. 

3. {a) Chicago on Lake Michigan ; (h) New Orleans on the Mississippi ; {c) San 

Francisco on the bay; (</) Jtichniond on the James. 

4. Lakes Erie and Ontario. England. 

5. The western part of Alaska. United States. 
G. The Savannah river. Savannah. 

7. Answers may vary slightly. 

8. It is caused by the ^varm westerly and south-westerly winds blowing over that 

section. 

9. December 21, 1888. 

10. {a) Near the sun (relating to the earth's nearness to the sun) ; (li) From the earth 
(relating to the moon's distance from tlic earth) ; (c) Equal night (referring to 
the time when day and night are of eijual length). 

1st Grade, - - . . . March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. The condition of the atmosphere with regard to heat and moisture. Distance 

north or south from the equator. A small circle parallel to the equator. 

2. On the east side. Because the slope is less abrupt, the area drained is much 

greater, and there is a greater rainfall. 

3. Answers may differ. 

4. Answers may differ. 

5. Answers may differ. 
G. Answers may differ. 

7. In Central Russia. On the Mediterranean sea, in western Italy. On the Gulf 

of Venice, in north-eastern Italy. In central Belgium. On the North sea, 
in Holland. 

8. Dublin, in the eastern part. Edinburgh, in the eastern part. Copenhagen, on 

an arm of the Baltic sea, in the easterni part. Madrid, in the central part. 
Berne, in the western part. 

9. Local time is the true time at any place. Standard time is reckoned, in the 

United States, from tiie meridians 75°, 90% 105% and 120' W. 
10. Answers may differ. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - .... January 7, 1888. 

1. (a) Gulf of Guinea. (A) The Niger. 

2. (a) The North pole, {h) Sept. 22, 1887. 

3. Greenland belongs to Denmark, Cuba to Spain, and the Bermudas to Great Britain. 

4. The Allegheny and the Jlonongahela ; tlie Jefferson, the Madison and the Gallatin. 

5. South America and Africa; Oceanica. 

G. A great circle of a sphere divides the surface of the sphere into two equal parts, 
— Ex., the equator and the meridian circles. A small circle of a spiiere divides 
the surface into two unequal parts, — Ex., the iiurallel circles. 

7. Cul)a, Hayti, Porto Rico, and Jamaica. 

8. Albany, Utica, Syracuse, Rochester, and Buffalo. 

9. Near Syracuse, and near Warsaw, Wyoming Co. 

10. A water-shed is the ridge or elevation between two bodies of water. An isthu- 
mus is a narrow jiiece of land connecting two larger bodies. Foot-hills are 
the elevations that are found on approaching mountains. A canon is a deep 
rocky gorge in the mountains. A peninsula is a portion of land largely sur^ 
rounded by water. 

137 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - . _ . February, 1888. 

1. Name aud locate the five largest cities ia this State. 10 

2. There are ten seas in and around Europe; name them. 10 

3. Name, in order, the ten States that touch Mississippi river, beginning at its 

source. 10 

4. Name four States in which coal is found in abundance. 10 

5. Describe the shortest all-water route from New Orleans to Borneo. 10 

6. On what geographical circle are the days and nights always of equal length? 10 

7. Why is the climate of northern Europe warmer than that of North America 

in the same latitude? 10 

8. Name (a) the three most northerly counties of this State; (b) the most 

easterly county; (c) the most southerly county; {d) the most westerly 
county. 10 

9. Name and locate five large European cities. 10 
10. Name the largest river of Africa that flows westerly. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... - March 3, 1888. 

1. Name the lakes ou which the following villages are situated, respectively : 

(1) Plattsburgh, (2) Penu Yan, (3) Cooperstown, (4) Geneva, (5) Canan- 
daigua. 10 

2. In what river basins are the following cities located, respectively : (1) Toronto, 

(3) Minneapolis, (3) Salem, (4) Trenton, (5) Hartford? 10 

8. Name three States aud two territories that border on Nebraska. 10 

4. What is the latitude and longitude of a point that is 180°, measured on a 

great circle, from a point that is north latitude 40° and west longitude 70°? 10 

5. Name five countries bordering on the Argentine Republic or La Plata. 10 

6. Into what bodies of water do the following rivers flow, respectively: Loire, 

Dwina, Ganges, Brazos, Merrimac? " 10 

7. Name the bodies of water in which the following islands are located respect- 

ively: Jamaica, Anticosti, Mauritius, Isle of Man, Gothland. 10 

8. Name five seas that touch Russia in Europe. 10 

9. What is a delta? How do deltas grow? Name three large rivers that liave 

large deltas. 10 

10. What river basin has the most luxuriant vegetable growth of any on the 

American continent? Give two causes for this. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 13, 1888. 

1. Name the five principal tributaries of the Mississipjii. 10 

2. What form of government has Russia? England? France? Mexico? Brazil? 10 

3. In what zones is North America? Africa? 10 

4. What mountain range on the boundary between France aud Spain? Be- 

tween Norway aud Sweden? Between Russia and Siberia? Between 

Thibet and Hindostan? Only two of the four ranges required. 10 

5. Name five principal river boundaries of the United States. 10 

6. Mention the zones of the earth, giving the width of each in degrees. 10 

138 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 
2d and 3rd Grades, . . , _ . February, 1888. 

1. New York, at the mouth of the Hudson ; Brooklyu, on the west end of Long Island ; Albauj, 

on the west bank of the Hudson; Rochester, on Genesee river; Buffalo, on Lake Erie. 

2. White, Caspian, Black, Marmora, Archipelago, Adriatic, Mediterranean, Irish, North, Baltic. 

3. Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, IlliDois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas, 

Louisiana. 

4. Four of the following: — Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Maryland, West Virginia, Vir- 

ginia. 

5. Through Gulf of Mexico, across the Atlantic, around Cape of Good Hope, and through the 

Indian ocean. 

6. The Equator. 

7. Because of the Gulf stream and the prevalence of westerly winds. 

8. (a) St. Lawrence, Franklin, Clinton; (b) Suffolk; (c) Richmond; {(I) Chautauqua. 

9. Any five of the following: — London, on the Thames; Paris, on the Seine; Liverpool, on the 

Mersey; St. Petersburg, on the Neva; Berlin, on the Spree; Vienna, on the Danube; 
Frankfort, on the Oder ; Rome, on the Tiber. 
10. The Niger. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... March 3, 1888. 

1. (1) Champlain, (2) Keuka, (3) Otsego, (4) Seneca, (5) Canandaigua. 

2. (1) St. Lawrence, (2) Mississippi, (3) Columbia, (4) Delaware, (5) Connecticut. 

3. Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, Dakota, Wyoming. 

4. S. Lat. 40°, E. Lon. 110°. 

5. Chili, Bolivia, Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay. 

6. Bay of Biscay, White sea. Bay of Bengal, Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic ocean. 

7. Caribbean sea. Gulf of St. Lawrence, Indian ocean, Irish sea, Baltic sea. 

8. White sea, Baltic sea. Black sea. Sea of Azov, Caspian sea. 

9. A triangular piece of land between two mouths of the same river. Deltas are 

formed by deposits of earth carried down by the river. Third answer, various. 

10. The basin of the Amazon. Because of the warm climate and abundant rains. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 13, 1888. 

1. Red river; Arkansas river; Ohio river; Missouri river; Des Moines river. 

2. Absolute monarchy. Constitutional monarchy. Republic. Federal republic. 

Constitutiqnal monarchy. 

3. North Frigid, North Temperate, and Torrid. IS^orth Temperate, Torrid and 

South Temperate. 

4. Pyrenees. Scandinavian. Ural. Himalaya. 

5. St. Lawrence river; St. John's river; St. Croix river; Rio Grande river; Colorado 

river; Niagara river; etc. 

6. North Frigid, — 23^° wide; North Temperate,— 43° wide; Torrid, — 47' wide; 

South Temperate, — 43° wide; South Frigid, 23^° wide. 

139 



State of New York. 
uniform examina tion questions. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . . March 13, 1888. 

7. Name five lakes that discharge tlieir waters through the Oswego river. 10 

S. What is the most direct water-way from New York to Calcutta? 10 

9. What are the principal agricultural productions of this country? 10 

10. Mention two cities of New York on the New York, Lake Erie, and Western 

R. R. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - . - . March, 1888 — Special. 

1. Name and locate {a) the metropolis, Q>) the capital, («) the largest lake, (cZ) the 

largest island, and (e) the highest mountain of New York State. 10 

2. Name tliree lakes and two rivers through which the bounding lines of New 

York State pass. 10 

3. Bound Utah. 10 

4. Name the ten territories of the United States. 10 

5. What is a mountain range? 10 

6. Locate the following mountains: {a) tlie Pyrenees, Qi) Alps, {c) Ural, 

(cZ) Scandinavian, (e) Caucasus. 10 

7. Give two causes for differences in climate. ^10 

8. When are the days and nights equal all over the world? Why? 10 

9. Define axis, diameter, circumference, poles, and equator, 10 

10. How mucli is the axis of the earth inclined from the perpendicular to the 

plane of the earth's orbit? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... April 7, 1888 

1. Define great circles, meridians and polar circles. 10 

2. What are the trade winds? 10 

3. Bound Dakota. 10 

4. Describe the River Rhine. 10 

5. Locate St. Petersburg and Naples. 10 

6. Locate Pittsburg and Memphis. 10 

7. Describe the James river. 10 

8. ^Mention ten cities of this State, stating the county in which each is located. 10 

9. Where is Madagascar? 10 
10. What lake is the source of the Suscpiehanna river? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - ..... May 5, 1888. 

1. Name the great lakes and the outlet of each. 10 

2. On what Avaters would you travel from Pittsburg to Kansas City? 10 

3. In what part of the State of New York are the following counties, viz. : 

Essex, Rockland, Greene, Orleans, and Cliautauqua? 10 

4. Name the largest city of Ohio. Of Missouri. Of Pennsylvania Of the 

world. 10 

5. Name and locate a lake of New York that belongs to the Mississippi river 

system. 10 

140 



State of New Yukk. 
depa li t ment of p ublic ins tr u tion. 

GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 13, 1888. 

7. Oucida, Owasco, Cayuga, Seneca, Ktiuka, — and others. 

8. Via Atlantic ocean, Mediterranean sea, Suez canal, Red sea, ludiau ocean, and 

Bay of Bengal. 

9. Answer according to location. 

10. Bingharaton and Elmira. (Tlornellsville, incorporated March, 1888.) 

2d and 3rd Grades, March, 1888— Special. 

1. (rt) New York on New York bay; (h) Albanj' on the Hudson river; (c) Oneidn in the central ]>art 

of the State; (d) Long Island in theS. E. part ol' the State; {e) Mt. Marcy iu the Adiroudaeks. 

2. Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Chaini)hiin, and any two of the following rivers: Niagara, St. Law- 

rence, roullney, Hudson, and Delaware. 

3. On the north by Idaho and Wyoming; east by Wyoming and Colorado ; 8f)uth by Arizona; 

west by Nevada. 

4. Alaska, Arizona, Dakota, Idaho, Indian, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, Washington, and 

Wyoming. 

5. A series of mountains. 

G. (rt) On the borders of France and Spain; (i*;) On the borders of France, Germany, and Italy; 
((') On the borders of Russia and Siberia; ((/) On the borders of Norway and Sweden; {e) Ou 
the borders of Russia, Persia, and Turkey iu Asia. 

7. Latitude, elevation, and inclination of earth's axis, and Gulf stream. 

8. At the equinoxes, ^larch 21, and Sept. 23. Because then the sun is vertical at the equator. 

9. The diameter on which the earth turns. A straight line extending through the center of the 

earth from surface to surface. The distance around the earth. The ends of tlio earth's 
axis. A great circle passing around the earth midway between the poles. 
10. 231-^ degrees. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... April 7, 1888. 

1. See any ordinary geography. 

2. Winds in the Torrid zone, and often a little beyond it, which blow from tlic same quarter 

throughout the year, unless affected by local causes. 

3. North by Canada; "east by Minnesota and Iowa; south by Nebraska; west by Wyoming and 

Montana. 

4. The Rhine rises in Switzerland, flows in general, north-west, and empties into the North sea. 

5. St. Petersburg is in the western part of Russia, on the Gulf of Finland. 

Naples is in southern Italy, on the Bay of Naples, a part of the Mediterranean sea. 

6. Pittsburg is in the western part of Pennsylvania, at the junction of the Alleghany and the 

Monongahela rivers. 
Memj)his is in the south-western part of Tennessee, on the Mississippi river. 

7. The James river rises iu the south-western j)art of Virginia, flows generally east, and empties 

into Chesapeake bay. 

8. No definite answer can be given h(Te. 

9. Madagascar is east of southern Africa, in the Indian ocean. 
10. Otaego. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . . May 5, 1888. 

1. Superior (River St. Mary's), Michigan (Mackinaw Straits), Huron (St. Clair river), 

Erie (Niagara river), Ontario (St. Lawrence river). 

2. Ohio, ^lississippi, and Missouri rivers. 

3. In the north-eastern part bordering on Lake Champlain. In the south-eastern 

part bordering on the Hudson river. In the eastern part bordering on tiie 
Hudson river. In the north-western part bordering on Lake Ontario. In the 
soutli-westcrn part. 

4. Cincinnati. St. Louis. Philadelphia, London. 

5. Chautauqua. South-western part of the State. 

141 



State of New York. 
unifoliji examina tion questions. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

2d. and 3rd Grades, - - - - - - May 5, 1888. 

0. Naiiu' the Gulf, States in order from oust to west. 10 

7. Locate Dublin and Tokio. 10 

8. Wliat arc nuM-idiana, and what is tlicir use? 10 

9. Until what time will the days in this latitude grow longer? 10 

10. What bodies of water are separated by {a) the Isthnuis of Panama? {J>) the 

Isthmus of Suez? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ... - . June, 1888. 

1. Name tlie live oceans in order of size. 10 

2. Bound the United States. 10 
8. Locate {a) Denver, (?*) St. Paul, and (c) St. Louis. 10 

4. Name {a) the city at the western terminus of the Eric canal, {h) at the east- 

ern terminus. 10 

5. Mention three leadin<>- industries of this State, and state somctiiing of 

each. 10 

6. What is the capital of S[)ain? Of Ocrmany? Of Russia? 10 

7. Name three islands of tlie Mediterranean sea. 10 

8. Wliat island-kingdom cast of China? 10 

9. What is the Gulf stream? 10 
10. Name a volcano {a) in Iceland; {h) one in Soutii America; and (c) one in 

Sicily. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... August 14, 1888. 

1. Into what docs the Potomac river How? Which direction does it flow? 10 

2. Name and locate the largest city of {<t) Ohio, Qi) Missouri, (c) Michigan. 10 

3. How can you travel by water from Chicago to New Orleans? 10 

4. What city of South America is on the equator? 10 

5. Tiocate {a) Liverpool, (7*) Edinburgh aiid (c) Berlin. 10 

6. Mention a jieculiar characteristic of Venice as to its streets. 10 

7. Where are the Himalaya mountains? Name the highest ])eak. 10 

8. Name and locate a sea of Asia, wliicli is below the general sea-level. 10 

9. How does the climate of Ent^-land compare with that of Siberia in the same 

latituile? Why? ^ 10 

10. From what meridian do nearly ail nations reckon longitude? 10 

2dand 3rd Grades, - - - - September 1, 1888. 

1. In what two States is tlie greater jiart of Lake Champlain? 10 

2. Name and locate the capital of each of those States. 10 

3. Name three New England States which border on the Atlantic ocean. 10 

4. Where arc the Cape Verde Islands? 10 

5. What strait connects the Atlantic ocean with the Mediterranean sea? 10 
0. Name the countries on either side of the Strait of Dover. 10 

142 



Statk of New York. 

DEP A li T M K X T OFT U B LLC 1 N S T li V CTJON. 

GEOGRAPHY. Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... May 5, 1888. 

r». Floridii, Alahiunji, Mississippi, riOuisiaiia. and Texas. 

7. Ireland (capital). Japan (rapilal). 

8. Lines on i\w earth's surface extending' I'roni pole to pole. Used in reckouing 

lonyitude, or measuring dislani'e I'loin east to west, or rice versa. 

9. In til (lu! 31st of June. 

10. («) The Caribbean .sea and (he Paeilic ocean. (A) The Mediterranean and Red 
seas. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... Juno, 1888. 

1. Pacific, Atlantic, Indiiin. .Antarctic, Arctic. 

2. North by British America; east i)y the Atlantic ocean and the Gulf of Mexico; 

south by the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico; and west by Mexico and the 
Pacific ocean. 

3. ('0 Capital of Colorado, {h) Eastern j)art of Minnesota ou the Mississippi river. 

(f) Eastern part of Missouri ou the Mississippi river. 

4. (a) BulLUo. {h) Albany or Troy. 

5. Answers will vary. 

C. Madrid. Berlin. St. Petersburg. 

7. Any tiiree of the following: Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Caudia, Cyprus, or 

the Balearic Islands. 

8. Japan. 

9. Answers will vary. 

10. (d) Ilecla. {b) Aconcagua or Cliimborazo. (c) Etna. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... August 14, 1888. 

1. (Miesapeake bay. In a south-easterly direction. 

2. (ii) Cincinnati ou the Ohio. {/>) St. Louis on the Mis3issip|)i. (r) Detroit on tiic 

Detroit river. 

3. Answers will vary. 

4. Quito. 

5. (ti) North-eastern part of England, on the Mersey, (h) Ca))ital of Scotland, on the 

Firth of Fourth, (r) Capital of Germany, on the Spree river. 
G. Tiie houses are often built on piles, and boats are used in the streets. 

7. In southern Asia. Mt. Everest. 

8. Either of the following: Dead sea, Caspian sea, or Sea of Aral. 

9. It is uuich milder. It is owing to the influence of theGidf stream and the warm 

west winds which blow over England. 
10. The meridian of Gre(!nwich, which is the international j)rime meridian. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... September 1, 1888. 

1. In New York and Vermont. 

2. Albany on the Hudson. Montpelier on the Oniou river. 

3. An.swers will vary. 

4. West of Africa in the Atlantic ocean. 

5. Strait of Gibraltar. 

0. England on the north and France on the south. 

143 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINA TION QUESTIONS. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . . September 1, 1888. 

7. Into what does the Rliine flow? The Danube? The Tiber? 10 

8. What two large lakes are the reputed sources of the River Nile? 10 

9. State facts as to the wonderful fertility of the Amazon valley. 10 
10. Give two proofs that a spherical body represents the earth. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . _ . September 11, 1888. 

1. Name the rivers on which the following cities are situated respectively: («) 

Watertowa, (h) Ogdeusburg, (c) Elmira. 10 

2. Locate {a) Richfield Springs, (&) Saratoga Springs. 10 

3. What river is the outlet of Otsego lake? Of Oneida lake? 10 

4. Name and locate an important city of Georgia and one of Tennessee. 10 

5. Where are the Sandwich islands? Name the chief city. 10 

6. Mention two prominent articles imported into the United States from 

China. 1»J 

7. Which grand division has the most regular line of sea coast? Which the 

most irregular? 10 

8. Name in order, from west to east, the three great peninsulas of southern 

Asia. 10 

9. What are isothermal lines? Illustrate by application to the United States. 10 
10. Mention two effects of the earth's rotation upon its axis. 10 
2d and 3rd Grades, October 6, 1888., 

1. Name and locate the two great mountain systems of North America? 10 

2. Name a large river flowing into {a) Delaware bay, (b) the Gulf of California, 

(c) the Pacific ocean? 10 

3. What great river is on the boundary between Texas and Mexico? Which 

du-ection and into what does it flow? 10 

■ 4. Locate {a) the Falkland islands, Qi) St. Helena. 10 

5. Name three large islands off the southern coast of Asia. 10 

6. For what is each of the following places especially noted : («) Rome, (b) 

Athens, (</) Gibraltar? 10 

7. Bound Ohio by political divisions. 10^ 

8. Name and locate the capital of (a) Wisconsin, Q>) Michigan, (c) Ontario. 10 

9. Name three counties of New York bordering upon Pennsylvania? 10 
10. Define equinox and solstice. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, November 3, 1888. 

1. Mention the incorporated cities and villages in your county. 10 

3. Name five forest trees common to this State ; five grains ; and five friiits, 10 

3. Name the provinces comprised in the Dominion of Canada. 10 

4. Where and through what channel or channels, do the waters of your county 

reach the ocean? 10 

5. Name and locate the metropolis of each of the New England States. Same 

as to the Middle States. 10 

144 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - September 1, 1888. 

7. The German ocean. The Black sea. The Mediterranean. 

8. Albert Nyanza and Victoria Nyanza. 

9. Answers will vary. 

10. Circumnavigation, shadow on moon, or appearance of ships at sea. (Any two.) 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 11, 1888. 

1. {a) Black river, (Jt) St. Lawrence, or Oswegatchie, (c) Chemung. 

2. (a) On Canadarago lake in Otsego county, (h) near Saratoga lake in Saratoga 

county. 

3. The Susquehanna. The Oneida. 

4. Answers will vary. 

5. In the Pacific ocean. Honolulu. 

6. Answers will vary. 

7. South America. Europe. 

8. Arabia. Hindostan. Farther India. 

9. Lines of equal temperature. In the United States, owing to the influence of the 

warm currents on the west, and cold current on the east, the climate in the 
same latitudes is milder in the western part than in the eastern part 
10. Day and night. It is one cause of our present changes of seasons. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - October 6, 1888. 

1. The Rocky mountain system in the w^esteru part, and the Appalachian system in 

the eastern part. 

2. («) The Delaware, (p) the Colorado, (c) the Columbia. 

3. Rio Grande ; south-east ; into the Gulf of Mexico. 

4. {ci) East of the southern extremity of South America, (5) in the Atlantic ocean 

west of Africa. 

5. Answers will vary. 

6. («) It is the seat of the Roman Catholic Church, (b) it is the great city of Greece, 

(c) it is England's stronghold on the Strait of Gibraltar. 

7. North by Michigan and Canada; east by Pennsylvania and West Virginia; south 

by West Virginia and Kentucky; and west by Indiana. 

8. (a) Madison on the lakes, {h) Lansing on Grand river, {c) Toronto on Lake On- 

tario. 

9. Answers Avill vary. 

10. Equinox refers to times of equal day and night. Solstice refers to time when 
the sun has reached his highest northern or southern limit. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - ... - November 3, 1888. 

1. Answers must vary. 

2. Answers will vary. 

3. British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec. New Brunswick. Nova Scotia, 

and Prince Edward's Island. 

4. Answers must vary. 

5. Maine, Portland on Casco bay ; New Hampshire, Manchester on the Merrimac 

river; Vermont, Burlington on Lake Champlain; Massachusetts, Boston on Bos- 
ton harbor; Rhode Island, Providence on Providence bay ; Connecticut, New 
Haven on New Haven bay; New York, New Y k on New York bay ; Pennsyl- 
vania, Philadelphia on the DelaAvare river ; New Jersey, Newark on Newark bay ; 
Delaware,Wilmingtonatthe confluence of Brandywine and Christiana creeks. 

145 



State of New York. 
uniform ex a mination q uestl 0n8. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . November 3, 1888. 

6. Mention ten cities through which the Central-Hudson railroad passes, and 

name the county in which each is located. 10 

7. Until what time will the days in this latitude grow shorter? 10 

8. Trace the most direct water- route from New York to Bombay. 10 

9. Name the great races of mankind, and state the principal location of 

each. 10 

10. What foreign country is especially noted for the production of tea? 
Wheat? Silk? Wool? Tobacco? Coffee? Wine? Raisins? Watches? 
Olive oil? • 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- January 5, 1889. 

1. Define river basin. 10 

2. What are equinoxes? 10 

3. Locate by counties the following important villages: (a) Glens Falls, (b) 

Canaudaigua, (c) Flushing, (jJ) Port Jervis, (e) Lyons, (/) Little Falls, {g) 

Batavia, {h) Corning, (*) Plattsburgh, and {j) Owego. 10 

4. Mention five important railroads crossing any part of this State. 10 

5. Bound your county by political divisions. 10 

6. Name and locate five cities situated on the great lakes. 10 

7. Which States have neither sea coast or lake coast? 10 

8. Name in order of their importance three empires and two republics. 10 

9. Name five mountain ranges in Europe. 10 
10. How are tides jiroduced? 10 



2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . . February 2, 1889. 

1. State where each of the following rivers rises, and into what it flows: 

Mohawk, G-euesee, Oswego, Delaware, and Susquehanna. 10 

2. Locate Watkins Glen, Howe's Cave, the Thousand Islands, Trenton Falls, 

and Saratoga Springs. 10 

3. Bound New York State, not using streams or bodies of water as bounda- 

ries. 10 

4. Locate Toronto, St. Paul, Memphis, Kansas City, and San Francisco. 10 

5. In what country and on what water is each of the following named cities: 

St. Petersburg, Constantinople, Vienna, Florence, and Berlin ? 10 

6. Where are the following mountains: Mt. Marcy ? Mt. Washington? 

Mt. Mitchell ? Mt. St. Elias ? Pike's Peak ? 10 

7. Bound France ; name and locate its capital. 10 

8. Where is Siberia ? To what government does it belong ? What is its 

climate ? For what is it noted ? 10 

9. Locate the Sandwich islands, New Zealand, Falkland islands, St. Helena, 

and Iceland. 10 

10. State three conditions that modify the climate of any country. 10 

146 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . November 3, 1888. 

6. Answers will vary. 

7. Until December 21. 

8. New York baj^, The Narrows, Atlantic ocean, Strait of Gibraltar, Mediterranean sea, 

Suez canal, Red sea, Strait of Babel-Mandeb, Gulf of Aden, and Arabian sea. 

9. Caucasian, Europe and U. S. ; Mongolian, eastern and central Asia; Ethiopian, 

Africa and America; Malay, East India and Pacific islands; Indian, America. 
10. China produces tea. Australia and Russia, wheat. France, silk. Australia, wool. 
Sumatra, tobacco. Arabia, East India and Brazil, coffee. France, wine. Spain, 
raisins. Switzerland, watches. Italy, olive oil. 



2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - January 5, 1889. 

1. The entire region drained by a river system. 

2. The precise times at which the sun enters the equinoctial points. The intersec- 

• tion of the equator and the ecliptic. 

3. (a) Warren; {h) Ontario; {c) Queens; (d) Orange; (e) Wayne; (/) Herkimer; 

((/) Genesee; (/t) Steuben; (j) Clinton; (j) Tioga. 

4. Answers will vary. 

5. Answers must vary. 

6. See any standard geography. 

7. West Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, Ne- 

braska, Colorado and Nevada. 

8. Gt. Britain, Germany, Russia, United States and France. 

9. Answers will vary. 

10. By the action of the sun and moon upon the earth. 



2d and 3d Grades, . - . . . February 2, 1889. 

1. South part of Lewis county, and flows into the ITndson river. North part of Pennsylvania, 

and flows into Lake Ontario. Union of Seneca and Oneida rivers, and flows into Lake On- 
tario. Catskill mountains, and flows into Delaware bay. In Otsego lake, and flows into 
Chesapeake bay. 

2. Near head of Seneca lake. In Schoharie county, on D. & II. R. R. St. Lawrence river. On 

West Canada creek in Oneida county. In Saratoga county, on D. & H. R. R. 

3. North by Canada and Connecticut. East by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut and Atlan- 

tic ocean. South by Atlantic ocean. New Jersey and Pennsylvania. West by New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania and Canada. 

4. Canada on Lake Ontario, Minnesota on Mississippi river, Tennessee on Mississippi river, 

western Missouri on Missouri river, western California on San Francisco bay. 

5. Neva river, Russia; Bosporus, Turkey; Danube i-iver, Austria; Arno river, Italy; Spree 

river, Germany. 
'J. Adirondack mountains, White mountains. North Carolina, Alaska, Colorado. 

7. North by English channel. Straits of Dover and Belgium. East by Belgium, Germany, 

Switzerland and Italy. South by Mediterranean sea and Spain. West by Atlantic oceati. 
Paris, on Seine river. 

8. Northern part of Asia. Russia. Generally cold. Place of exile for Russian offenders. 

9. West of North America in Pacific ocean. East of Australia in Pacific ocean. East of south- 

ern part of South America in Atlantic ocean. West of Africa in Atlantic ocean. East of 
Greenland in North Atlantic ocean. 
10. Answers will vary. 

147 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

2d and 3rd G-rades, ------ March 2, 1889. 

1. In what direction from this place of examination is New York? Philadel- 

phia? Richmond? 10 

2. Locate Atlanta; Mobile; New Orleans. 10 

3. Bound Missouri by States. 10 

4. Name the principal vegetable production of Mississippi; of Louisiana; of 

Indiana; of Missouri; of Dakota. 10 

5. What two rivers unite to form the La Plata? Into what does it flow? 10 

6. Name and locate three large cities of South American . 10 

7. What isthmus joins Africa and Asia? What canal connects the Red sea with 

the Mediterranean sea? 10 

8. Name in order the seas and straits you would pass through in going from 

Gibraltar to the Crimea. 10 

9. Name and locate three great mountain ranges of Europe. 10 
10. Where are the Samoan islands? The Aleutian islands? 10 
2d and 3rd Grades, ----- March 12, 1889. 

1. Define horizon ; pole; zenith; orbit; solstice. 10 

2. What two great motions has the earth? What general result is produced 

by each? 10 

3. Name and locate three mountain ranges in this State. 10 

4. What city of this State is on the outlet of Owasco lake? On the St. Law- 

rence river? On the Black river? On Lake Ontario? On the Chemung 

river? 10 

5. Bound Pennsylvania by political divisions. 10 

6. Locate Wheeling; Cincinnati; Indianapolis; Detroit; Chicago. 10 

7. Into what does the Tiber river flow? What large city near its mouth? 10 

8. What bodies of land does Behring strait separate? What bodies of water 

does it connect? 10 

9. Name and locate two large cities of China. 10 

10. How many counties in this State? How many cities? How many towns in 

your county? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . - . April 6, 1889. 

1. Define volcano; geyser; tributary; estuary. 10 

2. Locate Hornellsville ; Ithaca; Middletown; Amsterdam; Newburg. 10 

3. Beginning at the north, name in order the counties of this State that bor- 

der on New England, excluding those of Long Island. 10 

4. Locate Penobscot bay; Narragansett bay; Albemarle sound; Bay of 

Fundy. ' 10 

5. Name three food -products that are largely exported from the United 

States. ' 10 

6. What is the chief sugar producing region of the world? 10 

7. Name two great uses of rivers. 10 

8. Name four great islands of the Malay Archipelago. 10 

9. Why are day and night always equal at the equator? 10 
10. Name the great circles of the earth ; the small circles. 10 

148 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . - March 2, 1889. 

1. Answers must differ. 

2. Northern part of Georgia. Southern part of Alabama on Mobile bay. South- 

eastern jjart of Louisiana on the Mississippi river. 

3. North by Iowa, east by Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee, south by Arkansas, 

and west by Indian Territory, Kansas and Nebraska. 

4. Cotton. Sugar. Corn. Wheat. 

5. The Parana and Uruguay. Into the Atlantic ocean. 

6. Answers may differ. 

7. Isthmus of Suez. The Suez canal. 

8. Mediterranean sea. The Dardanelles, Sea of Marmora, Bosporus, and the Black 

sea. 

9. Answers may differ. 

10. East of Australia, in the Pacific ocean. A part of Alaska, in the Pacific 
ocean. 

2d and 3rd Grades, March 12, 1889. 

1. An extremity of the earth's axis. The place where the earth and sky seenrto 

meet. The point directly overhead in the heavens. The path of the earth 
around the suu. The point in the ecliptic at which the sun reaches its great- 
est northern or southern declination. 

2. Rotation on its axis producing day and night, and revolution around the sun 

producing (with other conditions) the changes of the seasons. 

3. Answers may differ. 

4. Auburn. Ogdensburg. "Watertown. Oswego. Elmira. 

5. North by Canada and New York ; east by New York and New Jersey ; south by 

Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia; west by West Virginia and Ohio. 

6. In West Virginia on the Ohio. In south-western Ohio on the Ohio._ In the 

central part of Indiana. In south-eastern Michigan on the Detroit river. In 
north-eastern Illinois on Lake Michigan. 

7. The Mediterranean sea. Rome. 

8. Asia from North America. The Pacific ocean and the Arctic ocean, 

9. Answers may differ. 

10. 60. 30. Answers to the last clause must differ. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - ' - AprQ 6, 1889. 

1. A mountain that sends out smoke, lava, etc. A spouting spring. A stream 

flowing into a larger stream. The wide mouth of a tidal river. 

2. In the south-western part of New York on the Erie railway. At the head of 

Cayuga lake. In the south-eastern part of New York on the Erie railway. In 
the central part of New York on the Mohawk. On the west bank of the Hudson. 

3. Clinton, Essex, Washington, Rensselaer, Columbia, Dutchess, Putnam, and West- 

chester. 

4. In the south-eastern part of Maine. In the eastern part of Rhode Island. In the 

eastern part of North Carolina. Between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. 

5. Answers may differ. 

6. Cuba. 

7. Answers may differ. 

8. Answers may differ, 

9. Because the sun always rises exactly in the east at six o'clock, and sets exactly 

in the west at six o'clock. 
10. Equator, meridian circle. Tropics, polar circles, parallels. 

149 



State of New York. 
unifoiim examination questions 

GEOGRAPHY. 

2d and 3d Grades, ..... May 4, 1889. 

1. Name the three counties of New York that have each two cities; name the 

cities of each. 10 

2. Name two canals of this State, and tell what waters each connects. 10 

3. Name the States bordering on the great lakes. 10 

4. Name three large rivers flowing into the Ohio from the south. 10 

5. Locate the District of Columbia; Fortress Monroe. 10 

6. Name («) the largest political division of South America; [b) its most im- 

portant river; (c) its largest city, giving its location. 10 

7. Name four great races of men, and a country in which each is the prevailing 

race. 10 

8. Name three places in this State where battles were fought during the Revo- 

lutionary War. 10 

9. In what direction and how far from the Tropic of Cancer is the Tropic of 

Capricorn? 10 

10. Of what is the British Empire constituted? 10 

1st Grade, . - . - August 13 and 14, 1889. 

1. Name and give location of three large cities of Pennsylvania. 10 

2. Name ten cities between New York and Buffalo, on the line of the N. Y. 

C. & H. R. R. R. 10 

3. Of what is the drainage system of the Mississippi Valley made up? 10 

4. Where is Annapolis? What national institution is located there? 10 

5. Where is the highest peak, within the present limits of the United States, 

(a) east of the xMississippi ? ih) in New England ? (c) in New York ? 10 

6. Locate three European cities where it will be afternoon, and two where it 

will be forenoon, when it is midnight at Rome (Italy). 10 

7. Mention two great rivers of Africa, and locate the mouth of each. 10 

8. Name the grand divisions having respectively (cC) the highest mountains; 

(b) the largest population; (c) the longest river; ('/) the longest relative 
coast line ; (e) the largest lakes. 10 

9. Through what countries does the Arctic Circle pass? 10 
10. How are icebergs formed? How are they brought down into the track of 

ocean steamers? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . August 13, 1889. 

1. Name three rivers rising in the Adiroudacks, and state into what water 

each flows. 10 

2. Mention the seven States that border upon Kentucky. 10 

3. Name and locate two sounds and two bays on the eastern coast of the 

United States. " 10 

4. State what bodies of water the following straits connect: {a) Florida strait; 

(J)) Hudson strait; {c) Davis strait; (jl) Strait of Belle Isle. 10 

5. Locate («) Sydney ; {!>) Tokio ; {c) Calcutta. 10 

150 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . . May 4, 1880. 

1. Answers may differ. 

2. Answers may differ. 

3. Minnesota, Wisconsin, Dlinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and 

New York. 

4. Answers may differ. . 

6. West of Mai-yland on the Potomac river. In the soutli-westeru part of Virginia. 

6. (a) Brazil. Q>) Amazon, (c) Rio Janeiro, in the south-eastern part on the At- 

lantic ocean. 

7. Answers may differ. 

8. Answers may differ. 

9. South. 47°. 

10. The Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and its numerous colonies and poss- 
essions in all parts of the world. 

1st Grade, . . . . . August 13 and 14, 1889. 

1. Answers may differ. 

2. Answers may differ. 

3. Of the Mississippi and its tributaries. 

4. In the central part of Maryland on the Chesapeake Bay. The United States 

Naval Academy. 

5. {a') Mt. Mitchell in Nortli Carolina; (It) Mt. Washington in tiie Wliite Mountains; 

(c) Mt. Marcy in the Adiroudacks. 

6. Answers may differ. 

7. Answers may differ. 

8. (a) Asia; (&) Asia; (c) South America; {d) Europe; (e) North America. 

9. Alaska, British America, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Siberia. 

10. Masses of ice break off from the glaciers of the polar regions, and are brought 
down by the polar currents into tlie track of the steamers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - August 13, 1889. 

1. Answers may differ. 

2. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia. 

3. Answers may differ. 

4. (a) Gulf of Mexico with the Atlantic Ocean, (li) Hudson Bay with the Atlantic 

Ocean, {c) Baffin Bay with the Atlantic Ocean. ((/; Gulf of St. Lawrence 
with the Atlantic Ocean. 

5. (o) In the eastern part of New South Wales, {h) In Japan, {c) In tlie eastern 

part of Hindoostan. 

151 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS, 

GEOGRAPHY. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... August 13, 1889. 

6. Name and locate the highest mountain in (a) the world; {b) Europe; (c) the 

western continent. 10 

7. What mountains on the boundary between (a) the Chinese Empire and 

Siberia? (b) the Chinese Empire and India? (c) Siberia and European 
Russia ? 10 

8. Locate Liverpool; Hamburg; Bombay, 10 

9. For what is each of the following places noted: {a) Saratoga Springs? 

(J)) Albany? (c) Syracuse? {d) Lockport? 10 

10. Account for the difference of climate between Great Britain and Labrador. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - September 7, 1889. 

1. If the earth's axis were inclined 30°, what would be the width of each zone? 10 

2. Name five counties and three cities through which a traveler may pass in 

going from Buffalo to New York by the Erie Railway? 10 

3. Name {a) the chief sea-port of Connecticut, (h) the chief lake-port of New 

York, (c) the largest city on the Mississippi river. 10 

4. What are the Everglades? Where are they located? 10 

5. Mention a sea-port of Europe (a) on the Atlantic Ocean, (b) on the Black 

Sea, (c) on the Baltic Sea, (cZ) on the Mediterranean Sea. 10 

6. What is Liberia? Where is it? 10 

7. Where are {a) the Caroline Islands? (b) the Orkney Islands? (c) the Feejee 

Islands? 10 

8. Name the largest republic of Europe. Locate the greatest grain market; 

the strongest fortress. 10 

9. Name three great rivers of Southern Asia, and state into what each flows. 10 
10. What effect have the Rocky Mountains upon tlie region west of the Missis- 
sippi? Why? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ... - September 10, 1889. 

1. Name and give location of five cities of the Hudson River Valley. 10 

2. Locate Baltimore; Wheeling; Louisville; Memphis; New Orleans. 10 

3. Locate Itasca Lake ; Great Slave Lake ; Lake of the Woods. 10 

4. Name in order from east to west the chain of eight lakes in central New 

York. 10 

5. In what State and on what water is each of tlie following: Toledo? Du- 

luth? Mobile? Providence? New Haven? 10 

6. Bound Mississippi. 10 

7. Name the countries of South America that border on the Atlantic Ocean. 10 

8. Locate Mt. Desert Island; Vancouver Island; Isle of Man; Corsica; St. 

Helena. 10 

9. Distinguish between a mountain range and a plateau, and give an exarajjle 

of each. 10 

10. What are the month and the season of the year in New Zealand now? 10 

152 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTliUCTJON. 

GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- August 13, 1889. 

6. (rt) Mt. Everest, southern part of Asia, in the Himalaya mountains, (b) Mt. 

Blanc, south-eastern France, in the Alps, (c) Mt. Aconcagua, western part of 
South America, in the Andes. 

7. (a) Altai ; Qi) Himalayn ; (c) Ural. 

8. North-western part of England on the Mersey; northern part of Germany on tlie 

Elbe; western part of Hindoostan. 

9. (rt) As a famous summer resort. (5) As the capital of New York, (c) For its 

famous salt interests. (cZ) For its fine double locks on the Erie Canal. 

10. The Gulf Stream carries warmth to the shores of Great Britain, while the Arctic 
currents chill the climate of Labrador. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- September 7, 1889. 

1. Torrid, 60"; Temperate and Frigid, 30° each. 

2. Answers may differ. 

3. (a) New Haven ; (l) Buffalo ; (c) St. Louis. 

4. They are extensive marshes, or shallow lakes, inclosing islands covered with 

trees, shrubs and grass. They are in the southern part of Florida. 

5. Answers may differ. 

6. It is a small republic, established as a colony for freed slaves from the United 

States, in the south-western part of Africa. 

7. {a) In the western part of the Pacific Ocean, {h) Off the northern coast of Scot- 

land. ('-') In the south-western part of the Pacific Ocean. 

8. France. Odessa, in the south-western part of Russia, on the Black Sea, Gibral- 

tar, in the southern part of Spain, on the Strait of Gibraltar. 

9. Answers may differ. 

10. They make that region largely barren. The winds blowing from the Pacific 
Ocean liave their moisture condensed into rain in passing over the Rocky 
Mountains, so that east of those mountains the winds are dry. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . September 10, 1889. 

1. Answers may differ. 

2. Northern part of Maryland, on the Chesapeake Bay; northern part of West Virginia, on the 

Ohio; northern part of Kentucky, on the Ohio ; south-western part of Tennessee, on the 
Mississippi; south-eastern part of Louisiana, on the Mississippi. 

3. Northern part of Minnesota; north-western part of British America; on the boundary be- 

tween Minnesota and Canada. 

4. Oneida, Onondaga, Skaneateles, Owasco, Cayuga, Seneca, Keuka, Canandaigua. 

5. In Ohio, on Lake Erie. In Minnesota, on Lake Superior. In Alabama, on Mobile Bay. In 

Rhode Island, on Narragansett Bay. In Connecticut, on Long Island Sound. 

6. North by Tennessee, east by Alabama, south by the Gulf of Mexico and Louisiana, west by 

Louisiana and Arkansas. 

7. Venezuela, Guiana, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentine Republic and Terra del Fuego. 

8. South-eastern coast of Maine; south-western part of British America; in the Irish Sea; in 

the northern part of the Mediterranean Sea; in the Atlantic Ocean, west of Africa. 

9. A mountain range is a series of mountains, e. g., the coast range in the western part of the 

United States. A plateau is an elevated plain, or table-land, e. g., a large part of Mexico. 
iO. The month is the same as with us in New York; the season is the opposite of ours. 

153 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . Oototoer 5, 1889. 

1. Mention the four countries bordering upon the Baltic. 10 

2. Trace the water route from Constantinople to St, Louis. 10 
2. Name two places where salt is found in New York. 10 

4. Locate (a) Ithaca; (?>) Hornellsville; (c) Cohoes; {(T) Watertown; {e) New- 

burg. 10 

5. In what country are plains called prairies ? pampas ? steppes ? 10 

6. Name three exports of France. 10 

7. Name a State noted for the production of each of the following: Gold ; coal ; 

cotton; corn; tobacco. 10 

8. Name the capital of («) Kansas; (b) Nebraska; {c) Missouri; {d) Iowa; (e) 

Minnesota. 10 

9. What capital city on the Danube ? on the Spree ? on the Thames ? on the 

Seine ? 10 

10. What effect have the Andes upon the climate on the western coast of South 

America — (a) in the Torrid zone ? (h) in the South Temperate zone ? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - November 26, 1889. 

1. Name from west to east the eleven counties of New York which border on 

Pennsylvania and New Jersey. 10 

2. Name three of the leading grains and two useful minerals of the United 

States, and the section in which each is produced in large quantities. 10 

3. Locate Cape Hatteras ; Cape May ; Cape Cod ; North Cape ; Cape of Good 

Hope. 10 

4. Into what does the Yukon River flow? the Connecticut? the Ottawa? the 

Saguenay? the Red River of the North? 10 

5. Name a large city within the British possessions, in each of the five grand 

divisions of the world. 10 

6. Locate the following European cities : Athens ; Rome ; Lisbon ; Lyons ; 

Geneva. 10 

7. Bound Switzerland. 10 

8. Why is New England especially adapted to manufacturing? 10 

9. Mention three oceans, two continents, three islands and one city crossed by 

the equator. 10 

10. Account for the fogs of Newfoundland. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - _ . . January 11, 1890. 

1. What determines the location of the Tropic of Capricorn? 10 

2. The climate of Long Island is milder than it is two hundred miles west of 

it in the same latitude. Why? 10 

3. Name one of the United States extensively engaged in the cultivation of 

cotton; of wool; of tobacco; of oranges; of wheat. 10 

4. Name the two largest cities on Lake Erie. 10 

5. Draw an outline of tlie State of Pennsylvania. 10 

6. Name an island belonging to each of the following States: Me., Mass., R. I., 

N. Y., Tex. 10 

154 



State of New York. 
department of public 1 ns t r v c t t on. 

GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . - October 5, 1889. 

1. Denmark, Sweden, Russia, Germanj' (or Prussia). 

2. Through the Bospliorus, Sea of Marmora, The Dardanelles, Archipelago, Medi- 

terraueau Sea, Strait of Gibraltar, Atlantic Ocean, Florida Strait, Gulf of 
Mexico and Mississippi river. 

3. Answers may differ. 

4. {a) At the head of Cayuga lake ; Q>) in the south-western part of New York on 

the Erie railway; {c) on the Mohawk near its junction with the Hudson; {d) 
on the Black river in Northern New York; {e) on the west bank of the Hud- 
son in the south-eastern pai't of New York. 

5. United States. South America. Russia. 
6-7. Answers may differ. 

8. ('/) Topeka; Qi) Lincoln; (c) Jefferson City; {d) Des Moines; {e) St. Paul. 

9. Vienna. Berlin. London. Paris. 

10. {a) The prevailing winds are from the east in the Torrid zone. They are robbed 
of their moisture in passing over the Andes, and are dry winds on the western 
slope, {b) In the South Temperate zone the reverse is true. The prevailing 
winds are from the west, and an abundance of rain falls, because the moisture 
is condensed as the warm winds strike against the cold slopes of the Andes. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - , - - - November 26, 1889. 

1. Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, Allegany, Steuben, Chemung, Tioga, Broome, Dela- 

ware, Sullivan, Orange, Rockland. 

2. Answers may differ. 

3. Eastern extremity of North Carolina; southern extremity of New Jersey; eastern 

extremity of Massachusetts ; northern extremity of Europe ; southern extremity 
of Africa. 

4. Behring sea. Long Island sound. St. Lawrence river. St. Lawrence river. 

Lake Winnipeg. 

5. Answers may differ. 

6. Eastern part of Greece; south-western part of Italy; western part of Portugal; 

south-eastern part of France.; western part of Switzerland. 

7. North by Germany, east by Austria, south by Italy, west by France. 

8. Because of its many valuable water powers or privileges. 

9. Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. South American and African continents. 

Answers as to islands may differ. Quito. 

10. They are caused by the meeting of the Gulf stream and the cold Arctic current. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- January 11, 1890. 

1. The inclination of the axis of the earth to the plane of its orbit. 

2. It IS due to the influence of the ocean and especially the Gulf stream. 

3. Answers may differ. 

4. Buffalo and Cleveland. 

5. Answers may differ. 

6. Answers may differ. 

155 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . January 11, 1890. 

7. Under what national government are the following cities, respectively : Tokio, 

Nankin, Calcutta, Melbourne, Tobolsk? 10 

8. What water is crossed in passing from England to France, by the shortest 

route? 10 

9. Locate the following mountains: The Apennines; the Caucasus. 10 
10. Name a country or locality in which each of the following animals are found 

native, respectively: The white bear; the antelope; the armadillo; the 
camel; the musk ox. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . - March 4, 1890. 

1. What angle measures the inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of its 

orbit or to the plane of the ecliptic? 10 

2. Name two vegetable products which are extensively cultivated in this State 

to be used in beer-making. 10 

3. Name an Indian reservation in this State. In what part of the State is it 

located? 10 

4. Name one each of the United States extensively engaged in the manufacture 

of cotton cloth ; of silk ; of flour; of glass-ware ; of carriages. 10 

5. Name and locate the largest two cities in New England. 10 

6. What river flows through the grandest cafion in the world? In what State 

is the Mammoth Cave located? 10 

7. In what country is Lake Lucerne? Lake Baikal? Lake Titicaca? Lake of 

the Woods? Lake Victoria Nyanza? 10 

8. Under what form of government (monarchical or republican) is each of the 

following nations: Prussia? Switzerland? Chili? Portugal? Italy? 10 

9. Name a country or locality in which each of the following animals might be 

found native, respectively : the opossum ; the wolf ; the tiger ; the boar ; 
the tapir. 10 

10. Name four countries bordering on France. 10 

1st Grade, --...- March 4 and 5, 1890. 

1. To an observer on the Arctic circle, how high is the sun above the horizon 

at noon, on the 21st of June? How high at midnight? 10 

2. The seasons are later in Oswego Co. than in localities on the same latitude 

in the eastern part of the State. Why? 10 

3. Would the variation of the amount of water in the Hudson river be greater 

or less if the Adirondacks were stripped of forests? Why? 10 

4. Name one each of the United States which yields, extensively, mineral coal ; 

iron; salt; petroleum; lead. 10 

5. In what State is the Yosemite Valley? From what Territory, mainly, was 

the Yellowstone National Park set off? 10 

6. Draw an outline map of Massachusetts? 10 

7. Give the location of Hartford ; Omaha; Mobile; Seattle; Birmingham, U. S. 10 

8. At what port of the U. S. do most immigrants land? Name four nations of 

Europe from which large numbers of emigrants come to the U. S. 10 

9. In what countries are the following rivers, principally or wholly: the Don? 

the Rhone? the Po? the Shannon? the Vistula? 10 

10. In what country or locality does the reindeer abound? the jaguar? the 

giraffe? the ostrich? the lion? 10 

156 



State of New York. 
department of public tns t liuc t i on. 

GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd. Grades, . . '. . January 11, 1890. 

7. Japan; China; Great Britain ; Great Britain ; Russia. 

8. Strait of Dover. 

9. In Italy. Thej' extend from the Black sea to the Caspian sea, between p]urope 

and Asia. 

10. Answers may differ. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 4, 1890. 

1. About 66 J^ degrees. 

2. Answers will vary. 

3. Answers will vary. » 

4. Answers will vary. 

5. Boston, in the eastern part of Mass. Providence, in R I., at the head of Narra- 

gansett bay. 

6. The Colorado. Kentucky. 

7. Switzerland; Siberia; Peru and Bolivia; Canada; Africa. 

8. Monarchical ; Republican ; Republican ; Monarchical ; Monarchical. 

9. Answers will vary. 
10. Answers will vary. 

1st Grade, . . . . . . March 4 and 5, 1890. 

1. About 47 degrees. It is on the horizon at midnight. 

2. The low temperature of Lake Ontario retards the season in the spring; the warmth 

of the water keeps away early frosts in autumn. 

3. The variation would be greater. Because the forests retard the melting of tlie 

snow and evaporation. 

4. Answers will varj'. 

5. California, Wyoming. 

6. Answers will vary. 

7. On tlie Connecticut river, near center of Conn. ; in the eastern part of Nebraska, 

on the Missouri river; in the southern part of Alabama, on Mobile Bay; on 
Puget Sound, in the western part of Washington; in the northern part of 
Alabama. 

8. New York; answers may vary. 

9. Russia, France, Italy, Ireland, Prussia. 
10. Answers may vary. 

167 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

GRAMMAR. 
Ist, 2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . September 3, 1887. 

Note. — The following indicates the grade of questions used for the four examinations in this 
subject held in 18S7 : 

Id Grade. — All questions in every subject apply to first grade licenses . 

2(1 Grade. — All questions in every subject, excepting Scaool Law and Algebra, apply to second 
grade licenses. 

2rd Grade. — Questions printed in italics only, apply to third grade licenses. 

Note. — The Commissioner will retain the following extract and dictate to all applicants as a 
test ia Orthography, Penmanship, Capitalization and Punctuation: 

1-3. Dictation. {Art. IV, sec. 2, ConstittUion of U. 8.) 

1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities 
of citizens in the several States. 

2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who 
shall fee from justice, and ie found in another State, shall on demand of the 
executice authority of the State from which he fled, he delivered up, to be 
removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 30 

3. Analyze, by diagram or otherwise, the first sentence. 10 

4. Name and give examples of the different parts of speech used in extract, 10 

5. Write an interrogative sentence ; declarative; imperative; exclamatory. 10 

6. Analyze, by diagram or otherwise, the second sentence. 30 

7. Distinguish between Language Lessons and Technical Grammar. State 

the position of each in a common school course. 80 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, ----- October 1, 1887. 

Note. — The Commissioners will retain the following extract and dictate to all applicants as a 
test iu Orthography, Penmanship, Gapitalizatioa and Punctuatiou : 

1-2, Dictation. {Webster's '■'■ Character of Washington.^'') 

"It was the extraordinary fortune of Washington, that having been in- 
trusted in revolutionary times with the supreme military command, and having 
fulfilled that trust with equal renown Jor wisdom and valor, he should be 
placed at the head of the first government in which an attempt was to be made, 
on a large scale, to rear the fabric of social order on the bas^is of a ivritten 
constitution, and of a pure representative principle.'''' 20 

3. Name and give examples of the different parts of speech used in the above extract. 10 

4. Ma rh for pronunciation the following : impolitic, deficit, simultaneous, coral, 

enervate, urgent, century, machine, sarcasm, and oxygen. 10 

5. Write an application for a position as teacher, stating qualifications and expe- 

rience, and mentioning references. Use proper form of heading, superscrip- 
tion and closing. Be careful to paragraph, capitalize and punctuate properly. 20 

6. What preliminary instruction should be given before Grammar as a science 

is taught? 20 

7. Analyze by diagram or otherwise, the above extract. 20 
1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . - - _ November 5, 1887. 

Note. — The Commissioner will retain the following extract and dictate to all applicants as a 
test in Orthography, Penmanship, Capitalization and Punctuation : 

1-2. Dictation. {Art. XIV, sec. 1, Constitution of U. S.) 

1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the 
jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein 
they reside. 

2. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge t/ie privileges 
or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive 
ayiy person of life, liberty, or property without due process of lata, nor deny to 
any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 34 

158 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMIN A TION QUESTIONS. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 3, 1887. 
1-2. Answers unnecessary. 

3. Answer according to any recognized system or standard. 

4. the article or adjective ; several adjective ; 

state noun ; flee verb ; 

who pronoun; and conjunction, 

in preposition ; up ad verb, as used here • 

having participle, or verb. 

5. Have you read the book! 
The boy runs. 

Put down that hat. 
Alas! How sad it is. 

6. Answer according to any recognized system or standard. 

7. Skill in the use of oral and written language is the aim of Language Lessons 

which should be given when the pupil first enters school. Ability to analyze, 
parse and criticise, is the aim of lessons in Technical Grammar which comes 
properly within the last two years of the common school course. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, _ - - . October 1, 1887. 

1-2. Answer unnecessary. 

3. the article or adjective ; it pronoun ; 

was verb ; and conjunction ; 

fortune noun; first adjective ; 

of preposition ; having been intrusted . . participle or verb. 

4. See any standard dictionary. 

5. Answer unnecessary. 

6. Language Lessons and actual composition work constitute the best means of 

acquiring a ready and correct use of language, which, in its turn, becomes a 
sound basis for the study of Technical Grammar. " As grammar was made 
after language," says Spencer, "so it ought to be taught after language." 

7. Answer according to any recognized system or standard. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - . - . November 5, 1887. 

1-2. Answers unnecessary. 



159 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

GRAMMAR. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . November 5, 1887. 

3. Analyze ly diagram or otherwise the first sentence. 12 

4. Name {a) aU the adjectives in the dictation exercises ; (J>) all the adverhs. 12 

5. («) Decline the jn-onoun he ; (h) torite the possessive forms of she, Geoiye, boys ; 

(c) hoiD in a declarative sentence made interrogative ? 12 

6. Analyze by diagram or otherwise the second sentence. 20 

7. Name and parse all the relative pronouns used in the dictation exercise. 20 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . . - - December 3, 1887. 

XoTE. — The Commissioner will retain tlie following extract and dictate to all applicants as a 
test in Orthography, Penmanship, Capitalization and Punctuation : 

1. The office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction is continued, and the 

term of said office shall be three years, commencing hereafter on the seventh 
day of April. Such Superintendent shall be elected by joint ballot of the 
Senate and Assembly, on the second Wednesday of February next ^^receding 
the expiration of the term of the then incumbent of said office, and on the 
second Wednesday of February next after the occurrence of any vacancy in 
the office. (Sec. 1, title I, chap. 555, Laws of 1864, as amended by sec. 1 
chap. 591, Laws of 18SG.) 15 

2. Wi'ite the plural of (a) child; (b) armful; (c) broth er-i7i-law ; (d) axis; 

(e) memorandmn. 10 

3. What is the difference in tneaning of the following expressions : 

The girls'' books ; or the girVs books ? 10 

4. Which parts of speech are compared. ? which declined ? ivhich conjugated ? 10 

5. Write three short sentences each containing a verb in the potential mode, 07ie of 

which shall denote power, another permission, and another necessity. 15 

6. Analyze by diagram or otherwise: (a) I do not know what he wants. (Z>) 

Going home before the regular hour of dismissal should not be a frequent 
occurrence. •» 20 

7. Write (a) a sentence in which the word that shall be used as an adjective; 

(b) as a relative pronoun; (c) as a conjunction; (d) as a noun. 20 

1st Grade, ... - - MarOh 13 and 14, 1888. 

You hear that boj laughing? You think he's all fun ; 
But the angels laugh, too, at the good he has done ; 
The children laugh loud as they troop at his call, 
And the poor man that knows him, laughs loudest of alt. 

0. W. Holmes. . 

1. Which are the principal clauses ? 10 
Note. — In naming a clause, it is sufficient to give only simple subject and simple 

predicate. 

2. Name the subordinate clauses, indicating whether they are adjective, ad- 

verbial, or objective. 10 

3. Write synopsis of Jiear, i. e., give first person, singular, in the indicative 

mode, p>assive voice. 10 

4. Parse laughing and fun. 10 

5. Illustrate by sentences two diilerent uses of %€hat, and explain their use 

grammatically. 10 

6. Name five offices of a noun that a clause may perform. 10 

160 



State of New York. 

DEPA liT^rENT OF PUBLIC IXSTRUC TION. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 
1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, . . _ . November 5, 1887. 

3. Answer according to any recognized system or standard. 

4. {a) All, the, the, the, the, no, any, the, the, any, any. due, any, the, equal, the. (Jb) Thereof, 

wherein. 

5. (a) Nominative, sing., he • plural, they. Possessive, sing., his; plural, their or theirs. Ob- 

jective, sing., him ; plural, them, {b) Her, George's; boys, (c) By placing the verb or its 
tirst auxiliary before the subject. 

6. Answer according to any recognized system or standard. 

7. Which — relative pronoun ; agrees with its antecedent, law, in person, number, and gender, 

nominative case, subject of the verb shall abridge. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, .... December 3, 1887. 

1. No auswer required. 



2. {a) Children; (b) armfuls; (c) brothers-in-law; (^ axes; (e) memoranda. 

3. The gilds' books means books belonging to two or more girls. The girVs hooks 

means books belonging to one girl only. 

4. Adjectives and adverbs are compared ; nouns and pronouns are declined ; verbs 

are conjugated. 

5. Use can to denote power; may to denote permission; and must to denote 

necessity. 

6. Answer according to any recognized system or standard. 

7. (a) Do you see that man? {h) The word that I gave will complete the sentence. 

{c) I know that he is here, (c?) This that is poorly written, 

1st Grade, ..... March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. You hear; You think ; angels laugh ; children laugh ; man laughs. 

2. He's fun, objective; (which) he has done, adjective; as they troop, adverbial; that knows 

adjective. 
•3. Indicative mode: 

Present tense, I am heard. 

Past tense, I was heard. 

Future tense, I shall (will) be heard. 

Present perfect tense, I have been heard. 

Past perfect tense, I had been heard. 

Future perfect tense, I shall (will) have been heard. 

4. Laughing is a verb, regular, transitive by addition of at, active voice, participle, or participial 

mode, present tense, used like an adjective, modifies the noun boy. 
Fun is a noun, common, third person, singular number, neuter gender, predicate noun, 
(attribute) and agrees with the subject, he m the nominative case. 

5. No answer furnished as so many are possible. 

6. (rt) Subject of verb. 
(6) Object of verb. 

(c) Object of preposition. 

{d) Appositive. 

(«) Attribute (noun iu predicate). 

161 



State of New York. 
unifoem exa2i1nati0js questions. 



GRAMMAR. 
1st Grade, ----- March 13 and 14, 1888. 

7. Illustrate, by sentences, the above uses. 10 

8. Write a sentence containing a participle, an adverb, a verb in the passive voice, 

and a relative jyronoun. Underline the parts indicated above. 10 

9. Write a sentence having a participle modifying the subject, and an iniinitive 

* ujed as the object of a verb. 10 

10. In the sentence, He icanted Miss Smith to lend him her pencil, what is the 

object of xcanted ? 10 

1st Grade, ..-..- May 4 and 5, 1888. 

Most sweet it is with unuplifted eyes, 

To pace the ground, if path there be or none. 
"While a fair region round the traveler lies, 

Which he forbears again to look upon, 

1. Write list of the clauses in the above selection, classifying them as principal 

or subordinate. 10 

jfoTB. In naming clauses, it is sufBcient to include only simple subjects and simple 

predicates. 

2. State what each subordinate clause modifies. 10 

3. Give four modifiers of to pace, including its object as one. 10 

4. Parse to pace. 10 

5. Give syntax (case and why) of path and which. 10 

6. What is the object of forbears ? Parse round. 10 

7. Give an example of a participle taking an object, and being itself the 

object of a preposition. 10 

8. Illustrate the use of an abverb modifying a phrase (preposition and its 

object). 10 

9. In the sentence, He sent his son home that way, give the syntax of home and 

way. 10 

10. Give syntax of him and man in the sentence, 1 believe him to be a man 

wanting in veracity. 10 

1st Grade, ..... August 14 and 15, 1888. 

So live, that when thy summons comes to join 
The innumerable caravan that moves 
To the pale realms of shade, where each shall take 
^is chamber in the silent halls of death. 
Thou go not like the quarry-slave at night. 
Scourged to his dungeon, but sustained and soothed 
By an unfaltering trust, approach thy grave 
liike one who wraps the drapery of his couch 
About him and lies down to pleasant dreams. 

The first eight questions refer to the above selection. 

Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its simple subject and its simple predicate. 
In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. 
By vhrase is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition 
and its simple (unmodified) object. 

A modifier may be a word, phrase, or clause. 
Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 

1-2. State what each subordinate clause modifies, and state whether it is 

adjective or adverbial. 20 

3. What are the modifiers of realms? 10 

4. Name five adverbial p>hrases and state what each modifies. 10 

162 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMEyT OF PUBLIC jySTRUCTION. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 
1st Grade, . . . . . March 13 and 14, 1888. 

7. Examples: 

(a) " Who goes there?" was said by the sentinel. 

(b) He said, "Itvill go." 

(c) The success of the expedition depends upon tvho the commander is. 
{(l) He gave the answer, "/am sorry." 

\e) The fact is that he did not study. 
S. Example, The traveler being pressed closely by the dog, which seenaed to grow more vicious, 

turned quickly and threw his hat at him, by which the cur was completely terrified. 
9. Example, John pre/errinff to play, did not study. 
10. Object, Afiss Smith to lend him her pencil. 

1st Grade, .----. May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. Sweet it is, principal. 

{a. If path be, adverbial, 
c u .^- ♦ J ^> (^f there be) none, adverbial. (Do not insist on this), 
bubordinate \ ^^ ^yj^-j^ ^.^gj^i^ jj^^^ adverbial. 

[(/, Which he forbears, adjective. 

2. Clauses marked (a) (b) (c) modify the verb to pace. 

(d) modifies region. 

'6. Object ground ; adjective, sweet / the first three subordinate clauses above stated. 

4. Verb, principal parts, pace, paced, pacing, paced, regular, transitive, active voice, infinitive 

mode, present tense, used like a noun, and in apposition with it, nominative case. (Some 
would say, subject of is, and represented by the redundant word, it.) 

5. Path, nominative, subject of be / which, objective, object of upon. 

6. The infinitive to look / round, preposition showing relation between its object, traveler and the 

verb, lies. 

7. He is engaged in writing letters. 

8. The leaves fell only in the morning. 

9. Home and way, objective, object of prepositions not expressed; it would be allowed to say 

that home is used as an adverb, modifying the verb. 

10. Pirn is the subject of the infinitive to be and is in the objective case, man is a predicate noun 
(attribute) and agrees with the subject him, in the objective case. (Other constructions 
are found in the grammarB.) 

1st Grade, ..... August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1-2. Adverbial clause, TTtat thou go, modi&es liDe. 

Adverbial clause, When summons comes, modifies go. 
Adjective clause, That moves, modifies caravan. 
Adjective clause, Where each shall take, modifies realms. 
Adverbial clause, {Thou) approach, modifies live. 
Adjective clause, Who tcraps and lies, modifies one. 

3. Realms, is modified by the adjectives, the and pale, the adjective phrase, of shade, 

and the adjective clause, Where each sluill take. 

4. To realms modifies moves. 

In halls modifies shall take. 

Like quarry-slave modifies go. 

At night modifies go. 

To dungeon modifies scourged. 

By trust modifies sustained and soothed. 

Like one modifies apj)roach. 

About him modifies viraps. 

To dreams modifies lies. 



163 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

GRAMMAR. 

1st Grade, - - - - - August 14 and 15, 1888. 

5. Give two exami^les from the above extract, of each part of speech found in 

it, not considering articles and participles as separate parts of speech. 10 

6. Parse to join. 10 

7. Parse sustained. 10 

8. What is the syntax of quarry-slave? 10 

9. Give the syntax of the second and third nouns in the following sentence : 

Mr. Jones the hakcr was elected president. 10 

10. Write a sentence with a transitive verb whose simple object is a participle 

Laving aa object. 10 



1st Grade, -..-.- March 12 and 13, 1889, 

1 Language is the amber in which a thousand precious thoughts have been safely 

2 imbedded and preserved. It has arrested ten thousand lightning flashes of genius, 

3 which, unless thus fixed and arrested, might have been as bright, but would 

4 also have been as quickly passing and perishing as the lightning. Words convey 

5 the mental treasures of one period to the generations tiiat follow; and laden 

6 with this, their precious freiglit, they sail safely across gulfs of time in which. 

7 empires have suffered shipwreck, and the languages of common life have sunk into 

8 oblivion. 

R. C. Trench. 
The first eight questions refer to the above selection. 

Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its unmodified subject and unmodified predicate. 

In giving the syntax, of a noun or pronoun, give only tiie case and the reason for it. 

By pJiraaeis meant a preposition and its object. la naming a phrase, give only the preposition 
and its unmodified object. 

A modifier may be a word, phrase, or clause. 

Infinitudes are classed as modes of the verb. 

.Only eight parts of sj)eech are recoi^nized — the articles the and a forming a subdivision of ad- 
jectives, and ^'a/'itcZ/j^fiif being one of the modifications of verbs. 

Treat verbs as divided into two classes only," viz., transitive and intransitive, and treat voice aa 
a property of transitive verbs only. 

In ]iarsing a verb, observe the following order: Principal parts, regular or irregular, transitive 
or intransitive, voice, mode, tense, person, number, agreement. 

In parsing a noun or pronoun, observe the following order: Class, person, number, gender, 
case. Give the reason for case. In parsing a relative pronoun, state the agreement with its ante- 
cedent. An object of a transitive verb is classed as a modifier of such verb. 

1. Select the principal clauses. 8 

3. S(?lect three adjective and two adverMal clauses. 10 

State what each modifies. 5 

3. Select three adjective and two adverbial phrases. 10 

4. Recast the clause. Words compel/ the mental treasures of on£ jyeriod to the gene- 

rations thatfolloic, changing the verb to the passive form. 4 

Select the participles used like adjectives, and state what each modifies. 6 

5. By supplying words omitted, fill out a clause in the third line, and one in 

the fourth line. 4 

State what each of these clauses modifies. 4 

6. Give syntax of amber, lightning, freight, and which in third line. 8 

7. Parse as in the third line and the last as in the fourth line. 8 

8. Select three transitive verbs in the active voice and indicative mode, I'"-') 

transitive verbs in the passive voice and indicative mode, and two i'Uvi 
live verbs in the indicative mode. 4 

164 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

1st Grade, August 14 and 15, 1888. 

5. No answer is needed here. 

6. To join is a verb, principal parts, join, joined, joining, joined, regular, transi- 

tive, active voice, infinitive mode, present tense, used adverbially to modify 
the verb comes, 

7. Sustained is a verb, principal parts, sustain, sustained, sustaining, sustained, 

regular, transitive, passive voice, participle, past tense, used adjectively and 
modifies the subject thou. 

8. Object of the preposition like and in the objective case. 

9. Bal'er \s in apposition with the noun, Mr. Jones., and agrees with it in the nomi- 

native case. President is tlie predicate noun (attribute) and agrees with the 
subject Mr. Jones, in the nominative case. 
10. John enjoys studying arithmetic. 

1st Grade, - - . . _ March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. Principal clauses:— Zan<7?/a<7e w ffTO&e;-. It has arrested . Words convey. They sail. 

2. Adjective clauses : — 

Thoughts have leen imbedded and preserved, modifies amler. 

Which might have heen Iright, and {Which) would have heen passing atid perishing 
modifj Jiashes. 

Thatfolloio, modifies generations. 

Empires have suffered, and languages have sunk, modify gulfs. 

Adverbial clauses : — 

Unless they had leen fixed and arrested. 

As lightning (is passing and pierishing). 

The first modifies the predicate might have heen light, etc. 

The second modifies the adverb as. 

3. Adjective phrases: Of genius ; of jyeriod ; of time ; of life. 

Adverbial phrases: In which; to generations; with this; across gulfs; into oUivion. 

4. The mental treasures of one period are conveyed by words to the o-enerations 

tiiat follow. "^ 

Passing and perishing modify 7chich. — Laden modifies they. 

5. Unless (they had been) fixed and arrested. 
As the lightning (is passing and perishing). 

The first clause modifies the two predicates next following. 
The second clause modifies the adverb as. 

6. ^mJer, predicate noun (attribute), and agrees with the subject, lano-uage in the 

nominative case. ^ " ' 

Lightning, subject of a verb not expressed, and is in the nominative case. 
Freight, in apposition with this, and agrees with it in the objective case. 
Wliich, subject of verb, might have heen, and is in the nominative case. 

7. As is an adverb, and modifies the adjective, bright. 

8. Transitive verbs, active voice: Has arrested ; convey ; follow ; have suffered. 

Transitive verbs, passive voice: Have been imbedded; have been preserved ; had 
heen fixed; had been arrested ; laden. 

Intransitive verbs : Is ; might have been ; tcould have been ; passing ; perishing • 
sail ; have sunk. ' 

.165 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

GRAMMAR. 

1st Grade, March 12 and 13, 1889. 

9. Illustrate by sentences three different uses of participles; classify eacli. 10 

10. Write a sentence with a subject in the third person and singular niiniber, 
containing a verb in the subjunctive mode; one containing an infinitive 
mode used like a noun in tlie objective case; and another containing a 
clause used as the subject of a verb, 9 

2d and 3rd Grades, January 7, 1888. 

1. Name the classes and the modifications of verbs, 10 

2. Change the expression, One of Ins friends told him of the arrangement, to the 

passive form. If* 

3. Compare (a) happy; (J) near; {c) worse; (J) straight; (e) beautiful. 10 

4. Write the feminine of (a) nephew ; (I) hero ; (r) baron ; (d) benefactor ; 

(c) Paul. 10 

5. Which should be first taught, construction or analysis? Why? 10 

6. Write (a) five nouns that have no plural; (h) five that have no singular. 10 

7. Give the principal parts of the following verbs: (a) blow; (5) break; 

(c) freeze ; (d) cast ; (e) pay. 10 

8. Define a complex sentence. 10 

9. Write sentences containing (a) an infinitive phrase; (h) a verb in the poten- 

tial mode, past tense; (c) a relative clause; (d) a substantive clause; 
(e) a noun used as an attribute. 10 

10. Analyze, by diagram or otherwise, — (a) We preferred to remain at home. 
(b) To venture in was to die. (r) Green is the sod and cold the clay. 

(d) He looked mild and gentle. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... - February, 1888. 

Old Time, in whose bank we def)osit our notes, 

Is a miser who always wants guineas for groats; 

lie keeps all his customers still in arrears 

By lending them minutes and charging them years. — Holmes. 

1. ^Mention the principal and the subordinate clauses in the first two lines of the 

above extract. 10 

2. State the modifiers of Time. 10 

3. What are the simple subjects of all the clauses in the entire selection? What 

are the simple predicates? 10 

4. Give case of hank, misei^, customers, minutes, them. 10 

5. Parse lending. 10 

6. Give the four principal parts of the verbs sit and lay. 10 

7. Illustrate by examples three different uses of the apostrophe. 10 

8. Illustrate by sentence the use of the subjunctive mode. 10 

9. >Write a sentence containing a clause used as an object. 10 

10. Write a sentence having an infinitive used as subject. 10 

166 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC 1 NS T RV C T I ON. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

1st Grade, March 12 and 13, 1889. 

9. Answers may differ. 

10. Examples: Though he (re/r sick, he would not go. 
He desires to tmlk to town. 
TTmt the earth is round, is evident. 

2d and 3rd Grades, January 7, 1888. 

1. Classification:— Finite andinfinile, — subject relation. Transitive and intransitive,— object 

relation. Regular and irregular, — forms of past tense. Modifications : — Voice, mode, 
tense, person, number. 

2. lie was told of the arrangement by one of liis friends. 

3. Positive. Comparative. Superlative. 

(a) happy happier happiest 

(6) near nearer nearest 

(c) bad worse worst 

(d) straight (cannot logically be compared). 

(e) beautiful more beautiful most beautiful 

4. (a) Niece; (6) heroine; (c) baroness ; (c^) benefactress; («) Pauline. 

5. Construction. Construction is composition ; analysis is essentially criticism. 

6. Examples: (a; Business; gold; peace; sleep; hunger, — (6) Stairs; suds; clothes; assets; 

tidings. 

7. Present. Past. Past Participle. 

(a) blow blew blown 

(b) break broke broken 

(c) freeze froze frozen 
((/) cast cast cast 
(«) pay paid paid 

8. A complex sentence is a sentence that is composed of two or more clauses, one- of which 

modifies some part of another clause. 

9. Examples: (a) 1 wish to hear from you, — (5) He could read, — (c) I was introduced to the 

ladj' whom you, saw thert:^ — {d) 1 did not know that hi was present, — (e) Thou art the man. 
10. No answers required. 

2d and 3rd Grades, * - - . . February, 1888. 

1. Principal clause: Old Time u a miser. Subordinate clauses: (a) In w/w*se hank 

ive deposit our notes ; (b) Who always wants guineas for groats. 

2. Time is modified by C"') the adjective old ; Qj) the adjective clause, in whose hank 

we deposit our notes ; (e) the predicate noun (attribute) miser. 

3. Simple subjects : (a) Time, (h) tee, (c) ivho, (d) he. Simple predicates : (a) is miser; 

(I)) deposit; (c) wants; {d) keeps. 

4. (rt) Bank, ohjectim ca.ir ,• (h) miser, predicate nominative ; (c) customers, ohjective 

case; {d) minutes, objective case; them, ohjective case. 

5. Verb; principal ]inrts. lend, lent, lending, lent; irregvlar; transitive; participle; 

jirese/it tense; also used like a nouu, objective case, object of the preposition by. 
Note. — Some would simply say: Present 2>articiple and object of by. 

6. Sit, sat, sitting, sat. 
Lay, laid, laying, laid. 

7. {a) John's book; T/s true; lie does not pronounce his ?•'«. 

8. If he had gone, I would h.ive remained. 

9. The sentinel said: ' ^ Who goes there ? " Ov. Ho thought that he zcould go. 
10. I'o die for one's country is sweet and glorious. 

167 



State of New York. 
uniform ex a mina tion questions. 

GRAMMAR. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - - - - March 3, 1888. 

1. Conjugate tlie verb go in the sul>jiinctive ])rcscut. 10 

2. Write the possessive plural of the following uouns: Woman, fox, sheep, 

turkey, lady. 10 

3. Write the possessive irregular of the following pronouns: It, nJie, I, which, 

whosoever. 10 

4. Write the comparative form of each of the following adjectives and adverbs: 

Evil, 'well, little, nigh, hind. 10 

5. Write a sentence containing a relative pronoun in the objective case. 10 

6. Analyze the following sentence: And he called one of the servants and 
~ asked what these things meant. 'Express your analysis by diagram or 

otherwise. 10 

7. In tlie above sentence, what is the object oi i\\cvcvh ashed ? Of tlie verb 

> meant ? 10 

8. Explain the syntax of that in the following sentence : " A man of polite 

imagination is let into a great many pleasures that the vulgar are not 

capable of receiving." 10 

9. Explain the syntax of capable in the same sentence. 10 
10. Explain the syntax of receiving in the same sentence. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . March 13, 1888. 

1. Write- sentences containing adverbs of {a) time; (b) place; (c) manner; 

(J) degree; (e) negation. Underscore each and also the word it modifies. 10 

2. Give tlie principal parts of the verbs ride, sit, see, write and chose. 10 

3. Compare all the words that admit of comparison in the following couplet : 

"How far that little candle throws his beam ! 

So shines a good deed m a naughty world." 10 

4. What class of verbs has no passive voice ? Write a sentence to illustrate, 10 

5. Classify the clauses in the sentence, "And God said, 'Let there be light,' 

and there was light," stating whether they are principal or subordinate. 10 

Note. — In naming a clause, it is sulFicient to include only simple subject and simple ()red- 
icate. 

6. Parse the word what in the sentence, This is precisely what ims necessary. 10 

7. Write sentences containing verbs in the potential mode denoting («) power; 

(Z)) necessity ; (c) permission. 10 

8. Write live abstract nouns, 10 

9. What is a finite verb? 10 

10. Which modgs can be used in the interrogative form? AVhich cannot be so 

used? Illustrate. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... March, 1888, Special. 

If we retrench the wages of the sclioolmaster, we must raise those of tlie recruit- 
ing-sergeant. Edwaud Eveuett. 

1. Write out a complete analysis of the above extract, using any system famil- 

iar to you. 10 

2. Parse If and recruiting-sergeant. 10 

3. Decline we. 10 

168 



State of New York. 
depa litment of public instruction. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

2danci3rd.Grad.es, - . . - . March 3, 1888. 

1. Singular, — if I go, if you go, if he go. Plural, — if we go, if you go, if they 

go. 

2. "VYomen's, foxes", .sliecp's, turkeys', ladies'. 

0. Its, lier, my or mine, whose, whosesoever. 

4. "Worse, better, less, nigher, hinder, 

5. J/arious answers. 

6. Answer not needed. 

7. What these ihhigs meant. What. 

S. In the objective case after receiving. 
9. It belongs to ridgnr. 
10: In the objective case after of. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . . March 13, 1888. 

1. No answer required. 

2. Ride — rode — riding — ridden. 
J Sit — sat — sitting — sat. 

See — saw — seeing — seen. 

Write — wrote — writing — written. 

Choose — chose — clioosing — chosen. ' 

3. Far — farther — farthest. 
Little — less — least. 
Good — better — best. 

Naughty — naughtier — naughtiest. 

4. Intransitive verbs. 

5. Principal clauses, God said; there iras light. Subordinate clause, Let there be 

light. 

6. Relative pronoun — third person — singular number — neuter gender, nominative 

case in predicate with verb /.s, and nominative case, subject of the verb teas. 

7. No answer required. 

8. No answer required. 

9. One that predicates tlie act or state of a subject. 

10. Indicative and potential. Imperative and subjunctive. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... March, 1888, Special. 

1. Answers will differ. 

2. 7/" is a conjunction connecting the clauses. liecruiting-sergeant is a noun, com- 

mon, compound, third person, singular number, masculine gender, objective 
case, and object of preposition of. 

3. Singular. Plural. 
Norn. I, we, 
Poss. my, mine, our, 
Ohj. me, us, 

169 

/. 



State of New York. 
uniform examina tion questions. 

GRAMMAR. 

2d and 3d Grades, . . - . March, 1888, Special. 

4. Give the four principal parts of the verbs compel, freeze, see, lie and lay. 10 

5. Give a synopsis (first person singular number) of the verb he, in the potential 

mode. 10 

6. Write an interrogative sentence or sentences containing: 

a. A phrase modifying the subject ; 
h. A compound relative prouuoun; 

c. A pronoun in the possessive case ; 

d. A verb in the subjunctive mode. Underscore the parts required. 10 

7. Give the plurals of money, chimney, valley, duty and Henry. 10 

8. Write three nouns which have no plural, and two which have no singular. 10 

9. Define etymology and syntax. 10 
10. Write one or more declarative sentences containing all the eight parts of 

speech ; underscore the words representing the several parts of speech. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... April 7, 1888^ 

Listen, my children, and you shall hear 

Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere, 

On the eighteenth of April in seventy-five; 

Hardly a man is now alive 

Who remembers that famous day and year. 

The first six questions have reference to the above selection. 

1. What are the simple subjects of the principal clauses? 10 

2. Name the predicate or predicates of the subordinate clause or clauses. 10 

3. What are the three modifiers of man ? 10 

4. Give the syntax (case and why) of children. 10 

5. The relation of what words is shown by OTi? 10 

6. Give the mode of each verb. 10 

7. What are the fcminines of hero, giant, testator, czar, Joseph ? 10 

8. Change the following to a sentence having a principal and adverbial clause: 

Troy being taken by the Greeks, ^neas came into Italy. 10 

9. Decline the personal pronoun of the second person. 10 

10. Write one or more sentences, illustrating the use of that as a {a) pronoun, {h) 

adjective, {c) conjunction. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . _ . . May 5, 1888. 

Sweet was the sound, when oft, at evening's close, 

Up yonder hill the village murmur rose. 

There as I passed with careless steps and slow, 

The mingling notes came softened from below.— Goldsmith. 

The first four questions have reference to the above selection. 

1. What are the simple subjects of the principal clauses? What are the simple 

predicates of the subordinate clauses? 10 

3. Give three modifiers of came. 10 

3. Mention two adverbs, and state what they modify. 10 

4. Select five adjectives (including the) and state what they modify. 10 

5. Conjujrate the \erh forsake, in the passive voice, indicative mode, past per- 

fect (pluperfect) tense. 10 

170 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

2d and 3d Grades, ... - March, 1888, Special. 

4. Intl. Pres. Ind. Past. Part. Pres. Part. Past. 
Compel, compelled, compelling, compelled. 
Freeze, froze, freezing, frozen. 
See, saw, seeing, seen. 

Lie, lay, lyiug, |ain. 

Lay, laid, laymg, laid. 

5. I may be, I might be, I may have been, I might have been. 

6. Answers will differ. 

7. Moneys, chimneys, valleys, duties, and the Henrys. 

8. Gold, pride, courage, idleness, cohesion, architecture, rhetoric, bronchitis, meek- 

ness, etc'., have no plural; assets, suds, scissors, tongs, billiards, breeches, 
trowsers, oats, fireworks, vespers, goods, cattle, ides, embers, literati, etc., 
have no singular. 

9. Etymology treats of the different parts of speech, their classification and modifi- 

cations. Syntax treats of the relation, agreement, government and arrange- 
ment of words in sentences, 
10, Answers will differ, 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... - April 7, 1888. 

1. You; you; man. 

2. Remembers, 

3. Adjectives a and alive, and the adjective (relative) clause, who remembers. 

4. Nominative independent by direct address. 

5. Ride — day. 

6. Listen is in the imperative mode; shall hear, is and remembers are in the indica- 

tive mode. 

7. Heroine, giantess, testatrix, czarina, Josephine. 

8. When Troy had been taken by the Greeks, ^neas came into Italy. 

9. See a school grammar. 

10, Example: Give me the book that lies on that table, that I may read it. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - May 5, 1888. 

1, Subjects of principal clauses : sound; notes. Predicates of subordinate clauses : 
^ rose ; passed. 

3. 1st, adverb, there; 2nd, adverbial clause, as J passed; 3rd, adverbial phrase, 

/ro)n below. „ 

3. Oft modifies the verb rose; there modifies the verb came. 

4. 5wee^ modifies sound; the modifies sound, murmur, and notes; yonder modifies 

hill; village modifies murmur ; careless and sloio modify steps ; mingling modi- 
fies notes. 

5. I had been forsaken, thou hadst been forsaken, he had been forsaken, we had 

been forsaken, you had been forsaken, they had been forsaken. 

171 



State of New York. 
uniform ex a 3tina tion q ues tions. 



GRAMMAR. 
2d and 3rd. Grades, .-.--. May 5, 1888. 

6. Define a colleetive noun; give two examples. 10 

7. What parts of speech may connect clauses ? Illustrate each by a sentence 

or sentences. 10 

8. Write a sentence containing a declarative and an interrogative clause. 10 

9. Write a sentence or sentences, illustrating a phrase (preposition and its ob- 

ject) used (a) adjectively, (b) adverhially. 10 

10. Illustrate by sentence a clause used as attribute, i. e., like a noun in the 

predicate, forming with an intransitive verb a predicate. 10 

2d and 3d Grades, ..-.-. June, 1888. 

The Puritans brought to civil and military affairs a coolness of judgment and an 
immutability of purpose which some writers have thought inconsistent with their 
religious zeal, but which were, in fact, the necessary effects of it. Macaulay. 

The first five questions following have reference to the above selection. 

1. Mention all the clauses, classifying them as principal or subordinate. " 10 

Note. — In naming clauses it is sufficient to include only the simple subject and simple 
predicate. 

2. Give all the modifiers of immutahility. 10 

3. Parse fully the second tchich. 10 

4. Give syntax (case and why) of effects. 10 

5. Under proper headings indicating the parts of speech, classify all of the 

words of the above extract. 10 

6. Write a sentence containing a noun in apposition with the object of a transi- 

tive verb. 10 

7. Write a sentence whose predicate is modified by an adverb, a phrase (prepo- 

sition and its object) and a clause (subject and predicate). 10 

8. Write a sentence having a clause used as its subject. 10 

9. Write synopsis (first person, singular number) of the verb he in the indica- 

tive mode. 10 

10. By sentence or sentences illustrate the connection of clauses by three dif- 
ferent parts of speech. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . August 14, 1888. 

Labor sits enthroned in palaces of crystal, whose high-arched roofs proudly sparkle 
in the sunshine which delightetii to honor it, and whose ample courts are crowded 
with the trophies of its victories in every country, and in every age. Rev. Newman 
Hall. 

The first eight questions refer to the above selection. 

Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its simple subject and simple predicate. 
In giving the S!/ntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. 
By phrase is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition 
and its simple (unmodified) object. 

A modifier may be a word, phrase, or clatise. 
Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 

1. What are the modifiers of ^aZaces.' 10 

2. What are the predicates of the subordinate clauses? 10 

3. Give syntax of roofs and sunshine. 10 

4. Select (1) two adjective phrases, (2) two adverbial plirases. 10 

5. What is the office of enthroned ? 10 

6. What modes are found in the above selection ? 10 
7. Parse sits. 10 

172 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 



GRAMMAR.— Answers. 
2d and 3rd Grades, ----- May 5, 1888. 

0. A noun which in the singuhir number denotes more than one is called a coUeo 

tire noun. Examples: school, army. 

7. Conjunctions, relative pronouns and certain adverbs. (Illustrative sentences.) 

8. Example : He said, Will you go ? 

9. Example: A coin of great value was found i/i the street. 

10. His answer was ' '7 tcill go, " or, the teacher's desire is that all should learn. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ------ June, 1888. 

1. Principal clause — Puritans brought. Subordinate clauses — Which writers 

have thought ; which icere effects. 

2. Adjective, an; phrase, of purpose y the two subordinate clauses. 

3. Pronoun, relative, third person, plural number, neuter gender, agreeing with its 

antecedents, coolness and immutalility, subject of the verb were and in the 
nominative case. 

4. Attribute of the predicate and agrees with the subject wJiich in the nominative 

case. 
5. 

Nouns. Pronouns. Adjectives. Yerbs. Prepositions. Conjunctions. 

Puritans. Which. The. Brought. To. And. 

Affairs. Their. Civil. Have thought. Of. But. 

Coolness. It. Military. Were. With. 

Judgment. A. In. 

Immutability. An. 

Purpose. Some. 

Writers. Inconsistent. 

Zeal. Religious. 

Fact. Necessary. 
Effects. 

6. I saw jMr. Jones, the merchant. 

7. The children walked hrisHy to school, when the hell rang. 

5. Who goes there? was said by the sentinel. That man is mortal is certain. 

9. Present, I am. Past, I was. Future, I shall (will) be. Present perfect, I have 
been. Past perfect, I had been. Future perfect, I shall (will) have been. 
10. John writes and Mary reads. Mr. Smith, who was sick, has recovered. He 
came when he was called. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - _ - August 14, 1888. 

1. The adjective phrase, of crystal, and the adjective clauses, whose roofs sparTcle 

and whose courts are crowded. 

2. Sparkle, delighteth and are crowded. 

3. Subject of the verb sparkle, and in the nominative case. Object of the preposi- 

tion in, and in the objective case. 

4. Adjective phrases, of crystal and of victories; adverbial phrases, in palaces, in 

sunshine, with trophies, in country, and in age. 

5. A participle, in the past tense and modifies labor. 

6. Indicative and infinitive modes. 

7. Sit^ is a verb, principal parts, sit, sat, sitting, sat, irregular, intransitive, indica- 

tive mode, present tense, and agrees with its subject, labor, in the third person 

and singular number. 

173 



State of New York. 
uniform examina tion q uestions. 

GRAMMAR. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . . August 14, 1888. 

8. Parse the first whose. 10 

9. Write a sentence containing a pronoun used as a part of the predicate 

(attribute). 10 

10. Write a sentence containing a present perfect (compound) participle, i. e., a 

participle in the present perfect tense. ' lo 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - September 1, 1888. 

Arabia is destitute of navigable rivers, which fertilize the soil, and convey its 
products to the adjacent regions; the torrents tuat fall from the hills are imbibed by 
the thirsty earth; the rare and hardy plants, the tamarind or the acacia, that strike their 
roots into the clefts of the rocks, are nourished by the dews of the night. Gibbon. 

Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its simple subject and simple predicate. 
In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. 
By phrase is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition 
and its simple (unmodified) object. 
A modifier may be a ivord, phrase or clause. 
Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 

1. What are the simple subjects of the principal clauses? 10 

2. What are the predicates of the subordinate clauses? 10 

3. Give the modifiers of rivers. 10 

4. Make a list of the pronouns in the selection, indicating to what class of pro- 

nouns each belongs. 10 

5. What is the syntax of tamarind ? 10 

6. Parse into and destitute. 10 

7. Name two nouns which are objects of prepositions and three nouns which 

are objects of verbs. 10 

8. Define a. pei'sonal pro7ioun. 10 

9-10, By sentences illustrate the connection of clauses by three different 
parts of speech, and indicate to what part of speech each connective 
used, belongs. 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 11, 1888. 

In short, the city of Rome was enriched with the spoils of the whole world, and 
had that air of pomp and magnificence which suited the capital of the greatest 
empire that the world ever saw. Peter Parley. 

The first six questions refer to the above selection. 

Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its simple subject and simple predicate. 
In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. 
By phrase is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition 
and its simple (unmodified) object. 
A modifier may be a word, phrase, or clause. 
Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 

1. Classify the clauses as principal and subordinate, 10 

2. 'What are the modifiers of the suhject of the principal clause? 10 

3. How is the predicate was enriched modified? 10 

4. Give the modifiers of air and empire, 10 

5. Parse the first and, and the first that. 10 

6. Parse the second that. 10 

174 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... August 14, 1888. 

S. Whose is a pronoun, relative, third person, plural number and neuter gender to 
agree with its antecedent, palaces, is in the possessive case and modifies roofs. 

9. Example : It is I. 
10. Example: The hoy having recited his lesso7i was dismissed. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - September 1, 1888. 

1. Arabia, torrents and plants. 

2. Fertilize and convey, fall, strike. 

3. The adjective, navigable, and the adjective clause, which fe7'tilise. 

4. Relative pronouns, ichirh, that. 
Personal pronouns, its, their. 

5. In apposition with plants, and agrees with it in the nominative case. 

6. Into is a preposition and shows the relation between clefts and strike. Destitute 

is a qualifying adjective, positive degree and modijSes Arabia. 

7. Objects of prepositions, rivers, regions, hills, earth, clefts, rocks, dews, night. 
Objects of verbs, soil, products, roots. 

8. A pronoun whose form is varied to indicate person is called a 2)ersonal pronoun. 
9-10. John came and James went away. ^Ir. Smith, who called, immediately left. 

They returned when they had finished the work. A7ul is a conjunction ; toho 
is a pronoun ; when is an adverb. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - September 11, 1888. 

1. Principal clause, city teas enriched. Subordinate clauses, which suited and that 

world saw. 

2. The subject, city, is modified by the adjective the and the adjective phrase of 

Rome. 

3. The predicate, was enriched, is modified by the adverbial clause, loith spoils. 

4. Air is modified by the adjective, that, the adjective phrase, of pomp and magnifi- 

cence, and the adjective clause, which suited ; empire is modified by adjec- 
tives, the and greatest, and the adjective clause, that world saw. 

5. And is a conjuuction and connects the predicates was enriched and had. That is 

a specifying adjective and modifies air. 

6. That is a pronoun, relative, agrees with its antecedent, empire, in the third 

person, singular number, and neuter gender, is the object of saw and is in the 

objective case. 

175 



State of New York. 
unifoiim examina tion q uestl ons. 

GRAMMAR. 

2d and 3d Grades, . _ . . - September 11, 1888. 

7. Define a relative pronoun. 10 

8. "Write two cibstract and two collective nouns. 10 

9. Write a sentence whose simple subject is a, 2yarticiple. 10 
10. Write a sentence having a clause used as subject. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - _ . - . October 6, 188S. 

There is a realm where the rainbow never fades, — where the stars will spread out 
before us, like islands that slumber on the ocean, and where the beautiful beings 
which here pass before us like shadows, will stay in our presence forever. 

The first six questions refer to the above selection. 

Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its simple subject and simple predicate. 
In giving the sy/itax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. 
By^j^7'«ye is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition 
and its simple (nnmodified) object. • 

A modifier may be a word, phrase, or clause. 
Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 

1-2. What four modifiers of realm ? 20 

3. Name two relative jironouns, and state what the clauses in which they occur, 

modify. 10 

4. What are the modifiers of pass ? 10 

5. Give the syntax of realm. . 10 

6. Parse tckich. 10 

7. Define voice. By examples illustrate both voices. 10 

8. Give an example of the regular cqpiparison of an adjective, and the irregular 

comparison. 10 

9. Define a common noun. 10 

10. Write a sentence containing a verb in the potential mode and a verb in the 

injinitive mode. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - November 3, 1888. 

'Tisatime 

For memory and for tears. 

Within the deep, still chambers of the heart, a spectre dim 

"Whose tones are like the wizard voice of time. 

Heard from the tomb of ages, points its cold 

And solemn fingers to the beautiful 

And holy visions that have passed away, 

And left no shadow of their loveliness 

On the dead waste of life. Prentiss. 

The first eight questions refer to the above selection. 

Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its simple subject, and its simple predicate. 
In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. 
By phrase is meant a preposition with its object. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition 
and its simple (unmodified) object. 

A modifier may be a tvord, phrase, or clause. 
Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 

1. Which are the principal clauses? Which are the subordinate clauses? 10 

2. Give four modifiers of voice. 10 

3. The phrase, within chamhers modifies what? 10 

4. Give four modifiers of visions. 10 

176 



State of New York. 
depart men t of p ubll g ins t r u c ti o n. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

2d and 3d Grades, .... - Septemter 11, 1888. 

7. A pronoun -niiich connects clauses is culled a relative pronoun. 

8. Examples of abstract nouns: truth, Justice, honesty. Examples of collective 
"■ nouns: school, army, assemhly. 

9. Example: Jumjnng from a moving railroad train is dangerous. 

10. Examples: That study is iiseful is evident; " I to ill go,'''' was his answer. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . _ - . October 6, 1888, 

1-2. Realm is modified by the adjective a, and the adjective clauses, wTiere 
rainbow fades, where stars will sp7-ead, and tchere lieings will stay. 

3. That, the clause modifies islands. Wliich, the clause modifies beings. 

4. The adverb here, and the adverbial phrases, before tis, and like shadows. 

5. Subject of the verb is, and in the nominative case. 

6. Which is a pronoun, relative, agrees with its antecedent, beings, in the third 

person, plural number, botli genders, is the subject of the verb 2Jass, and is in 
the nominative case. 

7. That property of transitive verbs, which distinguishes their subjects as acting or 

acted upon, is called voice. John writes a letter. A letter is written by John. 

8. Large, larger, largest. Good, better, best. 

9. A name that may be applied to each object of the same class is called a common 

noun. 
10. 1 may wish to go. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - November 3, 1888. 

1. Principal clauses, 'Tis time, and spectre points. Subordinate, Whose tones are 

like voice, and that have passed, and left. 

2. The adjectives, the and wizard, the adjective phrase, of time, and the participle 

heard. 

3. Points. 

4. The adjectives the, beautiful, and holy, and the adjective clauses, that have passed, 

and left. 

177 



State of New York. 

UNI F O Ji M EX A Ml XA TIOX Q U E S TI O XiS. 

GRAMMAR. 
2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . November 3, 1888. 

5. Give the syntax of time, in the first line. 10 

G. Give the four principal parts of the verbs, are, and heard. 10 

7-8. Write the synopsis of the verb have in the indicative mode, naming oaeli 

tense, and using the first person. 20 

0. Name one each of all parts of speecli found in the selection. 10 
10. AVrite a sentence containing an objective clause. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, _ _ _ . . January 5, 1889. 

Alexand(>r rose early; the first moments of the day were consecrated to jirivate de- 
votion, and liis domestic chapel was tilled with the images of tliose heroes who by 
improving or reforming human life, had deserved the grateful reverence of ])OSterity. 

Gibbon. 

The first eight questions refer to the above selection. 

NoTKs. — \n iinniiiifj; a clanso, iiichulo o\\\y its* simple subject and simple predicnio. 

\\\ <j;iviiijj; tlio ai/ittax of a miiin or pronoun, give only the (Vj.sv and tlio reason for it. 

]{y /lA/vf.s't' is meant a jtrcposition audits object. In naming a ]>lirase, give only tlie preposi- 
tion and its simple (iinmoditied ) objeet. 

A moditier may l)e a word, phrase or clause, 

liiliiiilivi's are ela.ssed as i/iodt's of tbe verb. 

Only eight i)arts of speeeh arc recognized — the articles, (7it< and (/ forming a siilniivision of ad- 
jectives, iu\d participti'K being one of tlio modifications of verbs. 

hi parsing verbs, observe the following orcter; Principal parts, regular or irregular, transitive 
or intransitive, voice, mode, tense, person, number, agreement. 

1. Classify all the clauses as principal or subordinate, 8 

2. Give ft list of all the verbs witli voice of each. 12 

3. Parse the first verb. 10 

4. Select and vrito in a column the following: (//) a relative pronoun, (/<) a 

jn'onoun in the ]>ossessive case, {r) a participle used like a noun and in the 
ol)jective cas(>, (</) an adverb, (<■) an adjective clause, {/) a noun used as 
object of a transitive verb, (g) an adverbial jjhrase, (//) an adjective phrase, 
(/) a qualifying (descriptive) adjective, (j) a specifying (limiting) adjec- 
tive. ' 20 

5. Give synopsis (first person, singular) of the verb deserve, in all the tenses of 

the indicative mode. 6 

6. Compare earli/. 3 

7. Name and classify the modifiers of the second subject, moments. G 

8. (a) Write the second clause, changing the voice of the verb; Qi) state how 

to change the active voice of any transitive verb to the passive voice. 10 

9. Write a sentence containing a noun in apposition with the subject. Write a 

sentence containing a j)ronoun used as attribute (predicate uoun). 10 

10. Illustrate by sentence or sentences, the use of (a) a plural noun in the pos- 
sessive case, (I)) a verb having two subjects, (f) a verb having two objects. 15 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . February 2, 1889. 

Tiiey advanced in two lines, quickening their pace as they closed toward the 
enemy. A more fearful spectacle was never Avitnessed than by those who beheld 
these heroes rusliing to the arms of death. At the distance of twelve hundred 
yards the whole line of tlie enemy belched forth from thirty iron mouths a flood of 
smoke and flame, througit whicJi hissed the deadly balls. Their fligiit was marked 
by instant gaps in our ranks, by dead men and horses, by steeds flying wounded and 
riderless across the plain. W. II. Kusskll. 

The first seven questions refer to the above selection. 

Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its nuinoditu'd subject and unmodified predicate. 
In giving the nj/ntax of a noun or iironoun, give onlj' the caso and the reason for it. 
l}y phrase is meant n preposition uud its objeet. lu uaiuiug a phrase, give only the preposition 
and its unmodifiod sii&ject. 

178 



State of New York. 

D EPA n T MEN T F I' UB L I C 1 N ti T n V C T 1 N. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 
2d and 3rd Grades, . . . - . November 3, 1888. 

5. Predicate noun (uttribiitc) and agrees with the subject // in tlie iioiniiiative case. 

6. Am ;l)e), was, being, l)een. 
Hear, heard, hearing, heard. 

7-8. Present. I liave; past, 1 had; future, I sliail (will) Inive; ])resent ])erlect, I 

have had; )>ast i)erfeet, 1 had had; future perfect, 1 shall (will) have had. 
9. No answers need to be here given. 
10. E.xaniples: lie Hitkl tlt((t In- xcoald (jo. He replied, ''/ iri// //".'' 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... - January 5, 1889. 

1. Principal clauses, Alexander rose, 

Moments were consecrated, 
Chapel was filled. 
Subordinate clause, Who had deserved. 

2. Rose, active voice; were consecrated, passive; was filled, passive; improving, 

active ; reforming, active ; had deserved, active. 

3. Principal parts, rise, ros(>, rising, risen, irregular, intransitive, is in the form of 

the active voice, indicative mode, past tense, third person, singular number, to 
agree with its subject, Alexander. 

4. {a) who; 
(b) his; 

((0 improving, reforming; 

{d) early; 

(e) who had deserved ; 

(/) reverence ; 

ig) to devotion, with images, by improving, by reforming; 

(h) of day, of hcro(!S, of posterity; 

(i) private, domestic, luiman, grateful; 

(j) the, first, those. 

5. Present, I deserve; past, I deserved; future, I shall (will) deserve; present j)er- 

fect, I have deserved ; })ast-perfect, I had deserved; future-perfect, I shall 
(will) have deserved. 

G. Positive, early; comparative, earlier; suiJcrlative, earliest. 

7. The adjectives, the and first, and the adjective phrase of day. 

8. lie consecrated the first moments of the day to private devotion. 

Prefix th(! ))roper mode and tense of the verb, to be, to the past (])erfect) 
])arlicii)le of the given verb. 

9. Milton, the poet, was bliml. It is I. 

10. The hoys' cats and dogs eat hrcail and meat. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . February 2, 1889. 

1. Principal clauses: They advanced, Spectacle xcas witnessed. Line belched, Flight mas 
marked. 
.Subordinate clauses: As they closed, Who beheld. Through tcJiich balls hissed. 
XoTB. — Two subordinate clauses could be restored after than. 

3. Objects of verbs: Pace, heroes, fiood. 

Objects of prepositions: Lines, cneiyiy, arms, death, distance, yards, mouths, smoke, 

flame, gaps, ranks, meii, horses, steeds, plain. 
Participles used like adjectives: Quickening, rushing, flying, wounded. 

179 



State of New York. 
unifoiim exam i ?t a tiox questions. 

GRAMMAR. 
2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . February 2, 1889. 

A modifier may be a word, phrase, or clause. 

Tnfiuitivos are classed as modes of the verb. 

Only eight parts of speech are recos;nized — the articles, the and a forming a subdivision of ad- 
jectives, and participles being one of the modifications of verbs. 

In parsing a verb, observe the following order : Principal parts, regular or irregular, transitive 
or intransitive, voice, mode, tense, person, number, agreement. 

In parsing a noun or pronoun, observe the following order: Class, person, number, gender, 
case. Give the reason for case. In parsing a relative pronoun, state the agreement with its ante- 
cedent. An object of a transitive verbis classed as a 7nodiJier of such verb. 

1. Select three principal and two subordinate clauses. 10 

2. Select two nouns each of which is the object of a verb, and three nouns 

each of which is the object of a pre; position. 
Select a participle used like an adjective. 10 

3. Select three adverbial phrases and two adjective phrases; state what each 

modifies. 10 

4. Parse who. Give syntax of balls. ' 10 

5. Conjugate the verb Jl)/ in the progressive form of the indicative mode, 

jireseut tense. Decline ichich. 10 

6. Give the modifiers of belched. Select a verb used in the passive voice. 10 

7. Select {d) a past (perfect) participle, (b) an adverb in the comparative degree, 

(c) four different prepositions, (tZ) two conjunctions, (e) two relative pro- 
nouns. 10 

8. What are the four principal parts of verbs ? 

State how the past perfect (pluperfect) tense, common form, is made. 10 

9. Write a sentence containing a verb in the subjunctive mode, and another 

containing an adjective in the superlative degree. 10 

10. Write a sentence whose subject is modified by a word, a phrase, and a 

clause. ' 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 2, 1889. 

A person who believes he has his succor at hand, and that he acts in sight of his 
friend, often exerts himself beyond his abilities, and does wonders that are not to be 
matched by one who is not animated with such a confidence of success. 

Joseph Addison. 

The first si^ questions refer to the above selection. 

Notes. — In naming a clause, include only its unmodified subject and unmodified predicate. 

In giving the si/ntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. 

Tiy phrase is intant a preposition and its object. In" naming a phrase, give only the preposition 
and its uninddilicd object. 

A modifier may bo a word, phrase or clause. 

Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 

Only eight parts of speech arc recognized — the articles the and a forming a subdivision of ad- 
jectives, and participles being one of tlie modifications of verbs. 

Treat verbs as divided into two classes only, viz., transitive and intransitive; and treat voice as 
a property of transitive verbs onlv. . . 

in parsing a verb, observe the following order: Principal parts, regular or irregular, transitive 
or intransitive, voice, mode, tense, person, number, agreement. 

In parsing a noun or pronoun, observe the following order; Class, person, number, gender, 
case. Give the reason tor case. In parsing a relative pronoun, state the agreement with its auie- 
cedent. Au object of a transitive verb is classed as a modijler of such verb. 

1. Name five clauses, classifying them as principal or subordinate. 10 

2. Name a subject having two predicates, and give the modifiers of those pred- 

icates. ^^ 

3. Name two objective and two adjective clauses. State what each modifies. 10 

4. Select two each of the following parts of speech : pronoun, adjective, verb, 

adverb, conjunction 10 

ISO 



State of New York. 
department of public instrvctton. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

2ci and 3rd Grades, ..... February 2, 1889. 

3. Adverbial phrases: J a h'/ics, totrard enemy, hy t/ioae, to arms, at distance, from, 

mouths, thi'ough ichich, by gaps, l>y vien and horses, by steeds, across plain. 
Adjective phrases: Of death, of yards, of enemy, of smoJce and flame, in ranks. 

4. Who is a pronoun, relative, agrees with its antecedent those in the third person, 

plural number, and masculine gender. It is the subject of the verb leheld, 
and is therefore in the nominative case. 
Balla is the subject of the verb hissed, and is therefore in the nominative case. 

5. Singular: I am flying, you are flying, he is flying. 
Plural : We are flying, you are flying, they are flying. 

Nominative, which; possessive, whose, objective, which ; singular and plural alike. 

6. The adverbial phrase, At distance, the adverb, forth, the adverbial phrase, /to??i 

mouths, the object, ^owZ. 
Verbs used in the passive voice: teas witnessed, was nvirlced. 

7. (a) wounded, (b) more, (c) in, toward, by, to, of, at, from, through, across, (d) as, 

than, and, (e) who, which. 

8. Present and past tenses of the indicative mode, and present and past tenses 

of the participle. 
By prefixing the past tense of have, i. e., had, to the past (perfect) participle. 

9. If I go he will not come. 

This is the finest day of the year. 

10. The large basket of grapes which j-ou sent was received. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 2, 1889. 

1. Principal clause, Person exerts and does. Subordinate clauses, Who believes, He 

Juts, lie acts, That are to be matched, Who is animated. 

2. Person. First predicate, exerts, is modified by adverb, often, the object, himself, 

and the adverbial phrase, beyond abilities. Second predicate, does, is modified 
by the object, wonders. 

3. Objective clauses, He has, and He arts. They both modify believes. Adjective 

clauses, Who believes, modifying person; That are to be matched, modifyins: 
wonders; Who is animated, modifying one. 

4. Pronouns, who, he, his, himself, that. (Some class one as a pronoun.) Adjectives, 

A, the, one, such. Verbs, believes, has, acts, exerts, does, are, to he matched, is 

animated. Adverbs, often, not. Conjunctions, and, thnt. 

181 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

GRAMMAR. 

2d and 3rd Grades, March 2, 1889. 

5. Select {a) a verb in the passive voice, indicative mode, (1)) an adjective used 

like a noun (by some called an adjective pronoun), (o) a verb in the infini- 
tive mode used like an adjective, {d) the antecedent of the pronoun, that^ 
(t) a pronoun in the objective case. 10 

6. Parse is animated according to the order given in tlic above notes. 10 

7. Write four short sentences illustrating the four principal parts of the verb, 

do, using a subject in the third person, singular number. 
Which one of these parts is used in making tlie jMX'^ioe voice ? 10 

8. Illustrate by sentence or sentences the use of an appositive (noun or pronoun 

in apposition), and a predicate noun (attribute). 10 

9. When may a group of words be called an adjective clement? When an ad- 

verbial clement? Give an illustration of each. 10 

10. Give examples of two different uses of the infinitive mode, and classify the 

examples. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 12, 1889. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dis- 
solve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, 
among the powers of the earth, the separate and ecjual station to which the laws of 
nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind 
requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. 

Declaration of Indkpkndence. 

The first five questions refer to the above selection. 

Notes. — Tn niimini; a clause, inchide only its unmodified subject and unmodified predicate. 

In {giving the fi/n,tax of a noun or pronoun, £;ive only the case and the reason for it. 

By phraxe is meant a preposition and its object. lu uamiug a phrase, give only the preposition 
and its unmodified object. 

A modifier may be a word, pJirasi; or clause. 

Infinitives are classed as //>()</(.■< of the verb. 

Only eight parts of speech are recoj^nized — the articles t/ie and a forming a subdivision of 
adjectives, and participles being one of the modifications of verbs. 

Treat verbs as divided into two classes only, viz., transitive and intransitive ; and treat voice as 
a property of transitive verbs only. 

In parsing a verb, observe the following order: Principal parts, regular or irregular, transitive 
or intransitive, voice, mode, tense, person, number, agreement. 

In parsing a noun or pronoun, observe tiio foUownig order: Class, person, number, gender, 
case. Give tlie reason for case. In parsing a relative pronoun, state the agreement with its 
antecedent. An object of a transitive verb is classed as a modijicr of such verb. 

1. Select five subordinate clauses, classifying them as adjective, adverbial, or 

objective. 10 

3. What arc the modifiers of respect ? of requires ? 10 

3. What are the modifiers of I)U7ids ? of to assume ? 10 

4. Decline the pcM-sonal pronoun of the third person, giving all of its forms in 

the singular. 10 

5. Give an example of each part of speech found in the .selection. Give the 

syntax of the relative pronouns. 10 

6. Select one verb illustrating each mode found in the above extract. Parse 

thai. 10 

7. Write a sentence containing a verb in the imperative mode. Write a sentence 

containing a plural noun in the possessive case. 10 

8. niustrato by scntcuce the correct use of the comparative ; the superlative. 10 

182 



Statp: of New York. 
i) epa r t men t of public i ns tli u tion. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . » . March 2, 1880. 

5. {a) Verb in passive voice and indicative mode, is animated, {h) Adjective used 
like a uoun, one. (c) Verb in infinitive mode used like an adjective, to he 
matched, {d) Antecedent of that, wondets. (c) Pronoun in objective case, 
hiinaci/. (Some would treat one as a pronoun in objective case.) 

G. 7^ animated is a vcrl), principal parts, animate, animated, animating, animated, 
rej^ular, transitive, passive voice, indicative mode, present tense, and agreea 
with the subject who iu the third person, singular number. 

7. Tie does well. He did well. Tie is doing well. He has done well. The past, 

or perfect, participle is used in making the passive voice. 

8. Appositivc, ^lilton, the poet was blind. Predicate noun, Milton was a blind j9oe<. 

9. "When they modify a noun or pronoun, they constitute an adjective element. One 

of the relative clauses in the selection is an example. VVhen tliey modify a 
verl), adjective, or adverb, they constitute an adverbial element. Ex., He 
came when he was called, 
10. Answers may differ. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . - _ . March 12, 1889. 

1. Adverbial. It becomes necessary. 
Adjective. Which have connected. 
Laws entitle. 
Which impel. 
Objective. Theij should declare. 

2. Modillers of respect. Adjectives, a and decent, adjective phrase, to opinions. 
Modifiers of requires, Adverbial clause, It becomes necessary ; objective clause, 

Tli(y should declare. 

3. Modifiers of bands : Adjectives, t?ie and political, and the adjective clause, Which 

have connected. Modifiers of to assume : The adverbial phrase, among potcers, 
aud the object station. 

Singular. 

4. Xom. he, Poss. Jiis, Obj. him, 



she, 


" Jier, 


" her, 


it. 


" its, 
Pluual. 


" it. 



Nom. they, Poss. their, Obj. ihe7n. 

5. Answers to the first part may differ. 

Which iu the second line is the subject of have connected, and is in the nominative 

case. 
Which in the third line is the object of the preposition to, and is in the objective 

case. 

6. Indicative: Becomes; ham connected; entitle; requires; impel. Infinitive: To 

dissolve; to assume. Potential: Should declare. That connects the clauses, 
li-^spect requires and they shutild declare ; it is, therefore, a coujuuctioa. 

7. Examples: G^(? quickly. The &o?/s' lessons were recited well, or, lie sells toowwn's 

shoes. 

8. Examples: John is taller than I. This is the shortest day of the year. 

183 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMlNATIOli QUESTIONS. 

GRAMMAR. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 12, 1889. 

9. When sliould a verb having two or more singular subjects be in the singular , 
number? When, in the plural number? Illustrate by sentences. 10 

10. Write two nouns having no singular, and two nouns having the same form 

for both numbers. Decline the uouu lady iu both numbers. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . April 6, 1889. 

If the reader sees in this fairy picture only the romantic coloring of some fabulous 
El Dorado, he must recall what has been said before in reference to the palaces of 
the Incas, and consider that these "Houses of the Sun," as they were styled, were 
the common reservoir into which flowed all the streams of public and private bene- 
factions throughout the empire. 

William H. Prescott. 

The first six questions refer to the above selection. 

Notes.— In naming a clause, include only its unmodified subject and unmodified predicate. 

In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. 

^y phrase is meant a preposition and its object. Iu naming a phrase, give only the preposition 
and its unmodified object. 

A modifier may be a word, phrase or clause. 

An object of a tratisitive verb is classed as a modifier of that verb. 

Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 

Only eight parts of speech are recognized — the articles the and o forming a subdivision of 
adjectives, and/)a;'<m/>it;s being one of the modifications of verbs. 

Treat verbs as divided mto two classes only, viz., transitive and intransitive ; and treat voice as 
a property of transitive verbs only. 

In parsing a noun or pronoun, observe the following order: Class, person, number, gender, 
case. Give the reason for case. In parsing a relative pronoun, state the agreement with its 
antecedent. 

In parsing a verb, observe the following order; Principal parts, regular or irregular, transitive 
or intransitive, voice, mode, tens^, person, number, agreement. 

1. Give the unmodified subject, and the unmodified predicates (predicate verbs) 

of the principal clause. 10 

2. What are the modifiers of (a) must recall; (h) consider? 10 

3. What are the modifiers of (a) sees; (5) reservoir? 10 

4. Parse has been said. 10 

5. Parse (a) that; (h) into, 10 

6. Give the syntax of (a) reservoir; (h) stream. 10 

7. Define (a) adjective; (5) preposition: (c) abstract noub. 10 

8. Name five adjectives which being used like nouns are often called adjective 

pronouns. 10 

9. Write sentences showing the use of the past perfect (pluperfect) tense of the 

verb, (a) sit; (h) set; (c) lie {to recline) \ (d) lay. 10 

10. Illustrate by sentence or sentences the use of a participle and an infinitive 

used like adjectives. 10 

184 



State of New York. 
depaiitment of public instruction. 

GRAMMAR. —Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 12, 1889. 

9. When they arc connected by or or noi'. Ex., Jolin or Charles is coming. When 
they are connected by and. Ex., John and Charles are coming. 
10. Examples: Nouns with no singular, scissors, vespers, ashes, etc. 

Nouns having the same form in both numbers: Deer, sheep, swine, etc. 
Singular. — Nom. l((d>/, Poss. ladij's, Obj. hidi/. 
Plurai,. — Nom. ladies, Poss. ladies\ Obj. ladies. 

2d a^d 3rd Grades, - - . . . April 6, 1889. 

1. Subject, lie. Predicates, must recall, and (must) consider. 

2. (a) The adverbial clause, If reader sees, and the objective clause, tchat has been 

said. {Wliat may be treated as the object.) (5) The objective clause, that 
" Houses of the Sun " icere reservoir. 

3. (a) The adverbial jihrase in picttcrc, and the object coloring ; (b) the adjectives 

the and common, and the adjective clause, into icMch Jloiced streams. 

4. Principal parts, say, said, saying, said ; regular, transitive, passive voice, 

indicative mode, present perfect tense, and agrees with the subject ichat in 
tlie third jiersou and singular number. 

5. {a) TJiat connects the following clause to the verb consider, and is a conjunction. 

(b) Into shows the relation between its object which and the verb flowed, and 
is a preposition. 

€. (a) Attribute (predicate noun); agrees with the subject in the nominative case. 
Q>) Subject of flowed; nominative case. 

7. ^a) A word used to modify a noun or pronoun is an adjective. (?>) A word used 

to show relation is a preposition, (c) The name of a quality is an abstract 
noun. 

8. Ex., All, any, both, few, this, that. 

9. Ex., {a) lie had sat at the table an hour. (&) He had set the hen. (c) He had 

lain in bed too long, {d) He had laid the book on tiie table. 
10. Ex., John having recited his lesson was dismissed. 
These are the problems to be solved. 

185 



State of New York. 
uniform ex am in a tion questions. 

GRAMMAR. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . - May 4, 1 88&. 

After a continuous service of three terms, I will leave this chair to-day ■with 
sentiments of the warmest friendship and the most profound respect, not only for 
the gentlemen who compose the present House, but for all that have preceded them; 
and, wliile the termination of my official labors and responsibilities affords of itself 
no occasion for regret, I cannot without reluctance sever the relations which have 
existed so long between us. 

John G. Carlisle. 

The first seven questions refer to the above selection. 

Notes. — 1. In naming a clause, include only its unmodified subject and unmodified predicate. 

2. Subordinate clauses include (a) subject clauses; (6) objective clauses; (c) adjective clauses ; 
(d) adverbial clauses. 

3. By phrase is meant a preposition and its object. In naming a pbrase, give only the preposition 
and its unmodified object. 

4. A modifier may be a word, phrase or clause. 

b. An object of a transitive verb is classed as a modifier of that verb. 

6. Only eight parts of speech are recognized — the articles the and a forming a subdivision of 
adjectives, and participles being one of the modifications of verbs. 

7. Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 

8. In parsing a noun or pronoun, observe the following order: Class, person, number, gender, 
case. Give the reason for case. In parsing a relative pronoun, state the agreement with its 
antecedent. 

y. In giving the si/ntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. 

10. Treat verbs as divided into two classes only, viz., transitive and intransitive ; and treat voice 
as a property of transitive verbs only. 

11. In parsing a verb, observe the" following order: Principal parts, regular or irregular, transi- 
tive or intransitive, voice, mode, tense, person, number, agreement. 

12. The special use of an infinitive or a participle is given after tense. 

1. Select the principal clauses. State what connects them. 10 

2-3. Select the subordinate clauses, and state what each modifies. 20 

4. Give the modifiers of (a) reject ; (jb) affords. 10 

5. Parse all. 10 

6. Parse that. 10 

7. Select two examples of each part of speech found in the selection. 10 

8. Using / as subject, write the future perfect (second future) tense of bid ; 

using they as subject, write the same tense of go. 10 

9. "Write a sentence whose subject is modified by an adjective clause, and 

whose predicate is modified by an adverbial clause. 10 

10. Write a sentence containing an interrogative pronoun used (a) as an object 

of a verb; (&) as an object of a preposition. 10 

1st Grade, ... - - August 13 and 14, 1889. 

1 Forty-nine years ago I had the privilege, in my capacity as aid to Governor 

2 Lincoln, to stand next to General Lafayette when he laid the corner-stone of 

3 the monument on Bunker Hill. It is impossible for persons of this generation 

4 to realize the enthusiasm with which his return was greeted;. all knew that when 
he applied, in 1776, to our commissioners in Paris for a passage in the first ship 

6 they should dispatch to America, they were obliged to answer him that they 

7 possessed not the means or the credit suflicient for providing a single vessel in 

8 all the ports of France. Josiah Qcincy. 
The first six questions refer to the above selection. 

Note. — See Notes under Grammar in lust previous examination. 
1, 2. According to note 2 above, classify the subordinate clauses, and state 

W'hat each modifies. 20 

3. Parse to stand Qiue 2). 10 

186 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . May 4, 1889. 

1. I will loive and I can sever. Conjunction and. 

2-3. The clause icho compose modities (jentlemen ; the clause that have preceded 
modifies all; the clause while termination affords modifies can sever ; the 
clause which have existed modifies relations. 

4. (a) The adjectives the and profound, and the phrases /or gentlemen and for all ; 

(b) the phrase of itself, and the object occasion. 

5. All is an adjective, specifying, not compared, used like a noun, third person, 

plural number, masculine gender, object of the preposition for, and in the 
objective case. (It is also parsed as an adjective pronoun.) 

6. That is a pronoun, relative, agreeing with its antecedent all in the third person, 

plural number and masculine gender, subject of have preceded, nominative 
case. 

7. Answers may differ. 

8. I shall have bid (bidden). They will have gone. 

9. E.\., The man who was summoned, returned when ho had delivered the message, 
10. Ex., (a) Whom did you call? (b) Towards what is he drifting? 

1st Grade, ----- August 13 and 14, 1889. 

1-2. (a) When he laid is an adverbial clause modifying to stand. 

(b) Return teas greeted is an adjective clause modifying enthusiasm. 

(c) They were obliged is an objective clause modifying Tcnew. 

{d) When he applied is an adverbial clause modifying iceve obliged (or were obliged 

to answer), 
{e) They should dispatch is an adjective clause modifying ship. 
(/) They possessed is an objective clause modifying to answer. 
3. To stand is a verb ; principal parts, stand, stood, standing, stood ; regular, in- 
transitive, infinitive mood, present tense, used like an adjective, modifying 

privilege. 

1&7 



State of New York. 

JIinFORM EX AM IN A TlOIf QUESTIONS. 

GRAMMAR. 

1st Grade, . - . . - August 13 and 14, 1889. 

4. Give syntax of (a) years (line 1); (h) vessel (line 7). 10 

5. Parse ago (line 1) ; 7iext (line 2). 10 

6. By brief sentences, illustrate the use of the verb laid in the passive voice of 

each mode, 10 

7. Name five verbs after which the infinitive mode is used without to. 10 

8. Write a sentence containing a clause used (a) as the object of a preposition ; 

(b) as an object of a transitive verb. 10 

9. Illustrate by sentences the use of three different relative pronouns. 10 

10. Give examples of five different uses of the participle, and explain the special 

use of each. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - - - August 13, 1889.« 

1 The corner-stone of the edifice whose centenary we are celebrating was the 

2 Ordinance of l'^7. It was constructed by the feeblest of Congresses, but few 

3 enactments of ancient or modern times have had more far-reaching and bene- 

4 ficeut influence. It is one of the sublimest paradoxes of history, that this weak 

5 confederation of States should have welded the chain, against which, after 

6 seventy-four years of fretful efforts for release, its own spirit frantically dashed 

7 and died. Chauncey M. Depew's Centennial Oration. 
The first nine questions refer to the above selection. 

Note. — See j\'otcs under Grammar in last previous examination. 

1. Which are the principal clauses ? 10 

*2. State what each subordinate clause modifies, and give its elementary char- 
acter according to note 2 above. See Notes. 10 

3. Recast the first clause of the second sentence, changing the voice of the verb. 10 

4. Give syntax of centenary (line 1) and ordinance (line 2). 10 

5. Give three modifiers of dashed (line 6). 10 

6. Select an adjective used like a noun and give its syntax. 10 

7. Decline wliose (line 1), and give its syntax. 10 

8. Select an example of each degree of comparison of adjectives found in the 

selection. 10 

9. Select (a) a personal pronoun; (5) a verbal (participial) adjective. Decline 

the pronoun selected. 10 

10. Write a sentence containing a participle used as the object of a preposition 

and having as its own object a proper noun. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . September 7, 1889. 

1 May the Great Ruler of nations grant that the signal blessings with which He 

2 has favored ours, may not, by the madness of party or by personal ambition, be 

3 disregarded and lost* and may His wise providence bring tliose who have pro- 

4 (luced this crisis to see the folly, before they feel the misery of civil strife, and 

5 inspire a returning veneration for that Union which, if we may dare to penetrate 

6 His designs. He has chosen as the only means of attaining the high destinies to 

7 which we may reasonably aspire. 

Andkew Jackson. 
The first six questions refer to the above selection. 
Note. — See Notes under Grammar in last previous examination. 

188 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INS THUG T I ON. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

1st Grade, . . - . . August 13 and 14, 1889. 

4. Years is in the objective case without a preposition expressed, as it denotes 

duration of time. 
Vessel is the object of the verb providing, and is in the objective case. 

5. Ago is'an adjective modifying years. 
Next is an adverb modifying to stand. 

6. Answers may differ. 

7. Any five of the following: bid, dare, feel, hear, let, make, need and see. 

8. Answers may differ. 

0. Answers may differ. 
10. Answers may differ. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . August 13, 1889. 

1. Principal clauses: Corner-stone was ordinance; it was constructed; enactments have 

had; it is one. 

2. Subordinate clauses : We are ceWbrating is an adjective clause modifying edifice; 

confederation should have welded is an adjective clause in apposition with it; 
spirit dashed and died is an adjective clause modifying chain. 

3. The feeblest of Congresses constructed it. 

4. Centenary is the object of are celebrating and is in the objective case. Ordinance 

is the attribute (predicate noun) and agrees with the subject in the nomina- 
tive case. 

5. (a) Adverbial phrase, against lohich; (b) adverbial phrase, after years; (c) adverb, 

frantically. 

6. Feeblest, object of the preposition by, and is in the objective case. One is the 

attribute (predicate noun), and agrees with the subject it in the nominative 
case. 

7. Singular and plural. 

Nominative, who. Possessive, whose. Objective, whom. Possessive case and 
modifies centenary. 

8. Positive: feiu, ancient, modern, far-reaching, beneficent, ioealc, fretful. Superlative: 

feeblest, sublimest. 

9. Singular — Nominative, I. Plural — We. 

Possessive, my (mine). our. 

Objective, me. us. 

Nominative, it. they. 

Possessive, its. their. 

Objective, it. them. 
Verbal adjective, far-reaching. 
10. Answers may differ. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... - September 7. 1889. 

1-2. Blessings may be disregarded and lost is au objective clause modifying grant. 
He has favored is an adjective 'clause modifying blessings. 
Who have 2)roduced is an adjective clause modifying tJiose. 
They feel is an adverbial clause modifying to see. 
We may dare is an adverbial clause modifying has chosen. 
He has chosen is an adjective clause modifying union. 
We may aspire is an adjective clause modifying destinies. 

189 



State of New York. 
ujhifojim examination questions. 



GRAMMAR. 

2d. and 3rd Grades, . . . . _ September 7, 1889. 

1-2. Classify all the subordinate clauses in accordance with note 2 above, and 

state what each clause modifies. See Notes. 20 

3. Select three adjective phrases, and two adverbial phrases. 10 

4. Select an example of eacli i)art of speecli found in the selection. . 10 

5. Define a common noun and a relative pronoun. Select an example of each. 10 

6. Give syntax of which (line 5) ; attaining (line C) ; destiiiies (line 6), 10 

7. Cxive tlie rule applied in parsing a finite verb. 10 

8. Decline the personal pronoun of the first person. 10 

9. Write a sentence containing an infinitive mood and state its special use in 

the illustration given. 10 
10. "Write a sentence containing an adverb, an adverbial phrase and an adverbial 

clause. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . « - September 10, 1889. 

1 Simple industry, unskilled labor, has a power to build up the family, that 

2 never was known before, and to send cohorts of children to honor and usefulness. 

3 A simple day-laborer, tliat earns his one or two doUars a day, lives better than tlie 

4 nobles in the court of Queen Elizabeth, has more luxuries than they had, and is 

5 more refined than they were. His children are within the reach of common schools. 

Henry Ward Beecher. 
The first seven questions refer to the above selection. 

Note. — See Notes under Grammar in last previous examination. 

1. Name two adjective clauses and three adverbial clauses. 10 

2. Give four modifiers of power. 10 

3. Recast the portion of the second sentence ending with the words Queen 

ElizahetJi, avoiding the use of the relative pronoun. 10 

4. Select (n) a proper noun; (h) a transitive verb in the active voice; (c) a 

transitive verb in the passive voice; (d) an intransitive verb; (e) a com- 
pound noun. 10 

5. Select three adverbs and two conjunctions. 10 

6. Parse up (line 1), and than (line 4). 10 

7. Give syntax of lahor (line 1); day (line 3); nobles (line 4). 10 

8. Which parts of speech are declined ? Which conjugated ? Which com- 

pared ? " 10 

9. Decline the personal pronoun of the feminine gender in both numbers. 10 
10. Write a sentence containing two verbs, one in the imperative mood and 

the other in the indicative mood. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- October 5, 1889. 

1 As the stranger stands beneatli tlic dome ofcSt. Paul's, or treads, with religious 

2 awe, the silent aisles of Westminster Abbey, the sentiment, which is breathed 

3 from every object around him, is. the utter emptiness of sublunary glory. The 

4 fine arts, obedient to ])rivate affection or public gratitude, have here embodied, iu 

5 every form, the finest conceptions of which their age was capable. 

Francis Wayland. 
The first seven questions refer to the above selection. 

190 



State of New York. 
department of publjc ijvs tli v c tj'on. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . September 7, 1889. 

3. Adjective ])liniscs: Of nations; of part}'; of strife; for union ; of attaining. 
Adverbial phrases: VVitii wliich ; by madness; by ambition; to wliicli. 

4. Answers may differ. 

5. Definitions found in any standard grammar should be accepted. Answers to 

second part may differ. 

6. Which is the object of hni^ ehone/i and is in tlie objective case. 

AttainiiKj is the object of the preposition of ax\A is in tlie objective case. 
Destinies is the object of the verb ntUiinitKj and is in the objective case. 

7. A finite verb agrees with its subject in person and number. 

8. Singular. Nom. I. Plural. Nom. we. 

Poss. my, mine. Poss. our. 

Obj. me. Obj. us. 

9. Answers may diff^. 
10. Answers may differ. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . .> . September 10, 1889. 

1. Adjective clauses: That was known modii]es poirer ; that earii^i modifies day -laborer. 
Adverbial clauses: NoUes {live) modifies letter ; they had modifies more; they were 

(rejined) modifies 7nore. 

2. Power is modified by the adjective a, the infinitives to huild and to send, and the 

clause that was known. 

3. A simple day-laborer earning his one or two dollars a day lives better than the 

nobles in the court of Queen Elizabeth. 

4. Proper noun: Queen Elizabeth; transitive verbs, active voice: has, to build, to send 

and earns; transitive verb, in ])assive voice: was knoicn; intransitive verbs: 
lives, is; compound noun, day-laborer. 

5. Adverbs : up, never, be/ore, better and more; conjunctions : and, or and than. 

€. V}) modifies the verb to build, and is an adverb ; than connects the clause 7io7)les 
(live) to the adverb better, and is a conjunction. 

7. Labor is in apposition with industry, and agrees with it in the nominative case; 

day is the object of a preposition not expressed, and is in the objective case; 
nobles is the subject of the verb lived, not expressed, and is in the nominative 
case. 

8. Nouns and pronouns are declined ; verbs are conjugated, and adjectives and 

adverbs are compared. 

9. Singular. Nom, she. Plural. Nom. they. 

Poss. her. Poss. their. 

Obj. her. Obj. them. 

10. Answers may differ. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... October 5, 1889. 

1. Principal clauses: Sentiment is emptiness; Arts have embodied. 

Subordinate clauses: Stranger stands is an adverbial clause modifying the predi- 
cate of the first principal clause ; Which is breathed is an adjective clause modi- 
fying sentiment; Age was capable is an adjective clause modifying conceptions. 

191 



State of New York. 
uniform examina tton questions. 

GRAMMAR. 

2a and 3rd Grades, - - - . . October 5, 1889. 

Note. — See I^'otes under Grammar in last previous examiuation. 

1, 2. Wliicli are the principal clauses? Classify all of the sul)ordinate clauses 

in accordauce witli note 3 above, and state what each modifies. See Notes. 20 

3. Give the comparison of two adjectives selected from the exercise, illustrat- 

ing two different methods of comparison. 10 

4. Give the four principal parts of the different verbs in the selection. 10 

5. Select the words used to connect the clauses, and state to which part of 

speech each belongs. 10 

G. Give the sj'ntax of sentiment (line 2); emptiness (line 3); conceptions (line 5). 10 

7. By brief sentences, illustrate the use of the verb tread in the active voice of 

each mode. 10 

8. Write a sentence containing a participle, and state of whf\t. part of speech it 

performs the office. 10 

9. Write a sentence containing an adverb of time and an adverb of manner. 10 

10. How is the active voice of a transitive verb changed to the passive voice ? 

Illustrate. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . i, . November 26, 1889. 

1 While the frame-work of the colony of Connecticut was in process of construc- 

2 tion, that of its little neighbor on the east. Rhode Island, was likewise in a forma- 

3 tive state. Persecution by brethren had driven into the forests on the borders of 

4 Narragauset Bay, good men who became tlie founders of the State. 

Benson J. Lossing. 
The first seven questions refer to the above selection. 
Note. — See Notes under Grammar in last previous examination. 

1. Name all the clauses, classifying them as principal and subordinate, and 

state what each subordinate clause modifies. 10 

2. Give the modifiers of neighbor (line 2). 10 

3. Select one each of the following: («) proper noun, (h) transitive verb, (c) intran- 

sitive verb, (d) relative pronoun, (e) adverbial phrase. 10 

4. Which words connect clauses ? To what part of speech does each belong ? 10 

5. Give the syntax of that (line 2), and Rhode Island (line 2). 10 

6. Give the syntax of men (line 4), ixnCi founders (line 4). 10 

7. Give the four principal parts of each of the verbs. 10 

8. Illustrate the comparison of an adjective {a) by adding a syllable; (b) by the 

use of adverbs; (<?) by using different words. 10 

9. Write a sentence containing a verb in the infinitive mode, and explain its 

use. 10 

10. Write a sentence containing a verb («) in the imperative mode; (b) in the 

potential mode. 40 

192 



State of New York. 
department of public tnstruction, 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 
2d and 3rd Grades, ----- October 5, 1889. 

3. Answers may differ. 

4. Stand, stood, standing, stood ; tread, trod, treading, trod or trodden ; breathe, 

breathed, breathing, breathed ; am or be, vras, being, been ; embody, embodied, 
embodying, embodied. 

5. -4s is a conjunction; which is a pronoun. 

6. Sentiment is the subject of the verb is, and is in the nominative case; Emptiness 

is the attribute (predicate noun), and agrees with the subject sentiment in the 
nominative case; Conceiitions is the object of have embodied, and is in the 
objective case. 

7. Answers may differ. 

8. Answers may differ. 

9. Answers may differ. 

10. By prefixing the proper auxiliary forms to the past (perfect) participle of the 
given verb. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . November 26, 1889. 

1. Principal clauses: That teas in State; Persecution had, driven. 

Subordinate clauses : Frame-worh was in jn-ocess; Wltohecame founders. The first 
modifies the predicate of the first principal clause, and the second modifies 
men. 

Note. — If was is given alone as the predicate in each of the first two clauses, it should be 
accepted. 

2. Neighbor is modified by the pronoun its, the adjective little, the adjective phrase 

on east, and the appositive Rhode Island. 

3. {a) Connecticut, Rhode Island^ Narraganset Bay, State; (b) had driven; (c) was, be- 

came, (d) who, (e) into the forest. Some would also include under (e) in ^yrocess 
and in state. 

4. Wfiile, an adverb, and who, a jironoun. 

5. That is the subject of the verlj was, and is in the nominative case. Rhode Island 

is in apposition with neighbor and is in the objective case. 

6. Men is the object of had driven and is in the objective case. Founders is the 

attribute (predicate noun) and agrees with the sul)ject 7cho in the nominative 
case. 

7. Am (be), was, being, been; drive, drove, driving, driven; become, became, 

becoming, become. 

8. Answers may differ. 

9. Answers may differ. i 
10. Answers may differ. 

193 



State of New York. 
uniform ex am in a tion questjons. 

GRAMMAR. 
2d and 3rd Grades, . . - - . January 11, 1890. 

" As the woman heard, 
Fast llow'd the current of her easy tears, 
While in her heart she yearn'd incessantly 
To rush abroad all round the little haven. 
Proclaiming Enoch Arden and his woes." 

Tennyson. 

The first seven questions refer to the above selection. 

Notes. — 1. A combination of subject and predicate is called a clause. Clauses are principal or 
subordinate. 

2. Subordinate clauses include (a) subject clauses; (i) objective clauses; (c) adjective clauses ; 
{(1) adverbial clauses. 

3. In naming a clause, include only its unmodified subject and unmodified predicate. 

4. A preposition with its object is called a phrase. 

5. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition and its unmodified object. 

6. A modifier may be a word, phrase or clause. 

7. An object of a transitive verb is classed as a modifier of that verb. 

S. Only eight parts of speech are recognized — the articles the and a forming a subdivision of 
adjectives, and participles being one of the modifications of verbs. 
9. Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 

10. In parsing a noun or pronoun, observe the following order: class, person, number, gender, 
case. Give the reason for case. In parsing a relative pronoun, state the agreement with its 
antecedent. 

11. In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. 

12. Treat verbs as "divided into two clases only, viz., transitive and intransitive; and treat voice 
as a property of transitive verbs only. 

13. In parsing a verb, observe the following order; principal parts, regular or irregular, transitive 
or intransitive, voice, mode, tense, person, number, agreement ; give the special use of an infinitive 
or a participle after tense. 

1. Give three modifiers of jJowed, 10 

2. Give three modifiers of yearned. 10 

3. Select two words used to connect clauses; state to what part of speech each 

belongs. 10 

4. Select four adverbs not used to connect clauses. 10 

5. Give syntax of current, and icoes. 10 

6. To what part of speech do to rush and ji'^'oclnimirig belong? What does each 

modify? 10 

7. Conjugate the verb yearned in the progressive form, indicative mode and 

present tense. 10 

8. What office is performed by a relative jironoun not performed by any other 

pronoun? 10 

9. Write a sentence containing a noun in the first person. 10 
10. Write a sentence containing a defective verb. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 4, 1890. 

1 Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion 
3 and morality are indispensable supports. In vain would that man claim the 

3 tribute of patriotism, who should labor to subvert tliese great pillars of human 

4 happiness, these firmest props of the duties of men and citizens. 

George Washington. 

The first seven questions refer to the above selection. 

Note. — See ^otes under Grammar in last previous examination. 

1. Classify the clauses in accordance with note 2. See Notes. 10 

3. The relation between what words is shown by of (line 1)? 10 

194 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction, 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . _ . January 11,1890. 

1. ^.(\vQr\>\a\ cXsiViSQ xcoman heard ; adverb, /as<; adverbial clause s7/<? yert?7i«Z. 

2. Adverb while; adverbial phrase in heart ; adverb inceiisaiMy ; verb to rush. 

3. Conjunction as ; adverb (adverbial conjuuctiou) while. 

4. Fast; incessantly ; abroad; all. 



5. Subject oijlow'd, and in nominative case; object of transitive verb proclaiming, 
and in objective case. 



6. Verb. To rush modifies the verb yearned ; proclaiming modifies the pronoun she, 
and it micrht also be called an adverbial modifier of to rush. 



7. I am yearning. They are yearning. 

You are yearning. You are yearning. 
He is yearning. They are yearning. 



8. It connects clauses. 

9. Answers may differ. 

10. Answers may differ. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 4, 1890. 

1. Principal clauses: Religion and morality are supports ; Man woxdd claim. 
Adjective clauses: Which lead; Who should labor. 

3. It shows the relation of dispositions and habits to religion and morality. 



195 



S lAi ic oi Ni'.w York. 

UNIFORM EX AM IN A T / N QU E8TI0NB. 

GRAMMAR. 

2d and 3rd OradoH, - - March 4, 18D0. 

i{. (livo Ryntiix of inhirk {Wxw 1), ami 'jiillnrH (line \\). 10 

4. 8ol(!f.t nil cxiimplo of v.nv\\ of IIk; inodcH found in ilio Hclection. 10 

fj. floloot ilirco qualifying {dcflcriptivc) adjoctivofi. 10 

fl. What part of speech is /« «v^6««Y? What dooH it modify? 10 

7. T?('Wiir<! (Im) H()nt(inc(!, In vain mould that man. rlaim tin; Irihule of pntriotism, 

dnmning th(! voice of the verb. 10 

K. C'oii jii^fiilc lh«' verh Irf((7 in tlie iictivo voijc, indi(rative mode, future! perfect 

(H(;con<l future; (cuhc, and coiunion form. 10 

11. Write II Hcnteuce contninin/.c ii noun in tlie nominative caHc ind( p* ii<lcnt. 10 

10. Write a Hent(;n<(! containing; iiii indtiilive without to. 10 

iBt Qrado, - .... March 4 and 5, 1890. 

1 lliH <;om|)aMion liail >.ronc on whore with Hecrtit orders to make the bcfit of hiH 

ii way to I'riiiee Maurirc, to inform liiin of the arrival of tin; nliip within the 

;t fortrcHH, and of the important fact which tlicy had just leariKid, Unit (Governor 

I Liiu/.avechiii, who hixl hcai'd rinnorH of somi! projiu;t(Ml enterprise, and who 

f) HUHpccted that th<; object aimed at was (jertruydcnlxw^r, had suddenly tid(en his 

(1 depiirtur<! for tha,t <'ity^ hiavin;^^ as his liiiutenaiit his nepiiew I'liolo, a raw lad 

i (juite in(;onip(!tent to provide; for the sufcity of IJreda. .1. L. Motlicv. 

The first seven (puistions refer to llu! above eelcctiou. 
NoTic. — Rco NoUiH lUukirOrammiir in IuhI |>roviou8 vxuniination. 

1. Select live subordinate clauseH. 10 

2. St^h^ct two verbs in the inOnltive mode, and st:ilc wlini each modilles. 10 
;i. Sriecl, two pnrticipies, and stale what each modilles. 10 
4. OiviM wo modifiers of //(«/ f/('//(, and three moflillers of r(/V7w</. 10 

6. Classify as parts of speech (ff) ///'// (line :i); (f>) //kU {Ihw H); (c) f/iaf (liiw G). 10 
0. (liive syntax of (^0 vcji/inr (line (J); {li) /ad (line (5). 10 

7. Helect three difTerenl words used to <!()nn(t('l clauses, and state* to wli.d, part 

of speech ea(!h belongs. 10 

H. By sontcuuKis, illustrate three; dilTereiil use^s e)f thes ])urticiple. 10 

!). State three) difleire^nt ways of e- p;iiiii;.,MieljectiveH; give nn example- of eaeli. 10 

10 llluHlrate; by seuiteineuts IhreM' elilleiciil use's e)f ■ir/ial. Clivc! the syntax e)f ir/ial 

ill e-ae'.h se'nte'iu;e. 10 

190 



r 
State of New York. 

department of public instrvotion. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . March 4, 1890. 

3. Subject of h-a(l, and in (lie nnniimitivc case; o]>joct of io svlvtrt, and in tlio ob- 

jective case. 

4. Indicative modcH, h'dd, are; Potential modes, would claim, nlionld labor ; Infini- 

tive mode, U> Hiihvert. 

5. Polil'uuiJ, iiidisprjixdhlt; i/rcat, human, jinncHt, 

0. Verb. It modifies xliovld hihor. 

7. In vain would the tribute of patriotism be claimed by that man. 

8. I shall (will) have led; you will (shall) have led ; ho will (shall) have led ; wo 

shall (will) have led; you will (shall) have led; they will (sliiiU) have led. 

9. Ans\v(!rs may dilTcir. 
10. Answers may diller. 

Ist Grade, ..-.._ March 4 and 5, 1890. 

1. They had, Imriad. 

Governor l.tiuzavcchia had taken. 

Who had heard. 

Who HUKptdt'd. 

Object wan Oertrnydenhenj. 

2. To make modifies orders. To inform modifies to make. To provide modifies in- 

competent. 

?. Aimed modifies object. Leaving modifies Oovernoi' Lamavechia. 

4. The modifiers of had gonr. arc the phrases on Hhare, and with orders. The modi- 

fiers of arrinal are the and tlu; piirases of ship and within fortress. 

5. (a) Conjunction; (t) conjunction; (c) adjective. 

0. (a) Object of the verb Uanimj, and in the objective case; {h) in apposition with 
nephew,, and agrees with it in the objective case. 

7. Wfiich and who, pronouns; tlial, conjunction. 

8. Answers may dilTcr. 

9. 1. By (lillerent wonls; 2. by adverbs; ;}. by added syllables. Examples may 

diller. 

10. Answers may diller. 

197 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

METHODS. 

No Answers Furuislied. 

2d Grade, September 3, 1887. 

XoTE. — The following indicates the grade of questions used for the four examinations in this 
subject held in 18S7 : 

1st Grade. — All questions in every subject apply to first grade licenses. 

2d Grade. — All questions in every subject, excepting School Law and Algebra, apply to second 
grade licenses. 

8rd (J/'ttcis.— Questions printed in italics only, apply to third grade licenses. — See Regulations. 

Outline a typical lessou for oue of your grades in : 

1. Reading; 25 

2. Arithmetic; 25 

3. Spelling; 25 

4. Geography. 25 

2d Grade, October 1, 1887. 

Outline a typical lesson for oue of your grades in : 

1. Language; 25 

2. Physiology and Hygiene; 25 

3. American History; 25 

4. Reading. 25 

2d Grade, . - - ... November 5, 1887. 

1. In cold weather, what means would you use to ventilate a school-room unpro- 

vided witli ventilating apparatus? 25 

2. Outline a programme of recitations for use in an ungraded school, or in your 

department of a graded school. 25 

8. How do you teach penmanship? _ 25 

4. Give methods of controlling a school without recourse to punishment. 25 

2d Grade, ..-.-- December 3, 1887. 

1. Give a plan for preventing tardiness at school. 25 

2. Outline your method of teacliing number in primary work. 25 

3. Do you use the sentence method, the word method, or the alphabet method, 

in teaching reading, and what are its advantages over the other two? 25 

4. Should false syntax be taught as a part of technical grammar? Why? 25 

1st Grade, . . . . . March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. Explain your method of teaching beginners to read. 20 

2. What is the synthetic method of teaching Geography? 20 

3. Explain the process of dividing one fraction by another. 20 

4. What results should be secured by map-drawing? 20 

5. State two good rules to be observed in criticising pupils in class-work. 20 

Anstcers. 

1. For 1, 3, 4 and 5, no answers are required to be given here. 

2. The synthetic method of teaching-Geography, begins with what the child can see at 

home and in the school-room, and goes from there to the town, countj', etc., 
gradually reaching out to the world as a whole. 

1st Grade, ..-.-- May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. In subtracting 27 from 63, how would you explain the reason for each step? 10 

2. Do you think it advisable to use diagrams in teaching the analysis of Eng- 

lish sentences? Give reasons for your opinion. 10 

3. Give one rule that ought to be observed by all teachers in framing questions 

on subjects they are teaching. Give the reason for the rule. 10 

4. Describe your method of explaming and illustratinghow the diurnal revolu- 

tion of the earth produces the apparent daily motion of the sun. 10 

5. Give a good method of conducting a spelling exercise, stating the number 

of words in the lesson, the manner in which the pupils spell, and the 
manner of criticising and correcting the work. 20 

198 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTTON. 
METHODS. 

No Answers Furnished. 

1st Grade, - - ... . ]y[ay 4 and 5, 1888. 

6. Write a short sentence and describe your method of teaching l.eginners in 

analysis, what is the subject and why, and what is the i)redicatc and why. 10 

7. Describe the manner in wliich you would teach a child the cardinal points 

of the compass. 10 

8. When it is noon on the first meridian, it is 8 o'clock a. m. at longitude 60°; 

How would you make that plain to a pupil? " 10 

9. What is a topical analysis? 10 

1st Grade, ..... August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. What is the analytic method of instruction? 

2. Why is the synthetic method especially applicable to primary instruction? 

3. Why should objects be extensively used in primary teaching? 

4. What is the chief value of map-drawing in teaching Geography? 

5. What mental powers are chiefly used (1) in acquiring elementary knowledge? 

(2) In retaining knowledge? (3) In properly applying knowledge? 

6. How does the imagination aid in acquiring knowledge of things beyond the 

reach of the senses? 

7. Give reasons (1) For permitting pupils to "look over" while others read. 

(2) For not permitting them. 

8. Apply the Delsarte maxim "impression must precede expression," to a 

method of teaching primary reading. 

9. (1) What is a mental power? (2) How is any mental power properly developed 

and strengthened? 

10. How does a practical knowledge of drawing aid the teacher in giving in- 

struction in other subjects? 

11. Give reasons for separating class work into the four divisions {a) recitation; 

(b) instruction : (c) drill ; {d) application. 

12. State, with reasons, the proper lengths of time that should intervene between 

preparation (study) and class work (recitation). 

13. For what objects should pupils be required to solve text-book problems be- 

fore class? 

14. Why is good ventilation essential to good study? 

15. How is the eye-sight of pupils affected who face a strong light? What is 

the remedy? 

16. Give your views concerning home study by pupils in the public schools. 
Select ten questions from the sixteen here given. 

1st Grade, .... - March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. To what mental faculties sliould the teacher appeal in the instruction and 

training of young children? 20 

2. Briefly describe the icord method in teaching reading. lo 

3. Distinguish between olject teaching and objective teaching. 10 

4. What is the manner of procedure in teaching by the Grube method? 15 
' 5. State three results to be secured in teaching penmanship. 15 

6. State three results to be secured in teaching industrial drawing. 15 

7. Outline a plan for teaching physiology and hygiene to children in primary 

classes. 10 

Answers. 

1. The perceptive faculties, memory, and imagination. 

2. Answers may differ. 

3. la object teaching, the study of the object is the immediate end in view. In objective 

teaching, the object is introduced for illustration. 

4. It consists mainly in teaching addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and 

fractions together. 

5. Legibility, neatness, uniformity, and rapidity. 

6. Answers may differ. 
1. Answers may differ. 

199 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINA TION QUE ST IONS. 

METHODS. 

1st Grade, . . . . - August 13 and 14, 1889. 

1. Name two good results to be obtained by the use of supplementary reading. 10 

2. Upon -what faculties of tlie child must the primary teacher principally rely 

in imparting knowledge? 10 

3. What three lines of culture and development are calculated to diminish, 

respectively, disease, ignorance and viciousness? To how many of these 
does the teacher's responsibility extend? 10 

4. What do you imderstand by the educational maxim, Proceed from the known 

to the unknov.'n? 10 

5. Mention two mental faculties that are especially cultivated in the study of 

arithmetic. 10 

6. State the difference between grammatical and rhetoiical pauses, and their 

relation to each other in oral reading. 10 

7. Mention a cause of poor enunciation in reading or reciting that is induced 

by school-room work, and suggest a remedy. 10 

8. How would you teach the cardinal points of the compass? What map 

would you have a beginner in geography draw lirst? 10 

9. Give an instance when concert recitation would be commendable. Give 

an instance when it would not be commendable. 10 

10. Name three material aids that a teacher may employ to make the teaching 
of physiology objective, i. e., to bring the subject within the scope of 
the senses. 10 

METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... November 26, 1889. 

1. Why should teachers have a knowledge of the laws of mental development? 10 

2. Define school ethics. 10 

3. What method of teaching primary reading shall you employ? State three 

advantages it possesses. 10 

4. What is the central idea of the Grube method in teaching number? 10 

5. What is meant by the organization of a school? 10 

6. Mention two principles of questioning. 10 

7. From 965 subtract 357, and give the explanation of the several steps in the 

operation. 10 

8. What two mental faculties arc especially cultivated in tlie study of geog- 

raphy? ' 10 

9. Should beginners in reading be taught to write in Roman or script letters 

first? Give reasons for your opinion. 10' 

10. Arrange in the order of their importance, the following objects to be sought 
in composition writing: Tiie habit of expressing thouglit; correctness 
of form, including penmanship, use of capitals, punctuation, etc. ; the use 
of good English. 10 

2d and 3d Grades, . . . . . January 11, 1890. 

1. Describe two ways in which pupils below the third reader class can be 

profitably occupied while at their desks. 10 

2. Would you name the pupil whom you will call up to recite, before you ask 

the question? Give reason for your answer. 10 

200 



State of New York, 
department of public instruction. 

METHODS.— Answers. 

Ist Grade, ..... August 13 and 14, 1889. 

1. Answers may differ. 

2. The perceptive faculties. 

3. Physical culture, mental culture, moral culture. To all of them. 

4. That a teacher shall bring the new knowledge he would impart into discoverable 

relation with what the pupil already knows. 

5. Perception, memory, judgment, reasoning. Either two of the four may be al- 

lowed as a true answer. 
G. Grammatical pauses, indicated by punctuation marks, assist the reader to under- 
stand the writer; rhetorical pauses, made by the oral reader, assist tlie hearer 
to understand the meaning of the writer, 

7. Answers may differ. 

8. Answers may differ. 

9. Answers may differ. 
10. Answers may differ. 

METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY,— Answers. 

2d and 3d Grades, ... - November 26, 1889. 

1. Answers may differ. 

2. The science which treats of school rights and duties. 

3. Answers may differ. 

4. All the common observations and operations are taught and practiced on the 

smaller numbers before taking up the study of the larger numbers. 

5. It is a system of arrangement designed to secure constant employment, efficient 

instruction and moral control. It aims at providing the means of instructing 
and educating the greatest number in the most efficient manner, and by the 
most economical expenditure of time and money . 

6. Answers may differ, 

7. Answers may differ. 

8. Perception and imagination. 

9. Answers may differ. 

10. The habit of expressing thought; the use of good English; correctness of form. 
2d and 3rd Grades, ..... January 11, 1890. 

Questions in this subject admit of a variety of answers. 



201 



Sta'I'K oi' Ni'.w York. 

UN I h'it I! .)/ /■; -V .1 MIMA T I (i S (J I ' H S T T O XS. 

METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

2d and aid QradoH, January 11, 1890. 

\\-'\. Blntc >t>iir ((UCMlioim 1111(1 I 111' |iii|)il's |)roliul)l(! uiih\v(!Is in Iciidiiij; liiiu to 
Nolvc llio rolldwiii^r prolilciii: l''oily livo (lolliirn is livts-niiitlis of vvluil, 
Hiiiii of iiioiu'V^ 20 

5. Wliiit. parts of Mic rif^lit liuml iiiitl iiiiii slioiilil icsl, on tlic desk or piipcr wliilt; 

wrifiiif^i' 10 

(!. Wliiit, in Mic iiiosf inipoil.'iiil I'liil III luivc ill vii'W in iniipdniwin^'!' 10 

7 H. A pupil, who sliidifH ^riuinimr, wiiys "II, was //////." I'.y wliiil. (picslioiis 

would you lend liiin to tiiscoviT liis c^rror? iiO 

U. Mliild lint «lilT()riMi<u) Ixitwceii graminiilical mid rlictoricul pauses nnd tlicir 

rclalion to (tncli olliiu' in oral reading'. 10 

10. \\\ wliicli nictlioil woiilii you Iriicli priinary riiadiiif.;!' Civc n'lisoii for yoU'" 

"flioicr. ■ " 10 

2d and Mrd GradoH, - - - March 4, 1800. 

1. How would you IcikI n diild to vii(l<rsliiuil tlio process of rcduciiif,' OJj to 

fourths;' 10 

2. Is itbcitter tiiat pupils stimd, or sit, while reeitiii-^'^ Why? 10 
:i. How would you teach the position of ol>j(U!ls and their direction from a 

{^iven point'i' 10 

A. What <lir<M'lioiis would yon ,'.',ive pupils in re^nird to lioiiu^ study? (Vive 

reasons. 10 

n. Name two suhjeels for composition, suitaMe for pupils from eij^ht to twelve 

vcars old, ami state your reason for considi'ring them suitable. 10 

0. Should the seats oj" a school room lie arraii-^tid so as to hrin;^ the windows in 

fr(Mil, or rear;' To the right, or left? (Jivo roasons. 10 

7. What |(ia(;lieid application of kindi'rfj;iirt<!ii principles may hi- iiuide in (lie 

primary grades of our public schools? 10 

8. What, are tlie (tnds to be gained in langlliig(( study? 10 
5». In what way may huiguago b(^ taught incidontally with geography? 10 

10. Why should tiuiehers havt^ some knowled;^e of the history of education? 10 

1st Grado, ....-- March 4 and 5, 1800. 

1. Slate your (piestions and the pujtirs probable^ answers in leading him to solve 

the following problem: If two-thir<ls of a ton of bay cost eight dollars, 
what will four-lifths of a ton cost? 20 

2. Describe a gooil nn^thod of calling a school together in an orderly mannnr 

after an intermission. 15 

U. Describo tint metliod by which you would give beginners (heir Ihst lesson in 

reading, indicating "what you would do and how you would do it. 15 

4. Do you permit or forbid whisp(M'ing in school? (Jiv(^ your reasons. 15 

5, Wliich reipilres th(* greater maturity of mind, algebra or pliysiology'f (live 

reason for your answer, based on (he niituial (uder of the (b'vclopment oi 
the intellectual faciiKies. * 15 

(5. When you wish to (urn a glol)c on its axis in the direction which shall illus- 
trate the actual motion »)f (he earth, wlia( guides you? 16 

7. (live the reason for drawing from obJee(s rather than from copies. 10 

202 



State of Nkvv York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC IN HT RU (J T I ON. 

METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... January 11, 1890. 

Questions in this subject admit of a variety of answers. 



2d and 3rd Grades, March 4, 1800. 

Questions in this subject admit of a variety of answers. 



1st Grade, ...-.- March 4 and 5, 1800. 

Questions in this subject admit of a variety of answers. 



808 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

PHYSICS. 

1st Grade, . . . - . March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. By diagram illustrate two kinds of levers. 10 

2. How Tnany valves arc necessary for a common lifting pump? In which 

direction do they open? 10 

3. Define impenetrability and inertia. 10 

4. Upon what principle does a common thermometer indicate changes of tem- 

perature? 10 

5. Why will cold water poured upon a hot stove lid be likely to break it? 10 

6. When you invert a tumbler full of water covered with a paper, what sus- 

tains the water? 10 

7. Why does a teaspoon standing in a tumbler of water appear bent? 10 

8. What causes dew? 10 

9. Why will smoke rise more readily on some days than on others? 10 
10. Why will shavings ignite more readily than large pieces of wood? 10 

1st Grade, ...--. May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. Why are iron tires heated before they are placed on wagon wheels? 10 

2. Describe some simple means of developing electricity. 10 

3. Define malleability and ductility. 10 

4. What degrees on a Fahrenheit thermometer indicate the freezing and boil- 

ing of water? 10 

5. Why will the frost disappear from frozen ground when it has been covered 

with deep snow for several weeks? 10 

6. In what form will iron resist the greatest pressure exerted in a direction 

tending to break it? 10 

7. What causes the oil to rise in a lamp wick ? 10 

8. Why are we not crushed by the enormous weight of the air? 10 

9. Why arc dillcreut sensations experienced on touching a piece of wood and 

a piece of iron, each having had ecjual exposure to heat? 10 

10. What is meant by the center of gravity? 10 

1st Grade, ----- August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. What causes a balloon to rise? 10 

3. What is a vacuum? 10 

3. What must be the shape of a lens that magnifies? 10 

4. Upon what does the pressure of liquids depend? 10 

5. What does a barometer measure? 10 

6. What is meant by the specific gravity of a body? 10 

7. Name the causes of the trade winds? 10 

8. How does the length of a pendulum affect the rapidity of its vibrations? 10 

9. What is an echo? 10 

10. How does elevation above the earth's surface affect the boiling point of 

liquids? 10 

204 



State ok New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC IN8TRUrriON. 

PHYSICS.— Answers. 
1st Grade, ..... March 13 and 14, 1888. 

First class. Second class. Third class. 

F. F. 

1. W^ P. V w. P. r 1'. W. 

A 

F. 

2. Two — Upward. 

8. Impenetrability, that property of matter in virtue of which no two bodies can occupy the 

same space at the same time. Inertia, that property of matter in virtue of which a "body 
cannot .set itself in motion, nor when in motirm, can it stop itself. 

4. That mercury expands and contracts regularly by change in temperature. 

5. It causes one side to e.\pand, and thus the brittle iron is broken in bendini;. 

6. The upward pressure of the air. 

7. The rays of light in jjassing from the water to the air arc refracted. 

&. P^inci^)allv, the lowering of the temperature afler sundown causes condensation of the moist- 
ure imt^ie air in contact with a .substance that readily radiates its heat. It depends also 
upon the amount of moisture in the air. 

9. The air is heavier, when the smoke rises readily. 

10. The shavings are poor conductors of heat and retain it. 

1st Grade, ..... . May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. They are made larger by heating from the expansion of the iron. 

2. Hun a hard rubber coml> or a warm dry glass tube on a piece of woolen cloth ; 

it will become oiiargcd witli electricity and will attract small bits of i)aper. 
Other illustrations may be given. 

3. Malleability is that property of matter by virtue of which it may be hammered 

or rolled into thin sheets. Ductility is tluit property of matter by virtue of 
which it may be drawn into fine tlireads or wire. 

4. 32" and 212''. 

5. The snow is a very poor conductor of heat, and acts like a thick blanket which 

retains the internal heat of the earth in sufficient amount to gradully tliaw the 
frozen earth. 

6. In tiie form of a tube. 

7. Capill9,ry attraction. 

8. The air presses equally in all directions, and the internal ])ressure balances the 

external. 

9. The different conductivities of the two sultstances. 

10. That portion of a body which being supported, the body is supjjorted. 

1 St Grade, .... - August 14 and 15, 1888 

1. The weight of the air causing an upward pressure. 

2. Space devoid of all matter. 
8. Convex. 

4. Pressure depends upon the weight of the liciuid and the height of the column. 

5. The comparative weight of the air. 

6. The specific gravity of a substance shows how many times heavier it is than an 

equal volume of some other Ijody. 

7. Heat and the rotation of tlie eartli. 

8. The shorter the pendulum, the more rapid are the vibrations. 

9. A reflected sound. 

10. It lowers iheljoilini; point. 

205 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

PHYSICS. 

1st Grade, ..... March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. Define matter; molecule. 10 

2. The base of an inclined plane is 16 ft., and its attitude is 4 ft. A power of 

10 lb. will balance what weight resting on the inclined plane? 10 

3. Distinguish between hydrostatics and hydraulics. 10 

4. Explain the application of convection in warming a room. 10 

5. Why does a piece of oilcloth feel colder than the carpet when both are sub- 

ject to the same conditions of temperature? 10 

6. What is snow? Why is it advantageous to winter grain? 10 

7. What is an echo? 10 

8. How may a bar of soft iron be made a temporary magnet? 10 

9. State or illustrate the law of diminution in the intensity of light, by increase 

of distance. 10 

10. What causes the water to fly from a revolving grindstone? Give another 

illustration of the same principle. 10 

1st Grade, . . . . - August 13 and 14, 1889. 

1. Find the specific gravity of a piece of flint glass weighing 4,320 grains in 

air, and 3,023 grains in water. 10 

2. Describe the construction of a jiarachute, and explain its action. 10 

3. Show by diagram or description the essential parts of a force pump. 10 

4. Describe the construction of a barometer. 10 

5. At about what temperature does water have its greatest density? 10 

6. Explain what is called the sweating of an ice pitcher. 10 

7. What causes the snapping in roasting chestnuts? 10 

8. Give an illustration of cohesion; of adhesion. 10 

9. ^iention three ways in which heat is transmitted, and give an illustration of 

each. ' 10 

10. Name three simple tools or implements, each involving different mechanical 

powers, and state which mechanical power each illustrates. 10 

1st Grade, .... - March 4 and 5, 1890. 

1. Define (a) elasticity ; (6) cohesion. 10 

2. Give an illustration of the impenetrability of matter. 10 

3. Give an illustration of the transmission of force without moving the body 

through which it is transmitted. 10 

4. Mention two conditions upon which the rapidity of vibrations of strings 

depends. 10 

5. Upon what does the pressure of water upon any part of the skle of a cistern 

depend? 10 

6. How may a bar of soft iron be made a temporary magnet? 10 

7. The diameter of a wheel is five feet, and of the axle four inches. What 

weight on a cord passing over the wheel will l)alance fifty pounds sus- 
pended by a cord passing over the axle? 10 

8. A silver spoon and a pewter one are partly immersed in the same cup of hot 

tea; which will feel hotter ? Why? 10 

9. State the law of the reflection of light. 10 

10. Why is the air at the ceiling of a room containing any source of heat 

warmer than at the floor ? 10 

206 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction; 

PHYSICS.— Answers. 

1st Grade, . . . . . March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. Anything tliat can be perceived by the senses. The smallest portion of matter 

that can exist alone. 

2. 40 lbs. 

3. Hydrostatics treats of liquids at rest. Hydraulics treats of liquids in motion. 

4. The air- near the source of heat becomes heated and rises; the upper portions of 

air descend and are in turn heated. 

5. Because of its greater power to conduct heat. 

6. Frozen vapor. As a covering, it prevents the rapid radiation of heat. 

7. A reflected sound. 

8. By passing around it a current of electricity, through a coil of insulated wire. 

9. The intensity of light decreases as the square of the distance increases. Illus- 

trations may differ. 
10. Centrifugal force. Illustrations may differ. 
1st Grade, ----- August 13 and 14, 1889. 

1. 3.33 + 

2. It is so constructed as to expand like an umbrella, and, by the resistance of the 

air, the descent is impeded. 

3. The barrel of the pump with a valve at the bottom opening upwards; a valve in 

the side near the bottom opening outwards into a connecting tube ; and a 
solid piston. 

4. A small glass tube more than thirty inches long and closed at one end is filled 

with mercury; the mercury is boiled and then the tube is inverted into a cup 
of mercury. 

5. About 39.1. 

6. The pitcher, being cold, condenses the moisture in the surrounding air, which 

is deposited on the pitcher in small drops. 

7. The moisture within the chestnut, being converted into steam by the heat, causes 

the siiell to burst. 

8. Answers may differ. 

9. Conduction, convection, radiation. Illustrations may differ. 
10. Answers may differ. 

1st Grade, . - - - . March 4 and 5, 1890. 

1. Elasticity is the force which causes particles of a substance to resume their 

original position after they have been slightly separated or compressed. Cohesion 
is the force "which holds together the molecules of a horiiogeneous substance. 

2. Answers may differ. 

3. Answers may differ. 

4. Weight, length, and tension. 

5. The height of the water above the indicated part. 

6. By placing it within a coil of insulated wire through which a current of elec- 

tricity is passing, or by attacliiug one end to a permanent magnet. 

7. Z\ pounds. 

8. Silver; because it is a better conductor of heat than pewter. 

9. The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. 
10. As air becomes warm, it is lighter and rises. 

207 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1st Grade, . . . . . March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. Name three functions or offices of the skin. 10 

2. Name the vessels by which the blood passes from the right side of the heart 

to the left. 10 

3. What danger is there in encouraging children to walk at too early an age? 10 

4. Why do alcoholic stimulants make the stomach feel well? Why not use 

them for that purpose? 10 

5. Of what use is the hair that grows in the nostrils? Of what use is the ear 

wax? 10 

6. Why does a hot foot-bath relieve headache? 10 

7. Describe a ball and socket joint and give two examples. 10 

8. What is the name of the poisctnous element in tobacco? 10 

9. What substance in the body is harder than bone? 10 
10. What is chyle? 10 

1st Grade, ...... May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. Define anatomy, physiology, hygiene. 10 

2. What provision has nature made for reducing the temperature of the body 

and so preventing it from becoming excessively heated? 10 

3. How may an habitually stoopmg posture injure the health? 10 

4. Describe the manner in which the bones of the skull are generally united. 10 
6. Of what three parts is the cerebro-spinal system of nerves composed? 10 

6. What are bronchial tu 10 

7. Describe the corpuscles of the blood. What is the effect of alcohol upon 

them? 10 

8. Which two of the special senses does the tongue possess in a high degree of 

perfection? Are the nerve fibres near the surface of the tongue numerous 

or few? 10 

9. Of what part of the skin are the hair and nails a part or modification? 10 
10, Where is the cardiac orifice? Where is the pylorus? 10 

let Grade, . _ . - - August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. How are bones constructed to combine firmness and strength with lightness? 10 

2. When a muscle is in action, how does it compare with the same muscle in a 

state of relaxation, as to length? As to thickness? As to hardness? 10 

3. Why is it more wearisome to stand still than to walk about? 10 

4. Name one or more provisions, in the structure of the skeleton, by which the 

body is protected from shocks and jars. 10 

5. What occasions the necessity for food? 10 

6. What process must the fat, we take as food, undergo before it can be ab- 

sorbed into the blood? Describe the process. 10 

7. Name five articles of food that are rich in albumen. 10 

8. What fluid of the body has the power to dissolve albuminoid foods? In 

what condition is albumen most readily dissolved, when coagulated or 
uncoagulated ? 10 

208 



State of New York. 
depart :trext of public jnstpuction. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 

iBt Grade, - - - - - March 13 and 14, 1888, 

1. Protection, excretion, absorption. 

2. Pulmonary arteries, pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary vein?. 

3. The danger that the legs will become crooked because the bones are then so 

flexible. 

4. Because they intensify the vital action and flow of blood. Because this unnat- 

ural stimulation leads to overaction and disease. 

5. It protects the nasal cavity from dust and any other substance that might be 

drawn in with the breath. It protects the ear drum from insects. 

6. Because it causes the blood to circulate freely in the lower extremities and so 

relieves congestion of the blood in the brain. 

7. It consists of a socket at the end of one bone, and a ball fitting into it at the end 

of tlie other bone; the slioulder-joint and the hip-joint. 

8. Nicotine. 

9. The enamel of the teeth. 

10. It is the food after it has undergone the processes of digestion. 

Ist Grade, ...... May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. Anatomy is a science whicli treats of the structure of the body; jihysiology, of 

the functions of the various organs; and hygiene of the laws of health. 

2. Perspiration. 

3. It may cramp the vital organs, and curve the spine. 

4. By sutures, or irregular edges. 

5. The brain, the spinal cord, and the spinal nerves. 

6. The tubes branching ofl from the windpipe into the lungs. 

7. They are very minute, disc-shaped bodies of a red color; they are shrunken by 

alcohol, and rendered incapable of doing their work. 

8. Touch and taste. The nerves, there, are very numerous. 

9. Of the cuticle. 

10. At the juncture of oesophagus and stomach. At the junction of duodenum or 
small intestine with the stomach. 

Ist Grade, . . . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. The outer part is hard and strong, the inner part being hollow or porous. 

2. It is shorter. It is thicker. It is harder. 

3. Because in walking, the muscles are continually changing from activity to rest, 

while in standing still, some are kept constantly contracted. 

4. There are elastic pads of cartilage between joints, the bones are curved and 

somewhat flexible. 

5. All vital action causes waste of tissue; this waste must be repaired by the nutri- 

ment of food. 

6. It miust be emulsified, that is, separated into very fine particles which will thor- 

oughly mix with water, as in the case of milk. 

7. Eggs, meat, grain, milk, cheese. 

8. The gastric juice. When uncoagulated. 

209 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

1st Grade, ----- August 14 and 15, 1888. 

9. Describe some experiment which you have seen, or of which you have read, 

showing the effect of alcohol on albumen. 10 

10. How does the function of a sensitive nerve-fibre differ from that of a motor- 
fibre? 10 



1st Grade, ..... March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. "What effect on the heart's action has the use of tobacco by children, or the 

excessive use of it by adults? 10 

3. Where does the saliva originate? 10 

3. In what two ways is the system benefitted by exercise in the open air? 10 

4. How is the capacity ot the chest cavity aft'ected by the contraction of the 

intercostal muscles? 10 

5. State in general terms, the office of the kidneys. 10 

6. When beef is eaten, which of the digestive fluids is principally concerned in 

dissolving or digesting it? 10 

7. Mention three places where the sense of touch is particularly keen. 10 

8. In what two ways is the process of perspiration beneficial to the system? 10 

9. Give two objections to having windows ot a school-room in front of the 

pupils. 
10. Give three directions for preserving the teeth, to which the attention of 

children should be called. 10 



10 



1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 3, 1887. 

Note.— The following indicates the grade of questions used for the four examinations in this 
subject held in 18S7 : 

Ut Grade. — All questions in every subject apply to first grade licenses. 

2d Grade.— K\\ questions in every subject, excepting School Law and Algebra, apply to second 
grade licenses. 

3rd Grade. — Questions printed in italics only, apply to third grade licenses. 

1. Describe the shape and i^osition of the heart. 15 

3. What are muscles f 10 

3. Hoio are the lones classified f Of what is hone composed f 10 

4. Name the digestive organs. 10 

5. Hoio may the teacher j^romote the health of pupils f 15 

G. Give a general description of the brain. 30 

7. IMention the principal organs contained in eacii of the two great cavities of 

the trunk. 20 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, .... October 1, 1887. 

1. Describe three hinds of joints, and mention one of each kind. 10 

2. What is the object of respiration f Mention the principal organs of the respira- 

tory system. 10 

3. Name the bones of the skull, 10 

310 



State of New York. 
department of public ins tb d c t j olf. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 

1st Grade, - _ . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 

9. Pour alcohol on the white of an egg and it coagulates it. 
10. The sensitive nerve-fibre is stimulated at the outer extremity, e..g., in the skin or 
muscle, and communicates the impression inward to the spinal cord or brain; 
while the motor-nerve acts in the opposite direction, from the nerve center out- 
ward to the muscle or skin, 

1st Grade, . . - - . March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. It weakens the action of the heart. 

3, It is secreted from the blood, by glands located near the lower jaw. 

3. The muscles are strengthened by exercise. The blood is aerated with pure air. 

4. It is enlarged. 

5. Their office is to eliminate poisonous matter (urea) from the blood. 

6. The gastric juice. * 

7. Answers may differ. 

8. It eliminates poisonous matter from the blood, and assists in regulating the tem- 

perature of the body. 

9. It is injurious to the eyes. It induces the habit of leaning forward when studying. 
10. Answers may differ. 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 3, 1887. 

1. The heart is the organ which propels the blood, and ia situated just to the left of the centre 

of the chest. It is a hollow, muscular organ, shaped like a strawberry, and suspended 
with the point downward. 

2. The muscles are the instruments ot motion. They art composed of fine fibres or strings, held 

together by connective tissue, and bound up in smooth, silky casings of thin membrane. 

3. First, the bones of the head; second, the bones of the trunk; third, the bones of the upper 

extremities; fourth, the bones of the lower extremities. The bones are composed of ani- 
mal matter which gives toughness and elasticity, and, of mineral matter which gives hard- 
ness and stiffness. 

4. First, the mouth and salivary glands; second, the stomach ; third, the pancreas; fourth, the 

liver; fifth, the intestines" 

5. By insisting upou the proper care and arrangement of the school premises. By imparting a 

knowledge of hygienic laws and directing obedience thereto. 

6. The brain, the pnucipaV organ of intelligence, is situated in the head, and is surrounded and 

protected by the bones or the skull, ft is divided into two parts — the cerebrum or great 
brain, and the cerebellum or little brain, separated by membrane. The substance of the 
brain consists of white and gray matter. The outer surface is furrowed. It is believed 
that the cerebrum is the chief organ of the mind. 

7. The smaller cavity, the chest, contains the lungs and heart. The abdomen, the largest cavity 

of the body, contains the stomach, liver and kidneys. 

Ist, 2d and 3rd Grades, . - . _ October 1, 1887. 

1. Immovable, — sutures of the skull, skull and upper jaw, etc. Slightly movable, — vertebra 

column. Freely movable, — hip, carpus, etc. 

2. To furnish oxygen to the blood, and remove carbonic acid. Lungs, larynx, trachea, bronchia, 

and air vesicles. 

3. One frontal, one occipital, two temporal, one sphenoid, two parietal, and one ethmoid. 

211 



State of New York 
uniform examina tion qubstionb. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

Ist, 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . _ October 1, 1887. 

4. In case of a wound, Ju>w may we determine wJiether tJie Mood is flowing from a 

vein or an artery ? If from the former, where should the "bandage be 

applied? 15 

5. What are stimulants ? WMt are narcotics f Give an example of each. 15 

6. Mention five liindrances to digestion. 25 

7. Locate and describe the stomach. 15 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . November 5, 1887. 

1. Name the organs of circulation in order, beginning with tfie heart. 12 

2. Mention three causes of decay of the teeth. 12 

3. Explain hoio the blood circulates through the bones. 12 

4. Describe the effect of alcohol on the lining of the stomach. 12 

5. How many bones in tJie forearm ? Name them. 12 
C. Give three examples of reflex action. 20 

7. Explain how an extensive burn may cause congestion of the lungs 20 

1st, 2d and 3rd Grades, - - - December 3, 1887. 

1. Give the classification of the teeth and the number in each class for an adult. 12 

2. Are rubber overshoes a healthful covering for the feet if constantly worn f Wliy f 12 

8. Describe the effect of alcohol upon the digestive organs and the digestive 

fluids. 12 

4. Distinguish between carbonaceous foods aiid nitrogenous foods. Give examples 

of each. 12 

5. Describe and locate the tricuspid and the bicuspid valves. 12 

C. Explain why persons after a long or severe sickness are extremely sensitive 

to a jar. 20 

7. Describe the neeil of ventilation and some of tlic causes by wiiich the air 

in a room is polluted - ' 20 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... January 7, 1888. 

1. Mention four common causes of colds. 20 

2. What artery carries dark blood, and what vein bright red blood? 20 

3. What causes vital heat? 20 

4. Wliat is meant by the expression, the right and the left heart? 20 

5. What is the diilerence between the material of the bones of a child and 

those of :in adult? 20 

212 



State of New York. 
depart mknt of public i n 8 t liu c t i on, 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 
Ist, 2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . October 1, 1887. 

4. By its color, and bv manner of its How ; venous blood is dark, and flows in a steady stream ; 

arterial blood islight, and Hows in jets. Below the wound. 

5. Stimulants are substances which excite. Narcotic-s stupefy. Alcohol taken in a small quan- 

tity is a stimulant; opium is a narcotic. 

6. 1. Eatiuj:; too fast; 

2. Strong excitement; 

3. Great fatigue; 

4. Mental effort; 

5. Too much li(iuid with food. 

7. It is a pear-shaped sac, lying obliquely across the body, immediately below the diaphraghm. 

That of an adult averages, when moderately full, twelve inches in h-ngth (transversely), and 
four inches iu breadth (vertically;. 

Ist, 2d and 3rd Grades, .... November 5, 1887. 

1. The heart, the arteries, the capillaries, and the veins. 

2. Want of cleaning; breaking the enamel by biting hard substances; and cracking the enamel 

by taking into the mouth substances either very hot or very cold. 

3. The" blood flows from the arteries of the periosteum into the Haversian canals of the bone, 

and, if the bone is hollow, through into the blood vessels of the marrow, then out again into 
the veins of the periosteum. 

4. Alcohol lirst distends the blood vessels, ^hen hardens the membranes, and by continual use, 

finallv ulcerate them. 
6. Two. I'he ulna and the radius. 

6. The act of walking without mental effort; playing upon musiftal instruments, especially those 

that require the use of the fingers; the expert use of tools by skilled mechanics, etc. 

7. By closing the perspiratory glands, and thus overworking the lungs in the etTort to discharge 

through them the impurities of the body that naturally escaiju through the skin. 

Ist, 2d and 3rd Grades, .... December 3, 1887. 

1. Incisors — eight in number; canines — four in number; bicuspids — eight; and molars — 

twelve. 

2. No. They prevent perspiration by causing the moisture to accumulate instead of allowing it 

to escape as nature designs. 

3. The continued use of alcohol dilates the blood vessels, hardens the membranes, and weakens 

the absorbents ; it also absorbs and retains the moisture from tiie digestive juices, coagu- 
lates and precipitates the pepsin, and changes the condition and power of the bile. 

4. Carbonaceous foods contain much carbon, and produce animal or vital heat in a large degree; 

they are less valuable as producers of tissue and muscle. Examples : Fat meat, sugar, etc. 
Nitrogenous foods mainly produce or form tissues and muscles. Examples: Cheese, lean 
meat, whites of eggs, etc. 

5. The tricuspid valve consists of three folds of membrane in the opening from the right auricle 

into the right ventricle, and the bicuspid valve of two folds of membrane in the opening 
from the left auricle into the left ventricle. These valves are so arranged that tiie blood 
may pass freely into the ventricles, but they close the opening if the blood sets back toward 
the auricles. 

6. The fats, tissues and cartilages that form the packing for the joints have been largelv absorbed, 

and sickness has prevented their replacement by assimilation of food ; hence a far causes a 
concussion to the bones, not observed in health. 

7. Fresh air is needed to purify the blood as it passes through the lungs, and to carry olT the 

exhalations from the bodj'. 
Air in a room is polluted by breathing, by perspiration, by lights or fires, and, in general, by 
any cause that exhausts the oxygen and generates carbonic acid gas. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . January 7, 1888. 

1. No answer required. 

2. The iHihnonary artery carries dark blood from the heart to the lungs, and the pulmonary vein 

carries red blood from the lungs to the heart. 

8. The chemical action of the oxygen in the blood, upon the tissues in the capillaries. 

4. The right auricle and right ventricle taken together are known as the right heart, •'. «., the 

right side of the heart, — and the left auricle and left ventricle, as the left heart. 

5. The bones of the child have a larger proportion of cartilage to the minerol matter than hove 

those of an adult. 

£.13 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

2d and 3rd Grades, February, 1888. 

1. (a) Of how many parts is the vertebral column composed? (b) What com- 

mon name is applied to all the parts? 20 

2. (a) Where is the spinal chord located? (h) In what part of the spinal cord 

is the gray matter? 20 

3. Explain why cleanliness of the skin is conducive to health. 20 

4. What is the office of the saliva; (a) In mastication? (b) In digestion? 20 

5. What argument would you employ to convince a man of his error, if he 

used alcoholic drinks, believing he would thereby be better able to endure 
exposure in cold weather? 



20 



2d and 3rd Grades, March 3, 1888. 

1. Describe the mucous membrane. 10 

' 2. Where is the larynx located? 10 

3. How are the tones of the voice modulated, as to pitch? 10 

4. What exchange of gases takes place in the lungs? 10 

5. Describe the aorta. ' 1" 

6. Name five fluids which are agents in digesting the food. 20 

7. What fluid contains pepsin? What office is performed by the pepsin? 10 

8. What effect is supposed to be produced upon the pepsin when alcohol is 

taken into the stomach? 10 

9. Describe the pia mater. 



10 



2d and 3rd Grades, March 13, 1888. 

1. Why does severe physical or mental labor immediately after eating hinder 

digestion? , 20 

2. Define two of the following: plasma; fibrin; clot; serum. 20 

3. What veins are provided with valves? 20 

4. Describe the peristaltic movement of the stomach. 20 

5. Should ice-water be taken during a meal? Why? 20 



2d and 3rd Grades, - - * - - March, 1888, Special. 

1. What organs secrete (a) the saliva, (h) the gastric juice, (c) the bile, (d) the 

pancreatic juice? 20 

2. A child is less liable to break a bone than an old person. Why? 20 

3. Tell the use of (a) the heart, (5) the stomach, (c) the capillaries, (d) the 

trachea. 20 

4. Give two reasons why a frequent change of air in a school-room is specially 

important. 20 

6. Name three kiods of teeth in each jaw. 20 

214 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

, PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . February, 1888. 

» 

1. (rt) 24. (?>) Vertebrae. 

3. (rt) It exteuds through the middle of the spinal column, (h) The inner part. 

3. It keeps the pores free from obstruction, giving free exit for excretions. 

4. (a) It softens and lubricates the food. (J)) It changes starch to sugar. 

5. Though the circulation would be simulated, causing him to feel warmer at first, 

a reaction would ensue and he would suffer more from cold than if lie abstained 
from the use of the stimulant. 



2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 3, 1888. 

1. It is a continuation of the skin of a more delicate texture, lining the alimentary 

canal and all the cavities opening from it. 

2. At the upper extremity of the wind pipe. 

3. By stretching or relaxing the vocal chords. 

4. Oxygen of the air enters the blood and carbonic acid in the blood enters the air. 

5. It is the great artery that conducts the purified blood from the left ventricle of 

the heart. 

6. Saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice, intestinal fluid. 

7. The gastric juice. It dissolves the albuminoids of the food. 

8. It is supposed to coagulate it. 

9. It is a membrane enveloping the brain, protecting it, and distributing blood to 

the brain through its many blood vessels. 



2d and 3rd Grades, ..... March 13, 1888. 

1. The blood required to stimulate the digestive organs is drawn by the physical or mental exer- 

tion, to the muscles or to the brain. 

2. Plasma, — the thin colorless liquid that comprises the great bulk of the blood. Fibrin, — an 

ingredient of the blood that hardens when the blood escapes from the veins or the arteries. 
Clot, — hardened fibrin mixed with corpuscles, and useful in being nature's means of stop- 
ping hemorrhages. Serum, — a clear yellow liquid remaining after a blood clot has formed. 

3. Tbe large veins that conduct blood upward when the body is in an erect position. 

4. The peristaltic movement is the peculiar churning movement caused by the contraction alter- 

nately, of the longitudinal and circular fibres of the muscle that forms one of the coats of 
the stomach. 

5. No. The low temperature of the water checks the flow of the digestive juices, and thus re- 

tards digestioa. 



2d and 3rd Grades, . _ . . March, 1888, Special. 

1. (^a) Salivary glands; (i) stomach; (c) liver; (d) pancreas. 

2. A child's bones contain a smaller proportion of lime and are not so brittle. 

o. (a) It is the central organ of the circulation, and drives the blood to all parts of the body. (J) 
In it the gastric juice dissolves the albumen, gluten, and tibrine of foods, and makes them 
(it to enter the blood, (c) They connect the arteries and veins. (</) It carries air into the 
lungs. 

4. Large number of persons present, many dirty bodies, and dirty clothing, much chalk and 

other dust, etc. 

5. The four cutting teeth in each jaw in front are called incisors. The pointed teeth next back of 

the incisors are called cuspids. The next back of the cuspids are the bicuspids. The back 
teeth are called molars. 

215 



State of New York. 
uniform examina tion q uestions. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . - . April 7, 1888» 

1. What are the four divisions of the human heart? 20 

2. What causes the arm to move at will? 20 

3. State two reasons why too rapid eating causes indigestion. 20 

4. What effect has alcohol on the temperature of the body? 20 

5. WTiat is the usual temperature of the human body? What should be the 

temperature of a school-room? 20 



2d and 3rd Grades, ..... May 5, 1888. 

1. Describe the diaphragm. 10 

2. What is the pulse? 10 

3. What is the pupil of the eye? 10 

4. Name two reasons which a teacher might give pupils in advising them to 

bathe frequently. 10 

5. What would be good advice for a teacher of hygiene to give in reference to 

the times for eating? Give reasons for the advice. 10 

6. What gland secretes the bile? 10 

7. Describe the movement of the walls of the stomach, when containing food. 

For what purpose is the movement? 10 

8. What part of a bone is hardest? 10 

9. What beneficial pui-pose is served by the readiness of the blood to coagu- 

late? 10 
10. Does alcohol impart heat to the body? State some fact which you have 

observed or of which you have read, to prove your assertion.' 10 



2d and 3rd Grades, - - . . - June, 1888. 

1. What are the lacteals? 10- 

2. How is the redness of a drunkard's face caused? 10 

3. What are the best times for cleaning the teeth? Would you use warm or 

cold water? A hard or a soft brush? 10 

4. Describe the action of a muscle by which it produces motion. 10 

5. How are the bones held together at tlie movable joints? 10 

6. Describe connective tissue and explain its office. 10 

7. What muscular movement, necessary for respiration, is obstructed by tight 

lacing ? 10 

8. What functions of the skin have led to its being called the "third 

lung?" 10 

9. In what season of the year do we need the greatest amount of sugar and fat 



in our food? 10 

10. In what part of the eye is the retina? Of what nerve is it a part? 10 

216 



' State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIGNE.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . April 7, 1888. 

1. Right auricle; right ventricle ; left auricle; left ventricle. 

2. The contraction of a muscle, by a nervous impulse sent from the brain. 

5. From imperfect mastication, (a) sufficient saliva is not mingled with the food; 
Q>) the food presents too little surface for the action of the gastric juices of 
the stomach. 

4. The temperature is at first raised above normal temperature, then lowered below." 

5. 98^°, From 68° to 70°, 



2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - May 5, 1888. 

1. It is a muscular partition separating the cavities of the chest and abdomen. 

2. It is the blood flowing through the arteries in wavelets caused by the pulsations of the heart. 

3. The small opening in the front part o*' the eye, through which the light passes in. 

4. (1) It produces cleanliness, which is desirable in itself. (2) It secures a healthful activity in 

the glands of the skin. 

5. Not more than four meals a day would be advisable. Meals should be regular. If a meal is 

taken just before going to bed, it ought to be a light one. The stomach, like other organs, 
needs regular periods of rest. The stomach, like other organs, needs to be at rest during 
sleep. 

6. The liver. 

7. The muscles in the walls of the stomach, by successive contractions and relaxations, keep the 

food in constant motion, and, in this way, the digestive fluid becomes thoroughly mixed 
with the food. 

8. The outside. 

9. In case of wounds, the clotted blood stops further bleeding. 

10. No. It is related, on good authority, that Arctic explorers who use alcohol have less power 
of enduring the cold than those who abstain from its use. 



2d and 3rd Grades, -.-... -June, 1888. 

1. They are vessels which absorb the chyle from the intestines and convey it to the 

thoracic duct. 

2. By the capillaries of the face becoming enlarged and distended with blood. 

3. Immediately after meals; not excessively cold water; a soft brush. 

4. It contracts, becoming shorter and thicker. 

5. By ligaments attached to either bone. 

6. It is composed of fine, white, strong fibres ; its office is to bind together the 

other tissues of the body. 

7. The muscles which raise the ribs are prevented from doing their work, because 

the constriction around the waist holds the ribs down. 

8. The functions of excretion and absorption. 

9. In winter. 

10. In the back part ; it is a part of the optic nerve. 

S17 



State of New York. ' 
uniform examination questions. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE, 

2d and 3d Grades, . . . . August 14, 1888. 

1. ^That is the normal number of molar teeth in the permanent set? 10 

2. Of -what use is the sense of taste aside from the pleasure it yields? 10 

3. "Where is the medulla oblongata located? 10 

4. Give the number and names of the bones in the fore-arm. 10 

5. What is the proper temperature for a study-room, by the Fahrenheit ther- 

mometer? 10 

6. Describe a good way of arranging the windows of a school room for venti- 

lating the room, when there is no other means of ventilation. 10 

7. Give an illustration of an involuntary muscle; also give a definition of the 

term. 10 

8. What cavities in the lower part of the heart? 10 

9. Name five organs which are located in the cavity of the abdomen. 10 
10. Of what three parts is the ear composed? 10 
2d and 3rd Grades, ... - - September 1, 1888. 

1. What name is given to the whole series of bones united together? 10 

2. When a muscle acts, what effect does it produce upon the joints between its 

ends? 10 

3. Name five articles of food that are rich in starch. 10 

4. Name a fluid of the body that has the power to convert starch into 

sugar. 10 

5. What important work is done by the muscular walls of the stomach while 

digestion is going on? • 10 

6. What ingredient of air is of vital importance in respiration? 10 

7. When is a room well ventilated? 10 

8. What prevents the pulse from being felt in the veins? 10 

9. Describe a spinal nerve. 10 
10. What is a tonic? a stimulant? a narcotic? How could alcohol be so admin- 
istered as to produce either of these three effects? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 11, 1888. 

1. What is the office of the epiglottis? 10 

2. Describe the relative position of a pair of flexor and extensor muscles as to 

the joint they serve to move. 10 

3. What change must starch undergo before it can be absorbed into the 

blood? '^ 

4. Name an inorganic substance in food of which the bones are largely com- 

posed. 

5. In what way may the teeth be used to aid the stomach and lighten its work? 10 

6. In what way does the oxygen of the air reach the blood? 10 

7. Which way is the heart (above or below, to the right or left, in front or 

behind) from the right lung? From the diaphragm? From the sternum 

or breast bone? From the thoracic duct? From the stomach? 10 

8. If the body came in contact with no external impurities, would there be 

need of bathing? Why? 10 

9. Name four different organs of special sense? 10 

10. If a person drink alcohol in sufficient quantities to cause it to act as a stim- 

ulant, will there be danger of injury to the heart and blood-vessels? Give 

the reason for your answer. ^^ 

218 



State of New York. 
department f p u b l i c i n8 t r u c t 1 n. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ..... August 14, 1888. 

1. 13. 

2. We use it, to some extent, to distinguish proper from improper food. 

3. Below the brain and above the spinal cord. 

4. Two : the ulna and the radius. 

5. About 68 degrees. 

6. Raise the lower sash a few inches and insert a piece of board to fill the opening 

below ; this allows a passage of air between the sashes, which passes upwards 
instead of striking the heads of the pupils. 

7. The heart. An involuntary muscle is one which contracts and relaxes without 

the direction of the will. 

8. The ventricles. 

9. The stomach, the liver, tlie pancreas, the spleen, the kidneys, the intestines. 
10. The outer ear, the middle ear or tympanum and the inner ear or labyrinth. 

2d and 3rd Grades, .... September 1, 1888. 

1. The skeleton. 

2. Tt may bend it, if extended, or it may extend it, if bent. '■ 

3. Flour, corn meal, potatoes, rice, sago. 

4. The saliva. The intestinal juice. 

5. They move the food about in the stomacii and so mix it with the gastric juice, 

and drive it out of the stomach when it is properly reduced. 
G. Oxygen. 

7. When there is free ingress of fresh air and egress of the vitiated air. 

8. The capillaries so obstruct the passage as to prevent the pulse wave from extend- 

ing into the veins. 

9. It is a nerve taking its origin in the spinal cord and extending from it, to the 

right or left, to some other part of the body. 

10. A tonic is a medicine that imparts vigor to the body. A stimulant is a medicine 
that gives a quick but transient impulse to the action of the heart. A narcotic is 
a medicine or poison tliat produces insensibility to pain, or stupor, and in large 
doses, death. In small doses, properly administered, it acts as atonic; in larger 
doses, it becomes a stimulant ; in still larger over-doses, it becomes a narcotic. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . _ . September 11, 1888. 

1. To prevent solid or liquid substances from entering the windpipe. 

2. The flexor is on the inside of the joint or the side toward which it bends; the 

extensor is on the opposite or outside. 

3. It must be converted to sugar. 

4. Lime. 

5. They may chew the food until it is finely masticated. 

6. It enters the lungs and then finds its way through the tissue of the air-sacs, by 

osmose, to the capillaries of the lungs. 

7. To the left. Above. Behind. In front. Above. 

8. Yes. Because of the excretions that come from the pores of the skin. 

9. The eye, the ear, the nose, the tongue. 

10. There will be danger ; because of the excessive action of the heart. 

219 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
2d and 3rd Grades, - ... October 6, 1888. 

1. With what bone does the femur, or thigh bone articulate above? With 

what, below? 10 

2. Describe the action, respectively, of a flexor muscle and of the correspondiug 

extensor. 10 

3. What effect has disuse, or inactivity, on a muscle? 10 

4. Name some fluid of the body which is capable of emulsifying the fatty part 

of the food so that it can be absorbed into the blood. 10 

5. What disease is often the result of hasty eating and insufficiently masticat- 

ing the food? 10 

6. In which membrane of the stomach is the gastric juice secreted? 10 

7. Why is good ventilation necessary to good health? 10 

8. Into what vessels does the blood pass after leaving the capillaries? 10 

9. What part of the nervous system is included within the spinal column? 10 
10. What is the use of the choroid coat of the eyeball? 10 
2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . - JTovember 3, 1888. 

1. In what condition must the flexor and the extensor muscle be, respectively, 

to hold the limb straight and rigid? 10 

2. What circumstance stimulates the salivary glands to secrete the saliva 

copiously? 10 

3. What circumstance stimulates the flow of the gastric juice? 10 

4. By what muscular action is the cavity of the chest enlarged? 10 

5. What causes the air to pass down the trachea into the lungs, when the 

cavity of the chest is enlarged? 10 

6. Why does a weak person or an invalid need more clothing than a per- 

son of robust health? 10 

7. Why does the fracture of the spinal column produce paralysis? 10 

8. In what way does the action of the muscles aid the heart and lighten 

its labors? 10 

9. What effect has tlie presence of alcohol in large quantities in the stomach, 

on the lining membrane of the stomach, and on the flow and action of 

the gastric juice? 10 

10. Where is the organ of the voice located? What is it called? 10 
2d and 3rd Grades, . . . - . January 5, 1889. 

1. Locate the following: {a) patella, (b) ulna, (c) sacrum, (tZ) sternum, {e) oc- 

cipital bone. 10 

2. Mention three uses of the muscles. 10 

3. Name the organs of mastication and deglutition. 10 

4. What difference is there in structure between the arteries and veins? 10 

5. Mention two kinds of nerve tissue. Which is more abundant? 10 

6. Name the parts of the eye. 10 

7. Why is bathing important to health? 10 

8. Deflne food. 10 

9. What properties does oatmeal possess as a food? 10 

10. Mention two desirable qualities in clothing. 10 

220 



State of New York. 
depart ment of public instruction. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 
2d and 3rd Grades, - _ - . - October 6, 1888. 

1. The pelvis. Tlie tibia 

2. The flexor contracts and bends the limb at the joint, 'f he extensor contracts 

and extends or straightens the limb at the joint. 

3. It causes it to become soft and weak, and so, incapable of use. i 

4. The pancreatic juice 

5. Dyspepsia. 

6. In the inner or lining membrane. 

7. Because good ventilation means a sufficient supply of oxygen to the blood, with- 

out which every part of the body suSers. 

8. Into the veins. 

9. The spinal chord. 

10. To absorb those rays of light which do not pass directly to the retina, so that 
they may not confuse the image by being reflected to the retina. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- November 3, 1888. 

1. They must both be contracted. 

2. The presence of palatable food in the mouth, or even the thought of it. 

3. The presence of food in the stomach. 

4. By the contraction of the muscular fibres of the diaphragm, and the intercostal 

muscles; in the former case, the diaphragm is lowered, and in the latter case, 
the riijs are raised. 

5. The pressure of the atmosphere. 

6. Because the heat of the body, called animal heat, is produced by the action, 

chemical and muscular, going on in the body; and this vital action is more 
intense in proportion to the physical strength. Hence, the greater heat and 
less need of protection in the case of the robust person. 

7. Because injury is done to the spinal cord, -which cuts off nerve communication 

between the part of the body below the fracture and the brain ; this is paraly- 
sis. 

8. The active muscle presses the veins ramifying through it, and so forces the 

blood on its way, the valves in the veins preventing the blood from flowing 
backward. 

9. It inflames the lining of the stomach; this impedes the flow of gastric juice and 

so retards gastric digestion. 
10. It is located in the throat at the top of the trachea. It is called the larynx. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - .... January 5, 1889. 

• 

1. (a) At the knee; {I) the larger of the two bones of the fore-arm; (c) that part of 

the spinal column which forms the posterior part of the pelvis; (c/)the breast- 
bone; (e) that part of the skull which forms the back part of the head. 

2. To produce motion; to protect the skeleton; to hold the limbs in position. 

3. Teeth and tongue. 

4. The arteries have much stronger walls. 

5. The white and the gray matter; the white is more abundant. 

6. Cornea, iris, pupil, aqueous humor, crystalline lens, vitreous humor, retina, 

choroid coat, sclerotic coat, and optic nerve. 

7. It keeps the pores open, thus allowing waste matter to escape freely from the body. 

8. Any substance that supplies material which renews lost tissue or supports 

some process of life. 

9. It is rich in gluten and fat, and also contains starch and sugar. 
10. Warmth, lightness, and proper ventilation. 

221 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

% 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
2d and 3d Grades, . . . . - February 2, 1889. 

1. (a) Bone is composed of -what two kinds of matter ? (5)' How does the 

proportion of >hese two kinds of matter vary from childhood to old age? 10 

2. What is necessary for the muscles in order that they may be healthy and 

well developed ? 10 

3. "Where does the bile come in contact with the food in the process of di- 

gesticm ? 10 

4. (a) Where should a bleeding artery be compressed, to stop the flow of 

blood ? (&) A vein ? 10 

5. When the skin does not properly perform its work, what organ is usu- 

ally most perceptibly affected ? 10 

G. Of what are the nails a modification ? 10 

7. {a) What is the synovial membrane ? (b) What its use ? 10 

8. What is meant by assimilation ? 10 

9. What effect has alcohol upon the gastric juice ? 10 
10. Why do children require more breathing space in proportion to their size, 

than do adults ? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . _ . March 2, 1889. 

1. What is meant by the function of an organ? 10 

2. Into how many parts is the brain divided? Name and locate the two great 

clivi<5ions. .10 

3^. (a) Name two conditions that are necessary m order to keep the skin 
healthy. 
(h) How may these conditions be attained? "0 

5. Give two causes of near sightedness, that are liable to be found in school 

work. 10 

6. Name in order, commencing with the mouth, the parts of tlie alimentary 

canal. ^^ 

7. State the difference m form and use between incisors and molars. 10 

8. What arc extensor muscles? Locate one. 10 

9. What is congestion? lO 

10. Give two facts in regard to the structure of the skull, that especially fit it 

to be a protection for the brain. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, • March 12, 1889. 

1. What is dentine? 10 

3. What element in the blood seems designed to stop hemofthage? 10 

3. What are the metacarpal bones? 10 

4. What is the common name given to the sternum? to the clavicle? to the 

scapula? 

5. What is the function of tlie sebaceous glands? 10 

6. {d) How may exercise weaken a muscle? {I) Why is change of physical 

employment restful? 

7. What benefits are derived from a tiiorough rubbing of the skin by a dry flesh 

brush or towel? 10 

8. Of what use are tears? By what secreted? What provision is made for 

their escape from the eye in ordinary quantities? 10 

9. Mention five narcotic poisons. 10 

10. Locate the aorta; the jugular veins; the portal vein; the pulmonary 

artery. ^^ 

233 



State of New York. 
department of public instevction. 



PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 
2d and 3rd Grades, . - . . . February 2, 1889. 

1. (a) Animal and mineral, (h) The proportion of animal matter constantly de- 

creases, and that of mineral increases. 

2. That they should receive sufficient nourishment and be properly exercised. 

3. In the duodenum. 

4. (a) At some point where it approaches the surface, between the wound and the 

heart, {h) At a point away from the heart, i. e., the wound should be between 
the compress and the heart. 

5. The lungs. 

6. Of the skin. 

7. (a) The membrane that lines the joints, (h) It secretes a fluid that lubricates the 

joints to prevent friction. 

8. The converting of certain elements of the food into living tissue. 

9. It coagulates and precipitates the pepsin, one of its most efficient agents in the 

process of digestion. 

10. Because in children the tissues are worn out faster than in adults, and conse- 
quently a greater amount proportionally of waste animal matter is thrown off 
by respiration and perspiration. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . - _ - - March 2, 1889. 

1. Its office or work in the economy of the body. 

2. It has two great divisions, and each of these consists of two parts or hemispheres. 

The great divisions are the cerebrum, situated in the front and upper part of the head; and 
the cerebellum, situated in the lower and back part of the head. 
3-4. (a) That the glands of the skin be kept open ; that the blood be kept circulating freely in 
it ; that the air have access to it. (Any two of the foregoing. ) 
(b) By keeping the skin clean ; by exercise or by friction ; by wearing loose clothing. 

5. Too great or long-continued use of the eyes; poor light; a habitual stooping posture when 

studying. 

6. The mouth, the throat, the oesophagus, the stomach, the small intestine, and the large 

intestine. 

7. The incisors are sharp, chisel-shaped teeth used to cut off portions of food; the molars are 
, broad and flat on top, and are used for crushing, or grinding the food. 

8. Muscles whose functions are to straighten or extend joints. Ex . , The muscle on the back of 

the arm that straightens the elbow joint. 

9. An unnatural accumulation of blood in the vessels of a part or organ. 

10. The skull is composed of two compact plates or layers of bone with a spongy substance 
between them, and it is in several parts or pieces joined by notched edges or sutures — these 
conditions of structure tending to break the force of any concussion. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . - March 12, 1889. 

1. It is the bony matter of which the greater part of a tooth is composed. 

2. Fibrin. 

3. The bones of the hand, i. e., the bones beyond the wrist. 

4. Breastbone. Collarbone. Shoulder blade. 

5. To oil the skin and hair, keeping them soft and pliable. 

6. By being too violent, too spasmodic, or too long continued. Because other sets 

of muscles are put in use, and the sets ordinarily used, have rest. 

7. The circulation of the blood in the skin is quickened, the worn out scales of the 

cuticle and the excretions from perspiration are removed. 

8. To moisten and clean the surface of the eye. By the laciirymai gland situated in 

the upper and outer part of the eye socket. The nasal duct situated at the 
inner angle of the eye, carries them into the nose. 

9. Answers may differ. 

10. The aorta in its downward course is in the back part of the chest and abdomen, 
just in front of the spinal column. The jugular veins are on each side of the 
neck and carry the blood from the head. The portal vein is in the right side 
of the abdomen and connects veins of the stomach and intestines with the 
liver. The pulmonary artery extend^ from the right ventricle to the lungs. 

223 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . - April 6, 1889. 

1. What is the largest gland in the body? Where located? What is its func- 

tion? 10 

2. What acts constitute respiration? What muscles are employed in regulating 

these acts? 10 

3. What is the patella? What is its use? 10 

4. Mention three causes that quicken the circulation. 10 

5. Name the organs of the nervous system. 10 

6. What is the general effect upon the system of the use of alcohol? 10 

7. How is the temperature of the different parts of the body kept substan- 

tially equal under normal conditions? 10 

8. How are the muscles attached to the bones which they are intended to 

move ? 10 

9. Name four conditions that tend to develop consumption. 10 
10. How may exercise relieve headache caused by over mental exertion? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . May 4, 1889. 

1. What matter in the composition of bones gives them toughness and 

elasticity? 10 

2. Mention three qualities of muscle that it should be the aim of training to 

secure. 10 

3. State some means by which nature purifies the air. 10 

4. Give two uses of the fatty substances of the body. 10 

5. Where are the muscles tliat move the fingers located? 10 

6. Why does the skin become red with exercise? How is it cooled? 10 

7. How may r chill resulting from bathing be prevented? 10 

8. Of what tissue is the heart composed? How is it nourished? 10 

9. Why is severe mental labor liable to induce cold feet? 10 

10. Why is the warmth of the fire more apparent to the palm than to tiie out- 
side of the hand? ' 10 

1st Grade, - - - - . August 13 and 14, 1889. 

1. What is serum ? What is connective tissue ? 10 

2. Where are the kidneys located ? What office do they perform for the blood? 10 

3. Describe the dura mater. 10 

4. In what fluid or juice is pepsin found ? What class of foods does pepsin 

dissolve? 10 

5. Where does the ascending vena cava empty its contents? 10 

6. What are the lumbar vertebrae, and where are they located? 10 

7. What effect has alcohol, when taken into the blood, on the capillary blood 

vessels? 10 

8. What system of vessels conveys the chyle from tlie small intestine to the 

receptacle of the chyle? " 10 

9. Describe the convolutions of the brain; in what way do they indicate the 

extent of intellectual development? 10 

10. What is the difference between the veins and arteries as to {a) walls, (b) 
valves, (c) elasticity, {d) course of the blood? 

224 



State of New York. 
depa rtment of public instruc tion. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 
2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . April 6, 1889. 

1. The liver. Oq the right side below the diaphragm. Its kaown functioa is to 

secrete the bile, 

2. luhalatioii and exhalation. The diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. 

3. The knee pan, i. <'., a heart-shaped bone in front of the knee joint. Its use is to 

change the direction of the force exerted by the muscles that straighten the 
knee joint. 

4. Answers may differ. 

5. The brain, the spinal cord, and the nerves. 

6. The necessary conditions of waste and repair are partially checked. 

7. By the constant circulation of the blood. 

8. By tendons. 

9. Answers may differ. 

10. By drawing a part of the blood from the brain to other portions of the body. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . - . . May 4, 1889. 

1. The animal matter. 

2. Strength, endurance, and mobility. 

3. Answers may differ. 

4. Answers may differ. 

5. In the forearm. 

6. Because of the unusual amount of blood circulating through it. By perspiration. 

7. By securing a prompt reaction of the blood to the surface of the body, as by 

friction. 

8. It is of muscular tissue. By blood circulating through it, as in other muscles, 

and reaching its walls through the coronary artery. 

9. Because mental effort, if long continued, calls an undue amount of blood to the 

brain from the other parts of the body. 

10. Because the sensory nerves are so much more abundant in the palm than in the 
back of the hand. 

1st Grade, - . . . . August 13 and 14, 1889. 

1. The thin, transparent, fluid portion of the blood. The white fibrous tissue that 

binds together the other tissues. 

2. In the back part of the abdominal cavity. They eliminate poisonous matter 

from the blood. 

3. It is a fibrous membrane which lines the skull and surrounds the brain. 

4. In the gastric juice. It dissolves the albumenoids or proteids. 

5. Into the right auricle. 

6. They are vertebroe to which no ribs are joined, and are located at the lower part 

of the spinal column above the sacrum. 

7. It causes them to shrink. 

8. The lacteals. 

9. They are undulations or folds in the gray matter on the outside of the cerebrum. 

The greater the number and depth of these folds in the cerebrum, the greater 
the intellectual development. 
10. The walls of the arteries are stronger and firmer than those of the veins; the 
veins are supplied with valves while the arteries are not; the course of the 
blood is from the heart in the arteries and toward the heart in the veins. 

225 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . August 13, 1889. 

1. State -whicli of the four classes of essential foods is best represented in each 

of the following articles: (a) wheat bread; (l) cream; (c) skimmed milk; 
{(I) lean meat ; {e) salt. 10 

2. Name some important office performed by the villi or protuberances of the 

inner lining of the small intestine. 10 

3. "What is an artery? 10 

4. Show by diagram or description, the relative location, respectively, of the 

white and the gray matter of the spinal cord. 10 

5. What disease of the liver is sometimes ascribed to the excessive use of alco- 

holic stimulants? Describe the external appearance of the liver when 
affected by this disease. 10 

6. Name the four chambers of the heart, first naming those cavities which 

, receive dark colored or venous blood. 10 

7. What are the capillaries? 10 

8. Name one of the essential mineral foods of the bones. 10 

9. What is dyspepsia? Mention two possible causes. 10 
10. Name two kinds of glands found in the skin. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . September 7, 1889. 

1. Mention two offices performed by the saliva. 10 

2. What are the intervertebral cartilages? What is their use? 10 

3. What is the retina (of the eye)? Where is it located? 10 

4. Describe and locate the cerebellum. 10 

5. Why is it not well to take a cold bath when the body is very warm? ) ^^ 
Why is the habit of muffling the neck with warm wraps a bad one? \ 

6. What is a voluntary muscle? Give an example. 10 

7. Briefly distinguish between the terms "pericardium," and "pleura." 10 

8. How are the muscles of the walls of the stomach arranged, and why are 

they so arranged? 10 

9. How is the amount of light, admitted into the eye, regulated? 10 
10. How do the functions of a motor nerve differ from those of a sensory nerve? 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . . . . September 10, 1889. 

1. What are the relative positions of the gray and the white nerve-matters in 

the brain? 10 

2. Mention three coats or membranes that enter into the formation of the walls 

of the stomach. 10 

3. What is the normal temperature of the blo.od? What is a i)roper temiiera- 

ture for a study room? 10 

4. What is a cold? Mention a common cause of cold. 10 

5. What name is given to the partially digested food as it passes into the 

duodenum? What name to that which passes further along in the small 
intestines? 10 

6. What vessels hold the blood while it undergoes the change from dark to 

light color? 10 

7. What class of muscles, beside the diaphragm, have part in respiration? Do 

these muscles contract or expand during inhalation? 10 

8. What tissue binds together the fibres of a muscle? 10 

9. What is the name of the internal membrane which is a continuation of the 

skin? 10 

10. Name two distressing diseases brought on by stimulants and high living. 10 

226 



State of New York. 
department of public 1n3 t rv c t i o n. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . August 13, 1889. 

1. (rt) Starch (or sugar); Qi) oil; {c) albumenoid or proteid; {d) albumenoid or pro- 

teid ; {e) miueral. 

2. They absorb nutriment from tlie contents of the small intestines. 

3. A tube through which blood flows from the heart. 

4. The gray matter is within and surrounded by the white. 

5. Cirrhosis of the liver; yellowish nodules often appear on the surface of the liver. 

(Tiic disease is sometimes called hob-nailed liver.) 

6. Right auricle, right ventricle, left auricle, left ventricle. 

7. The smallest blood vessels, connecting the arteries and the veins. 

8. Answers may differ. 

9. It is indigestion or diflBculty of digestion. It may be caused by overeating, by 

rich food, or by strong drink. (Other answers will be accepted.) 
10. Perspiratory glands; oil glands. 
2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . . September 7, 1889. 

1. It lubricates the food for swallowing; it converts starch to sugar. 

2. They are pads of cartilage between the vertebrse. They give elasticity and suppleness to the 

spinal column. 

3. It is an expansion o£ the optic nerve; it is located within the eyeball in the back part 

4. It is a part of the brain, niuch smaller than the cerebrum, and located behind and below it. 
6. A cold is likely to result from the sudden closing of the pores of the skin. 

By hardening the neck to exposure as we do the face, we avoid colds by change of tempera- 
ture. 

6. A muscle which we can contract ai will. Examples are various. 

T. The pericardium is the membrane which envelops the heart; the pleura is the membrane 
which envelops the lungs. 

8. They are arranged longitudinally, laterally and diagonally. They are so arranged as to give 

a great variety of motions to the walls of the stomach. 

9. By the contraction and expansion of the iris. 

10. The motor nerves convey impulses to the muscles iu which thev terminate and produce 
motion; the sensory nerves convey to the brain impressions made upon the periphery, as 
the organs of spinal sense on the skin. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- September 10, 1889. 

1. The gray matter is on the outside and surrounds the white. 

2. The outer serous membrane, the muscular and the living or mucous membrane, 

3. Normal temperature of the blood, 98' Fahrenheit. Proper temperature of a study 

room, 68° to 70°. 

4. A cold is a disease produced by the contraction of certain vessels, located 

especially in the skin and mucous membrane, and so preventing the escape of 
waste matter from the blood. This contraction of the vessels is commonly 
caused by a chill from a draft of air or otherwise. 

5. Chyme. Chyle. 

6. The capillaries of the lungs. 

7. The intercostal muscles. They contract. 

8. Connective tissues. 

9. The mucous membrane. 

10. Dyspepsia. Brights' disease. (Other answers will be allowed.) 

227 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

2d and 3rd Grades, . . . . - October 5, 1889. 

1. How is the food that is swallowed, forced from the upper extremity of the 

gullet to the stomach? 10 

2. Into what passages or cavities may the air we inhale pass after it goes through 

the larynx? 10 

3. Name three nerves of special sense. 10 

4. Of what kind of tissue is the heart mainly composed? The larynx? The 

tongue? 10 

5. What organs for purifying the blood are located in the skin? 10 

6. Mention a malformation of the eye which would cause near or shortsighted- 

ness and state the remedy. 10 

7. Wliat is the principal organ of the voice? What modifying organs? 10 

8. What is the office of the crystalline lens? 10 

9. What steps should be taken to resuscitate a drowning person? 10 
10. Define coagulation ; sprain ; congestion. 10 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- November 26, 1889. 

Of the following questions, the candidates will answer only six, to each of which sixteen and 
two-thirds credits are assigned ; 

1. Into what four classes are the foods, necessary for sustenance, divided? 

2. Mention one of the forces by which the blood is carried through the veins. 

3. Name and locate the largest artery in the body. 

4. How could the hind limb of a frog be deprived of feelmg and still retain the 

power of voluntary motion? 

5. What bones, beside vertebra?, enter into the frame of the chest? 

6. What is the effect of alcohol on the blood corpuscles? 

7. Name four parts of the eye that are transparent. 

8. Mention two ill effects likely to result from maintaining a stooping posture while 

studying. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - - - January 11, 1890. 

Of the following questions, the candidates will answer only six, to each of which sixteen and 
two-thirds credits are assigned ; 

1. Define the term hygiene? 

2. What gland secretes the bile? From what is the bile secreted? 

8. Name two properties of cartilage which make it useful in the joints. 

4. Describe mucous membrane. Of what other membrane is it a continuation? 

5. What bones form tlie frame- work of the thorax or chest cavity? 

6. Why is less food required when labor is diminished? 

7. In what way is frequent cleansing of tlie skin and clothing conducive to good 

health? 

8. How is the temperature of the body maintained? 

228 



State of New York. 
bepartmext of public instruction. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - . - - - - October 5, 1889. 

1. By the successive contraction of tlie muscular fibres surrounding the gullet, from 

above downward. 

2. Into the windpipe, the bronchial tubes, and the air sacs of the lungs. 

3. Answers may differ. 

4. Of muscular tissue. Of cartilage. Of muscular tissue. 

5. The perspiratory glands. 

6. The first part admits of a variety of answers ; the remedy is concave spectacles, 

7. The principal organ for producing voice is the larynx; the voice is modified by 

the tongue, the palate, the lips, the nasal cavities, etc. 

8. Its oflicc is to refract the rays of light. 

9. Place him in such a position and employ such other means as will empty the 

water from the lungs, and force air into them. 
10. Coagulation is changing from a fluid to a fixed state. Sprain is a strain of 
ligaments or muscles. Congestion is an unnatural accumulation of blood in 
some part of the system. 

2d and 3rd Grades, ----- November 26, 1889. 

1. (1) Albumenoids or proteids; (3) sugars, including starch; (3) oils and fats; 

(4) minerals. 

2. Answers may differ. 

3. The aorta, located just above the heart, from which it has its origin. 

4. By dividing the sensory nerve. 
6. The ribs and the sternum. 

6. It causes them to shrink. 

7. The cornea, the aqueous humor, the crystalline lens, the vitreous humor. 

8. Curvature of the spine or round shoulders, and contraction of the chest. (Other 

correct answers may be allowed. ) 

2d and 3rd Grades, - - - . . January 11, 1890. 

1. Hygiene is the art or science of maintaining health. 

2. The liver. The blood. 

3. It is smooth and hard, and it is elastic. 

4. It is a thin, elastic membrane which lines the cavities of the body, which open 

externally. It is a continuation of the skin. 

5. The twelve dorsal vertebrae, the ribs, and the sternum. 

6. Because the waste of tissue to be repaired is less. 

7. It increases the secretions of the skin and prevents absorption of poisonous 

matter that has been secreted. 

8. It is maintained by the chemical action which takes place in the digestion of the 

food, and the action of oxygen in uniting with the carbon of the tissues. 

229 



State of New York. 
uniform examination (questions, 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 
2d and 3rd Grades, . . _ _ . March 4, 1890. 

Of the following questions, the candidates will answer only six, to each of which sixteen and 
two-thirds credits are assigned ; 

1. Why can the condition of the stomach be inferred by examining the tongue? 

2. Locate the metacarpal bones and state their number. 

3. Describe the action of a muscle by which motion is produced. 

4. What is chyme? 

5. What office docs the blood perform in nourishing the system? 

6. Why is more food required in cold than in warm weather? 

7. How is the trachea or windpipe located with reference to the oesophagus and the 

spinal column? 

1st Grade, .--.-- March 4 and 5, 1890. 

1. What liolds togctlicr the globules of fat which compose the fatty parts of 

the body? 10 

2. Describe serous membrane and state one of its uses. 15 

3. Of what two substances is nerve tissue composed? 10 

4. What bone of the forearm articulates at the wrist, nearest the thumb? 10 

5. Describe the effect upon the organs of respiration of an habitually stooping 

posture. 15 

6. Give the names of Ave glands, or kinds of glands, which secrete digestive 

lluids. 20 

7. Where does the chyle enter the lacteals, and to what vessel is it carried by 

them? 20 

230 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT F PUD LI O INST RUC TION. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.— Answers. 

2d and 3rd Grades, - March 4, 1890. 

1. Because the same membrane tliat lines tlie stomacli also invests the tongue 

2. They are located in the hand; there are live of them. 

3. The muscle contracts. 

4. The mixture of i)artially digested food and digestive fluids -which passes from 

the stomach into the small intestines. 

5. It carries the nutriment to all parts of the system. 

6. Because, in cold weather, a larger amount of food is required for combustion, 

i. e.yioT keeping the system up to its normal temperature. 

7. The trachea is located in front of the spinal column and of the oesophagus 

1st Grade, ._.-.. March 4 Etad 5, 1890. 

1. Connective tissue. 

2. It is a smooth tissue lining all the closed cavities and reflected so as to cover the 

organs contained by these cavities. Answers will vary as to the second part 
of the question. 

3. The white substance and tlic gray. 

4. The radius. 

5. The lungs will be cramped and diminished in size and the respiration imperfect. 

6. The salivary, the gastric, the pancreas, the liver, the intestinal. 

7. It enters the lacteals in the villi of the intestines, and is conveyed by them to 

the thoracic duct. 

231 



State of New York, 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

SCHOOL LAW. 

1st Grade, ..-..- September 3, 1887. 

1. State three ways in -which a teacher may be licensed. 20 

2. Mention the legal holidays in this State. 20 

3. Is a teacher autliorized to hold religious exercises during school hours? 20 

4. Has the teacher authority to expel a pupil? To suspend? 20 

5. What legal remedy has a teacher against any person who creates a willful 

disturbance during school hours? 20 



1st Grade, October 1, 1887. 

1. May a district change from one to three trustees? 20 

2. What authority has a teacher to inflict corporal punishment? 20 

3. What does the law require of a teacher before he can make a legal contract 

to teach a common school? 20 

4. In whom is the authority vested to regulate the attendance of pupils, the 

course of study, and the selection of text-books? 20 

5. How frequently does the law provide that the compensation of teachers shall 

become due and payable? 20 



1st Grade, ..-..- November 5, 1887. 

1. What vacancies in office may the trustee of a school district fill by appoint- 

ment? 20 

2. "Wliat authority has a teacher over pupils on the way to and from school? 20 

3. Upon what basis is the public school fund apportioned (a) to the counties 

of the State? (5) To the several school districts of a county? 20 

4. What relatives is a trustee prohibited from hiring as teachers? 20 

5. What power has the trustee of a school district to purchase globes, maps, 

and other school apparatus for the use of the school without the vote of 
the district? 20 



1st Grade, December 3, 1887. 

1. (a) What notice to voters is necessary in calling a special school meeting? 

(I)) What matters can be legally acted upon at such meet?ng? 20 

2. (a) How may a school district change from three trustees to one? (b) From 

one trustee to three? 20 

3. Has a trustee, or a board of trustees, the power to allow the use of the 

school-house for religious meetings against the wish of the district? 20 

4. How many days must elapse between the voting of a tax by a district 

meeting and the delivery of the tax-list and warrant to the collector? 20 

5. Can a teacher make u]) lost time by teaching on a holiday? 20 

232 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

SCHOOL LAW.— Answers. 
1st Grade, ...... September 3, 1887. 

1. By State Superintendent of Public Instruction; by school commissioners, or other officers 

with similar functions; by obtainiui^ a diploma from a State normal school. 

2. January 1, February 22, May 80, July 4, first Monday in September, December 25, any general 

election day in this State, evoiy Saturday afternoon and Thanksgiving day. 

3. A teacher has no authority to insist u|)on religious exercises of any kind. 

4. No. Yes; the teacher may susi)eud for the day, or long enougli for consultation with trustees. 

5. He may enter complaint against such offender before any justici; of the peace of the county, 

ortlie mayor or any uldermau, recorder or other magistrate of the city, wherein the oifeuse 
was committed. 



1st Grade, ------ October 1, 1887. 

1. Yes. 

2. The same autliority that a parent hns. 

3. It requires him to have an unexpired license. 

4. In trustees and boards of education. 

5. As often as the end of each calendar month of the term of employment. 

1st Grade, ...... November 5, 1887. 

1. District clerk ; district librarian ; and district collector. 

2. None. 

5. («) The number of schools tanglit by duly licensed teachers for the prescribed term of twenty- 
eight weeks, and upon the population as shown by the last census, ib) The number of 
teachers employed for at least twenty-eight weeks in the preceding school year, the number 
of children of school age residing in the district on the 30th day of June, preceding, and the 
average attendance of resident pupils at the district school during the preceding school 
■ year. 

4. Relatives within the second degree, either by blood or by marriage, viz. : father, mother, 

grandfather, grandmother, son, daughter, grandson, granddaughter, brother, or sister. 

5. He has power to expend for such purpose sums not to exceed fifteen dollars in any one school 

year. 

1st Grade, -.-... December 3, 1887. 

1. (rt) A notice specifying when and for what purpose the meeting is called, to be 

given to each voter personally, or to be left at his ])lace of residence if he can- 
not be found, at least five days before the time designatetl for the meeting; 
(h) only those fully set forth in the notice. 

2. (a) By resolution adopted by a majority vote at an annual school meeting; (&) by. 

a resolution adopted by a two-third vote at an annual school meeting. 

3. A sole tru.stee has that power, aud a board of trustees has that powei' if no one 

of its members dissents. 

4. Thirty days. 

6. He can if he have the consent of tlic trustees thereto ; otherwise he cannot. 

233 



State of New York. 

UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

SCHOOL LAW. 
1st Grade, . - . . . March 13 and 14, 1888, 

1. Who is at the head of the school affairs of the State? Of the county? Of 

the school district? Of the school-room? 20 

2. State briefly the provisions of the law of 1887 relative to the employment 

and pay of teachers. 20 

3. What is the salary of a school commissioner? How may it be increased? 20 

4. State within what degree of relationship is a trustee prohibited from em- 

ploying a teacher, except by vote of a district meeting. 20 

5. State the provisions of the new law in respect to school out-buildings. 20 

1st Grade, ..-.-- May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. How can a common school district change from three trustees to one? 20 

2. (a) What officers apportion the public moneys among the school districts? 

iji) Upon what officer does the trustee draw orders to pay teachers that 
money? 20 

3. For what officers may women vote in this State? 20 

4. For what term of office is a sole trustee elected? The several trustees, when 

a district changes from one trustee to three? Each of three trustees after 

a first election of three trustees by a district? 20 

5. What is the ruling of the Department of Public Instruction in regard to the 

teacher's authority over pupils on the way to and from school? 20 

1st Grade, . . . - - August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. How may a trustee be legally authorized to employ a teacher who is within 

the second degree of relationship? 10 

3. In addition to being a resident of the district and of full age, what are the 
qualifications, any one of which entitles a person to vote at a district 
meeting? 10 

3. Where does the law direct that the boundaries of school districts shall be 

recorded? 10 

4. Who are authorized to fix the rate of tuition for non-resident pupils? 10 

5. What schools only are exempt from the provisions of the law requiring 

schools to be closed during the session of a teachers' institute? 10 

6. What officer has power to remove a trustee or member of a board of educa- 

tion from office, for cause? 10 

7. Who is legally responsible for the safe-keeping of the school register? 10 

8. What officer has authority to create a new school district? 10 

0. When is the beginning and when the close of the school year? 10 
10. What is the time for holding the annual school meeting? 10 

1st Grade, ..... March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. (a) Who is the Superintendent of Public Instruction elect? (b) What is the 

length of his term of office? (c) When was he elected? (cZ) How was 

he elected? 10 

2. Give three causes for which a school commissioner may annul a teacher's 

certificate. 10 

234 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction: 

SCHOOL LAW.— Answers. 

1st GradG, .... - March 13 and 14, 1888. 

1. State Superintendent. School commissioner. Trustee. Teacher. 

2. The trustee must give the teacher a written minute of the terms agreed on, 

signed bj' trustee ; the pay of teacher shall be due and payable at least as 
often as at the end of each calendar month. 

3. The salary is $1,000, with $300 audited by supervisors for expense. By board 

of supervisors. 

4. Second. 

5. See the law in the school register. 

1st Grade, - - - - - « May 4 and 5, 1888. 

1. By adopting, at an annual meeting, by a majority vote, a resolution tliat the 

district change from three trustees to one, and afterward dispensing with the 
election of a trustee until the trustees then in office vacate their office by 
reason of expiration of term for which they were elected, or otherwise. 

2. (a) The school commissioners, {h) The supervisor. 

3. School district officers. 

4. One year. One for one year, one for two years, and one for three years. Three 

years. 

5. The teacher has no legal control over the pupil before reaching the school 

premises, or after leaving them upon dismissal. 

1st Grade, . . . . . August 14 and 15, 1888. 

1. By a two-thirds vote of an annual meeting or of a special meeting called for 

that purpose. 

2. First, — being entitled to hold real estate under the laws of New York and either 

owning or renting real estate subject to taxation in the district. 

Second, — being a citizen and assessed upon the last completed assessment 
roll of the town, for personal ])roperty in a sum not less than fifty dollars. 

Third, — being a citizen and the parent or guardian of a child of school age 
who has attended the district school at least eight weeks during the preced- 
ing school year and who still resides with such parent or guardian. 

3. In the office of the town clerk of the town or towns in which the district is 

situated. 

4. Trustees and boards of education. 

5. The schools of incorporated cities. 

6. The Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

7. The teacher. 

8. The school commissioner. 

9. The school year begins August 21st and ends August 20th. 

10, The last Tuesday in August and at 7:00 p. M. if no other hour has been fixed 
by the district. 

1st Grade, . . . - . March 12 and 13, 1889. 

1. (a) Andrew S. Draper, (h) Three years. (c) February 14, 1889. (J) By joint 

ballot of the Senate and Assembly. 

2. For immoral conduct, for lack of ability to govern and instruct a school, for 

lack of educational qualifications as shown by re-examination upon failure in 
the work of teaching, for fraud or collusion at examination, etc. 

235 



State of New York. 
uniform examination questions. 

SCHOOL LAW. 

1st Grade, . . . . . March 12 and 13, 1889. 

3. "What is a joint school district? 10 

4. Under the supervision of what school commissioner is the school in a joint 

school district? 10 

5-6. («) What is the least time that a public school must be taught each school 
year, to entitle it to share in the public school moneys? (5) What days 
upon which school is not actually taught may be taken as part of such 
time? 20 

7. Who is responsible for the safe keeping of the school register during the 

term of school? 10 

8. What defines and limits the business that may be brought before a special 

school meeting? 10 

9. How long a time must a teacher have taught, to be eligible to a certificate 

of the second grade? To one of the first grade? 10 

10. "What is the regulation of the Department of Public Instruction in regard to 

the endorsing of teachers' certificates, by school commissioners? 10 

1st Grade, . . . . _ March 4 and 5, 1890. 

1. What is the minimum age required as a qualification for teachers in the 

State of New York? 10 

2. Mention three things required to be set forth in the memorandum of con- 

tract to be delivered by a trustee, to a teacher employed by him. 10 

3. How many weeks each school year must a public school be taught in order 

to entitle it to share in the distribution of the public moneys? 10 

4. The attendance of what pupils is rejected in computing the aggregate at- 

tendance upon which public money is apportioned? 10 

5. What penalty is prescribed for the willful violation of a contract, by a 

teacher? 10 

6. "Where should school commissioners cause the boundaries of school districts 

to be recorded? 10 

7-8. Is a trustee prohibited from employing as a teacher {a) his niece? (5) his 

wife's sister? Give reasons for your answers. 20 

9-10. By what official are appointments made to fill vacancies occurring in the 
office (rt) of school commissioner? (b) of district trustee? (c) of district 
clerk? id) of district collector? 20 

236 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

SCHOOL LAW.— Answers. 

1st Grade, . . . . . March 12 and 13, 1889. 

3. A district that is situated in, /. e., embraces part of, — two or more commissioner 

districts. 

4. Under the supervision of the school commissioner in whose district the school- 

house is situated. 
5-6. {a) Twenty-eight weeks. (J) Legal holidays occurring upon regular school 
days of said term, and time spent by the teacher in attendance upon a teachers' 
institute, not to exceed three weeks of said term. 

7. The teacher. 

8. The regular call for the special meeting. 

9. To be eligible to a certificate of the second grade, — one term of at least twelve 

weeks. To one of the first grade, — at least two years. 

10. Commissioners' certificates of either the first grade or the second grade may be 
endorsed by other commissioners, and thus be made valid for their respective 
commissioner districts. 

1st Grade, . . . . ^ March 4 and 5, 1890. 

1. Sixteen years. 

3. The term of employment, the rate of compensation, and the times of payment. 

3. Thirty-two weeks. 

4. Non-resident pupils, and resident pupils under five and over twenty-one years of 

age. 

5. Revocation of certificate. 

6. In the office of the town clerk of the town in which the district is situated. 
7-8. (a) No. A niece is not within the second degree of relationship. 

(h) Yes. A wife's sister is within the second degree of relationship, by affinity, 

or marriage. 

9-10. (a) County Judge. (J>) School Commissioner: (c) Trustee, {d) Trustee. 

237 



Uniform Examinations. 



HOLDERS OF FIRST GRADE CERTIFICATES. 



Following is a list of all teachers who have received First 
Grade Certificates, under the Uniform Examination System in 
the State of New York, from the formal adoption of the sys- 
tem by School Commissioners (January i, 1888) to Octo- 
ber 15, 1889. These certificates are good for five years from 
date of issue. 



County, District aud Name. 



Albany Co. — Fiust Distuut. 
E. Daj'ton Joslin 



Albany Co. — Sbcond Distkict. 

Walter R. Wickes 

C. Willaril Jaycoxe 

Frank L . I'osson 

Homer A. tJallup 

Luther C . Warner , 

Edward S. Thorne 

Nicholas J . Wiuegard 

Grace Stone 

Jennie G. Bouton 

Annie E . Smith 

Fannie G. Wilkey 



Albany Co. — Thirh ])l><tkict. 

Mrs. Ellen Le Maire 

Birdie Cullen 

Mary II. -Vvres 

Julia Cullen 

Mary Ilealy 

Lucy H. Osborn 

Katheriue McCarthy , 



Alleoany Co. — First District. 

Wm. F. .Mien 

Edith Rutheiford 

Thomas E . J ames 

Marvin L. Spooner 

Wm. H. Lovell 

Mary E . Gordon 

Hattie Blickweck 

Alleoanv Co. — Second District. 

H . R . Norton 

George A . Scott 

Mrs. Sarah L. Wardner 

Olivia Karr 

C. W. Drake 

C. M. Harding 

A. D. Howe 

T. I. GifTord 

W. S. Edwards 

Walter R. Arniworth 

Mary Rice 




Voorhecsville. 



Rensselaerville. 
Renssela'erville. 
Hunters Land. . 

East Berne 

East Berne . . . . 
Rensselaerville. 

Westerlo 

Rensselaerville. 
Rensselaerville. 
So. Westerlo.. 
So. Westerlo.. 



West Trov. . . . 
West Troy. . . . 
Green Island. 
West Troy. . . . 
AVest Troy. . . . 

Altamont 

East Albanv. . 



Allen town.. . 

Angelica. 

Rush ford. . . 
Canaseraga. , 
Ai'kport .... 
Black Creek 
Angelica. . . . 



Friendship. . 
Friendship. . 

Alfred 

Andover. . . . 
Tro\i]>sburg 
Wellsville .. 
Whitesville., 
Alfred Centr. 

Alfred 

Whitesville. . 
Whitesville. . 



Date of Issue. 



Aunust 15, ISS'.i 



September 3, 1888. 
Sejitember 7, 18S8. 
September 7, 1888. 
September IS, 1888. 
September 13, 1888. 
September 17, 1888, 
September 17, 1888. 
March Ifi, 1888. 
March Ki, 1888. 
August 1", 1888. 
September 30, 1888. 



April 1, 1889. 
April 1, 1889. 
April 1, 1889. 
April 1, 1880. 
April 1, 1889. 
August 17, 1889. 
August 2-i, 1889. 



March 16, 1888. 
March lii, 1SS8. 
]\Iarch Iti, 1888. 
March 31, 1888. 
August 28, 1888. 
August 30, 1888. 
August 14, 1889. 



August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 



238 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 



County, District and Name. 



Broome Co. — First Distkict. 

Estella V. Devine 

Albeit Walling 

Anuie Belle Hall 

Clara A . Orvveii 

Mary K . Orwen 

Jessie L. Mott 

John F. Miller 



Broome Co. — Skcond District. 

Levi E. Porter 

Fred. E . Duncan 

Sam . E . Lusk 

Charles II. Osincup 

Byron C . Plough 

Andrew Burgliardt 

Kittie L . Osincup 

Ada Conklin 



Cattaraitgi's Co. — First District. 

Clark D. Day 

Squire C. Hayden 

Hattie E. Simonds 

Plicebe ./ . Wood , 

Ida L. Chittenden 

C. H. Le Roy 

Lizzie McAulitf 

Belle M. Parish 

Georgia Mcintosh 



Cattaraugus Co. — Second District. 

George E. Waller 

W . H . Bigelow 

P. E. Marshall 

H. R. Finch... 

Lucinda J . Sweet 

Mary Campion 

Ella J . .lohnson 

Elton J . Nealy 

E. A. Rhodes 

Gertrude E. Kelsey 

H. E. Vincent 

Lizzie M. Gregg 

Clarence A. Snow 

Manley N. Kilburn 

Carrie A. Drake 

Lillie O'Neil 

Eva M. Frank 

Lena Sevmonr 

Blanche'A. Wood 

Anna Knight 

Mary Hogan 

Jennie Connor 



Cayuga Co. — First Distrk't. 

Lazelle R. Hopkins .. 

Albert W. Emerson 

Clara H . Page 

Edvvard L. Clark 

J. Ervin Olmstead 

John E. Dolson 

Wm. R. Barnes 

David D. Wiggins 



Cayuga Co. — Secoxo District. 

George Swayze 

Ellie A. Lynch 



Chautauqua Co. — First District. 

Adelbert S. Fitch 

Lena Potter 

A. N. Taylor 

Grant E. Neil 



Post-office Address. 



Binghamton 

Tunnel 

Windsor 

Arctic, Chenango Co. 
Arctic, Chenango Co. 

Ouaquaga 

Harpersville 



Cortland 

Hooper 

Bingliamton 

Vestal Centre 

Tracy Creek 

Centre Lisle 

Vestal Centre. . . 
Cheuanso Forks. 



East Ash ford. 
Fi'anklinville. . 
Franklinville. . 

Portville 

Muchias 

Allegany 

Allegany 

Portville 

Olean 



Wesley 

Perrysburg . . . . 

Dayton 

East Randolph. 

Kilbuck 

Limestone 

Little Valley... 
Cattaraugus . . . 
Cattaraugus . . . 

Salamanca 

Persia 

Dayton 

East Randolph . 
East Randolph. 

Salamanca 

East Randolph. 

Salamanca 

Limestone 

Dayton 

Red House 

Salamanca 

Salamanca 



Weedsport . 

Cayuga 

Weedsport . 
Skaneateles. 

Cato 

Cato 



Martville 
Degroff.. 



Aurora 
Auburn 



West field. 
May ville. . 
Sherman. . 
Harmony , 



Date of Issue. 



August 16, 1888. 
March 16, 1889. 
March 16, 1889. 
March 16. 1889. 
March 16, l.s8'.». 
March 1('>, 1889. 
August 19, 1889. 



August 14, 
August 14, 
August 14, 
August 14, 
August 14, 
August 14, 
August 14, 
March 12, 



1888. 
1888. 
1888. 
1888. 
188S. 
1888. 
1888. 



August IV, 1888. 
August 17, 1888. 
August 17, 1S88. 
August 17, 18S8. 
June 18, 1889. 
June 22, 1889. 
August 22, 1889. 
August 22, 1889. 
August 22, 1889. 



March 14, 1888. 
March U, 1888. 
March 14, 1888. 
August 15. 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 18*i9. 
March 13, 1889. 
]\larch 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889, 
August 14, 1889. 
Aueust 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14. 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 



April 1, 1888. 
Auifust 14, 1888. 
March 12, ls89. 
August 26, 1889. 
August 26, 1889. 
August 26, 1889. 
August 26, 1889. 
August 26, 1889. 



August 15, 1888. 
August 14, 1889. 



JIarch 14, 1888. 
March 14, 1888. 
August 14, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 



239 



State of New York. 
department of public iks truction. 



County, District and Name. 


Post-oflBce Address. 


Date of Issue. 


Chai'tauijua Co. — First District. 


Westfield 


August 15 1888 


Stella L. Bligh 


Sherman 


March 12, 1889 






September 2, 1889. 
September 2, 1889. 
September 2, 1889. 

March 14 1888 




Panama. . . 

May ville 


Gertrude C. Shears 


CUATITAUQUA Co. — SeCOND DiSTKICT. 

Preston K. Pattison 


Westfield 


G. Fayette Dickson 


Westfield 


March 14 1888 




Westfield 


Mftrch 14, 1888. 


Mary L. Abell. ." 


Westfield 


March 14, 1SS8. 


Kate M. Mack 


Westfield 


March 14, 1888 


Arthur M. Pi'eston 


Silver Creek 


August 25, 1888. 
March 13, 1889 


Nellie J. Dickson 


Westfield 


Florence A. Hurlbert 


Forestville 


March IS, 1889 




Westfield 


March 13, 1889. 




Fredouia 


August 14, 1889. 


Chautauqua Co. — Third District. 




August 25, 1888. 


Adella M. Gifford 


Jamestown 


August 25, 1888. 


Mvra M. Montaofue 


Sinclairville 


April 1, 1SS9. 
June 24, 1SS9. 


Charles F. Bigler 


Cassadaga 


Bertha Stoneman 


Lakewood 


August 27, 1889. 


Chemung Co. 

Charles H. Kent 


Catlin 


Marcn ±7, 1888. 


F . C . Ogden 


August 15, 1888. * 
August 15, 1888. 




Wellsburg 




Erin 


August 15, 1888. 




Mountain Lake, Pa. . . 
Bif Flats 


August 15, 1888. 


A M Baker 


August 15, 1888. 


Clara McWhorter 


Webbs Mills 


August 15, 1888. 


Robert N. Sterling 


Pine Valley 

Wellsburg 


August 15, 1888. 


T. T. Dalton 


August 15, 1888. 




Cayutaville 


August 15, 1888. •' 




Van Ettenville 

Horseheads 


August 15, 1888. 




October S, 1888. 




Millport 


March 13, 1889. 




Horseheads 


March 13, 1889. 




Van Ettenville 

North Chemung 

Webbs Mills 


March IS, 1889. 




March 13, 1880. 




March 13, 1889. 


Hattie C . Armitage 


Horseheads 


March 13, 1889. 


Addie Devenport 


Big Flats 


March IS, 1SS9. 


John T Smith 


North Chemung 

Elmira 


March 13, 1889. 




March 13, 1889. 


Fred D Williams 


Breesport 


March 13, 1889. 




Horseheads 


March 13, 1S89. 




Horseheads 


August 14, 1889. 




Horseheads 


August 14, 1889. 


A P Nichols 


Horseheads 


Chenango Co. — First District. 

Jennie Pen Dell 


Whitestore 


May 8, 1888. 


Mariah E . Lewis ; 


North Norwich 

Norwich 


May 8, 1888. 
May 8, 1888. 
May 8, 1888. 
May 8, 1888. 
September 3, 1888. 
September 3, 1888. 
September 3, 1888. 
April 5, 1889. 
June 25, 1889. 




Columbus 


Flo vd D Aldrich 


Norwich 


Clara S Brown 


Norwich 








Norwich 




North Pitcher 






Sherburne 


August 19, 1889. 
August 19, 1889. 
August 19, 1889. 




Sherburne 


H . L . Benton 




Lillian Spurr 


South Edmeston 

Otselic Centre 

Norwich 


October 12, 1889. 


M. Theresa Smith 


October 12, 1889. 




October 12, 1889. 


Mary E . Fuller 


New Berlin 


October 12, 1889. 


Sarah E . Hamilton 


Norwich 


October 12, 1889. 


240 







State of New York. 
department of public instb uction. 



County, District and Name. 



Chenango Co. — First District. 

Ella L. Fulton 

Jennie I . Field 

Carrie Latlirop 

Kate A. tJriffin 

Elizabeth M . Carr 



Chenanijo Co. — Skcoxd District. 

S. Ella IJradlev 

Thc()philnsS.l)evitt 

Will. Hall 

Cora A. Loop 

Elizabeth M. McCray 



Clinton Co. — First District. 
Herberts. McCasland .... 

Helen M. CJraves 

Katie Mullen 

Ellen A. Hewitt 

Marv E. Cos<rrovo 

Sarslh E. Arnold 

Grace W . Barker 

S . Gertrude Barker 



Clinton Co. — Second District. 

Edna .M . .McDowell 

Charlotte S. Everest 

Helen S . Richards 



Columbia Co. — First District. 

Myron W . Thompson 

Mrs. Myron W. Thompson. 

Jennie M. Roberts 

Mary L . Snyder 

Wni . L . Hogebooni 

Linda C . Hogeboom 

Maggie C. Hess 

Jlary L Miller 



Lizzie Stuppk'been.. 

Alzina P. Lown 

Kate M. Groat 

Ella Sageiulorph . . . . 
Kate Tlionipson . . . . 
Florence J . Stevens. 
Randall N. Saunders 
Howard T. Swain... 



Columbia Co. — Second District. 

Allen E. Clapper 

Albert Moore 

George V. Bushnell 

John C. Hardick 

Calvin G. Reed 

Flora J. Bassett . 



Mrs. J. W. Hunt... 
W. Y . Foote, A. M . 

T. E. Shields 

Frank E. Lathrop.. . 

Louise Lowe 

Hattie E. Pollard... 

J. L. Conrad 

E. B. Smith 

C. L. De Lamater. . 



Cortland Co. — Second District. 

E. H. Toomey 

Alvarado Lansing 

Judson Osterhoudt 

Alton A. Cowles 

Mrs. Ada Maxson 



Post-ofRce Address. 



Date of Issue. 



Norwich October 12, 1889. 

Norwich October 12, 1889. 

Norwich October 12, 1889. 

Norwich October 1 2, 1889 . 

Norwich October 12, 1889. 



Greene 

Smithville Flats. 

Afton 

Afton 

Smithville Flats. 



Redford.... 
Platlsburgh. 
Plattsburgh 
Plattsburgh. 
Plattsburgh. 

I'eru 

Plattsburgh. 
Plattsburgh. 



Champlain . . 
Champlain . . 
Rouses Point 



Jlellenvillc 

Mellenville ... 

Hudson 

Martindale .... 

Philmont 

Philniont 

Philmont 

Philmont 

Philmont . . . . 

Copakc 

Huinplireyville 

Hudson .'. I June 12, lS»vi. 

Philmont June 12, 1889. 

Philmont July 2(), 1889. 



May 5, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 1.5, 1888. 
August \n, 1888. 
March 13, 1889. 



March 21, 1888. 
September 1,1888. 
September 1,1888. 
June 30, 1889. 
June 30, 1S89. 
September 2,1889. 
October 14, 1889. 
October 1-t, 1889. 



August 15, 1888. 
November 26, 1888, 
March 13, 1889. 



September 3,1888. 
September 18, 1888. 
Mav 8, 188'J. 
May 22, 1889. 
June 12, 1.SS9. 
June 12, lt-89. 
July 12, 1SS9. 
June 12, 1889. 
June 12, 1889. 
June 12, 1889. 
June 12, 1889. 



Cortland Co. — First District. 

J. L. Warner Fabius, Onondaga Co. 



Claverack. . . , 
Copake 



East Chatham... 

Austerlitz 

Hillsdale 

Stuyvesant Falls 
Mt. Lebanon. . . . 
Chatham 



Marathon , 
Marathon . 
Lincklaen. . . . 
Marathon . .. . 
Centre Lisle.. 

Lapeer 

McGrawville. 
Cincinnatus. . 
De Ruytcr. . . 



Truxton 
Tru.\ton 
Truxton 
Homer. . , 
Scott 



Seiitember4, 1889. 
October 14, 1889. 



August 15, 1888. 
August 14, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 14, 1888. 
March 13, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 



April 9, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
May 5, 1888. 
May 5, 1888. 
May 5, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
March 21, 1889. 
August lt>, 1889. 
August 10, 1889. 



March 15, 1888. 
March 15, 1888. 
March 15, 1888. 
August 16, 1888. 
September 16, 1889 



241 



State of New York. 

DEPAETJiTEXT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 



County, District and Name. 



Delaware Co. — First District. 

Ira W. Goodnough 

Perry L. Purdy 

Lincoln R. Long 

Oliver W. Holmes 

William Johnston 

Lizzie M. Shepard 

F. Josephine Axtell 

Mary B. Benedict 

Lincoln E. Rowley 

Hattie JI. Piersou 

Jennie Hull y 

Elizabeth Davidson 

Elizabeth H. More 

BarbaTa E . Thomson 

Effie T. Mein 

Lucy A. Weed 

Thomas W. Holmes 

Lizzie M. Phelps ■. 

Augusta Huntington 

Martha A. White 

Mary Harmon 

Lizzie Chambers 

Lillian C. Barlow 

Millie A. Phelps 

George E. Baxter 

Edward E. Conlon 

Delaware Co. — Second District. 

G. M. B. Bradshaw 

E. 0. Harkness 

Frances A. Northrup 

Prof. P. E. Turtelot 

Lizzie J. NicoU 

Andrew J. NicoU 

Lillian A. Kemp 

Charles Carrington 

Laura M. Mitchell 

Maggie Gilchrist 

Lizziebelle Peters 

Mary J. Taylor 

Sarah J. McMullin 

Dutchess Co. — First District. 

Martha A. Moon 

Egbert Lewis 

John J. C . Barrett 

David J. Keator 

Frank K . Montfort 

Amy A . Win ans 

MoUie Palmatier 

Cora Hustis 

Wm. G. Banks 

Sebastian D. Whalen 

Nellie E. Griffin 

Elvena M . Colwell 

Alma M. Manchester 

Helen M . Cornell 

lola M. Wymbs 

Helen F. D'oyle 

Lulu G. Horton 

Dutchess Co. — Secomi District. 

Theodore S . Barnes 

Matilda Henry 

Frank . Green 

Charles R. Traver 

Jennie Tuthill 

C. V. Coon 

Minnie Lee 

Georgiana Andrews 

Delia Ball 

Emma L. Ryder 

24S 



Post-office Address. 



Franklin , 

Downsville 

Hancock 

Downsville. . . . 
Delancy ...... 

Walton 

Hambletville. . 
North Walton. 

Sidney 

Walton 

Walton 

Delancy 

Delancy 

Delancy 

Delancy 

North Walton. 

Rockland 

Franklin 

Cannonsville. . 

Walton 

Walton 

Hamden 

Beerston 

Franklin, 

Downsville . . . 
Colchester . . . . 



Date of Issue. 



Margaretville March SO, 

Davenport August 18, 

New Kingston August 18, 

Andes March 14, 

Delhi March 14, 

Delhi ]^Iarch 14, 

Delhi ! March 14. 

Ouleont ( Auifust 17, 



March 15, 
August 20, 
August 20^ 
August 20, 
August 20. 
August 20, 
August 20, 
August 20, 
March 15, 
March 15, 
!March 15, 
March 15, 
March 15, 
March 15, 
March 15, 
March 15, 
March 15, 
March 15, 
August 15, 
August 15, 
August 15, 
August 15, 
August 1.5, 
August 15, 
August 15 
August 15 



1888. 
. 1888. 

1888. 

1888. 

1888. 
, 1888. 
, 1888. 
, 1888. 
1889. 
1889. 

1889 : 

1889. 
1889. 
1889. 
1889. 
1889. 
1889. 
1889. 
, 1889. 

1889. 

1889. 

1889. 

1889. 

1889. 
, 1889. 
, 1889. 



Delhi 

Delhi 

Bloom ville. 

Andes 

Delhi 



Stissing 

Fishkill-on-Hudson. . . 

Storm ville 

Pine Plains 

Matteawan 

Mabbettsville 

Pine Plains 

Glenham 

Wing's Station 

Dover Plains 

Wing's Station 

Verbank Village 

Moore's Mills 

Moore's Mills 

Glenham 

Millbrook 

East Fishkill 



Rhinebeck. . . . 
Poughkeepsie. 

JIadalin 

Rhinebeck. .. 
I'oughkeepsie. 

Rhinecliff 

Poughkeepsie. 
Red Hook.... 
Poughkeepsie. 
Red Hook. . . . 



August 17 
August 17 
August 17 
August 17 
August 17 



, 1888. 

1888. 
1889. 
1889. 
1889. 
1S89. 

1889. 

1889. 

1889. 

1889. 

1889. 

1889. 



May 5, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 1.5, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
Auirustl4, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 



August 16, 1888. 
August 16, 1888. 
August 16, 1888. 
A u trust 16, 1888. 
August 16, 1888. 
September 1, 1888. 
January 2, 1889. 
March 15, 1889. 
March 15, 1889. 
March 15, 1889. 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 



County, District and Name. 



Dutchess Co. — Second District. 

Minnie Downing 

M . Frances Berry 

Margaret Henderson 

Ida l)uinont 

Racliel Lee 

Phebe A. Smith 

Tirzali Akerley 

Lewis H . Allen 



Erie Co. — First District. 

Philip J. Laut 

Joseph Rieger 

Gertrude Winspear . . . . 

Ella Westland 

Jessica LaFlamboy 

Maggie Stilwell 

Lena Kautz 

Benjamin A. Gipple . . . 
Edward S. Duffie 



Erie Co. — Second District. 

Flora M . Harris 

James F. Ryther 

Allen K . Hoag 

Ella M. Webster 



Erie Co. — Third District. 

Anna Josliu 

Amos Yates 

Alice M. Spaulding . . . 

Ellen M. Brand 

Zulu L. Frye 

Charles J . Flanagan . . 



Essex Co. — First District. 
William Z. Morrison... 
Kate C. Spellinan ..... 

Electra Boynton 

AnnaM. Wickes 

Frank K . Graves 

Frank S. Shumway... 

John G. Heald 

Harriet B . Dudley 

Louisa A. Perry 



Essex Co. — Second District. 

Samuel D. McCIellan 

EmmaC. Morehouse.... 
M. Cornelia Hoffnagle .. 

Sara A. Sullivan 

Nellie C. Boyle 

May Hunsty 

Cornelia Halbrook 

A. Maude Royce 

Emma E . Hamilton 

Frances A. Conner 

Bernard J. Commiskey. . 

Ada J . Randall 

Marion E . Ferris 



Franklin Co.— First District. 

Agnes L. Brand 

Georginnia E. Clark 

Mary H. Clark 

EvaM. Clark 

Hattie A. Hapgood 

May A. Cornish 

Clara Palmer 

Fred. H. Washburne 

Lvdia K . Allen 

Flora J. Hadley 

Clara E . Parmalee 



Post-office Address. 



Pleasant Valley. . . 
Freedom Plains. . . 

Hyde Park 

Hvde Park 

Wappingers Falls. 

Salt Point 

Poughkeepsie 

East Park 



Clarence 

Lockport 

Wilhelm 

Williamsville . . 
Bowmansville. . 
Orchard Park . . 
Crittenden. . . . , 

Wilhelm 

Buffalo , 



South Buffalo 
West Seneca. . 

Eden 

Eden 



Springville . . . 
East Concord. 
Springville . . . 
Springville . . . 
Springville . . . 
Springville . . . 



Ausable Forks. 
Ausable Forks. 
Willsborough. . 
Waterbury, Vt. 
Wilmington . .. 

Upper J^ay 

Kune 

Elizabethtown. . 



Mineville 

Port Henry . . . 

Essex 

Port Henry. . . 
Port Henry. . . 
Schroou Lake. 
Port Henry. . . 
Ticonderoga. . 

Mineville 

Ticonderoga . . 

Mineville 

Port Henry. . . 
West port 



Duane 

Malone 

Malone 

Westville Centre. 

Malone 

Malone. 

Malone 

Burke 

Malone 

Malone 

Malone 



Date of Issue. 



March 1 
March 1 
March 1 
March 1 
March 1 
March 1 
August 
August 



fi, 1889. 
5, 1889. 
■5, 1889. 
5, 1889. 

5, 1889. 

6, 1889. 
20. 1889. 
14, 1889. 



May 5, 1888. 
May 5, 1888. 
May 5, 1888. 
May 5, 1888. 
May 5, 1S88. 
August 1.5, 1888. 
August 24, 1889. 
August 24, 1889. 
August 24, 1889. 



March 14, 18 
May 5, 1888. 
May 5, 1888. 
March 1.3, le 



August 16, 1888. 
August 20, 1888. 
August 22, 1888. 
August 22, 1888. 
September 1, 1888. 
August 21, 1889. 



March 17, 1888. 
March 17, 1888. 
March 17, 1888. 
May 16, 1888. 
August 21, 1888 
March SO, 1889. 
March SO, 1889. 
lyiarch SO, 1889. 
March 30, 1889. 



August 15, 
August 15, 
August 15, 
March 12, 
March 12, 
March 12, 
March 12, 
March 12, 
March 12, 
March 12, 
August 14, 
August 14 
August 14, 



, 1888. 

, 1888. 
, 1888. 
1889. 
1889. 
1889. 
1889. 
1889. 
1889. 
1889. 

1889. 
, 1889. 

1889. 



August 15, 
August 15, 
August 15, 
August 15, 
August 15, 
March 13, 
March 13, 
March 13, 
August 14 
August 14 
August 14, 



, 1888. 
, 1888. 

, 1^88. 
, 1>!<8. 

, IbbS. 
1889. 
1889. 
1889. 
, 1889. 
, 1889. 
1889. 



243 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INS T liU C T I ON. 



County, District and Name. 



Franklin County. — Fiust District. 

Hulda Palmer 

Agnes T. Reillv 

Phoeba R. Reilly 

Louise Reilly 



Franklin Co. — Second District. 
Not any. 



Fulton Co. 

Thomas Painter 

Nancy L. Collins. . . . 

Gertrude Kelly 

EmmaC. Wes't 

A. L. Peck 

Nellie A. Egleston.. 

Jennie S. Foot 

William W. Cronse. 

Lucretia Clark 

E. A. McDermid. . . . 

Louisa Chase 

Elizabeth Lucas 

Mary McGuire 

Phoibe Landers 

Loren Wilson . 

Frank Comrie 

Mary E . Louis 

D. C. Lehman 

Mary J. Evans 

Anna Mao-gie Evaus. 



Genesee Co. 

Emma Kingdon . . . . 

Silas A. Kinne 

Bruce Wight 

Stephen Clark 

Fredd. Dunham. . . . 
Charles R. Loomls. 
William S. Lear... 
Jennie L5 . Kuhn. . . . 

Anna Maud 

HattieE. Maud 

James A. North, Jr. 

Chas. Stevens 

Mabel R. Winter... 

Willis Trick 

Lizzie Grant 

Ezra J . Rumscy. . . . 

Henry Barber 

James Le Seur 

J. A. Loveridge. .. . 

Abbie Mills 

Charles Anthony... 

Laura McLean 

Lotta Hess 

W. E. Ensign 



Post-office Address. Date of Issue 



Malone 
Malone 
Malone 
Malone 



Johnstown 

Johnstown 

Johnstown. . . . 
Gloversville. . . 
Glovcrsville. . . 
Gloversville. . . 
Johnstown. . . . 
Broudalbin . . . 
Johnstown. . . . 
Johnstown. . . . 
Broadalbin . . . 
Johnstown. . . . 
Johnstown. . . . 
Union Mills. . . 

North ville 

Johnstown.. . . 
West Galway. 
Northville . .". . 
Johnstown.. . . 
Johnstown. .. . 



August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 18S9. 
August 14, 1S8'.». 
August 14, 1S89. 



April 13, 1888, 
April 16, 1888. 
April 10, 18S8. 
June 15, 1888. 
August KJ, 1888. 
November 1, 1888. 
January 1, 1«89. 
March 14, 1889. 
March 2.5, 1889. 
March 25, 1889. 
March 2S, 1889. 
April 1, 1.SS9. 
April 1, 1889. 
April 1, 1889. 
June 7, 1889. 
August 4, 1889. 
September 2, 1889. 
September 2,1889. 
September 11,1889.^ 
September 11,1889. 



Pavilion Centre March Ifi, ISSS. 

Buffalo March 10, 1S>8. 

So. Alabama March 10, IbSb. 

Stafford March 10, 188S. 

Batavia March 10, 1888. 

E. Pembroke May 0, 1888. 

W. Batavia August 25, 1888. 

Batavia August 25, 1888. 

Le Ro v August 25, 1 888 . 

Le Roy August 25, 1888. 

Stafford August 2.5, 1888 . 

Byron August 25, 1 888 . 

Byron August 25, 1888. 

Batavia August 25, 1888. 

Byron August 25, 1888. 

Le Roy August 25, 1888 . 

Alexander August 25, 1888. 

Batavia August 25, 1888. 

Corfu March 2t!, 1889 . 

Pavilion March 20, 1S$9 . 

Oakfleld March 20. 1889 



Greene Co. — First District. 

Henry C. Thomas 

Harriet C. Webber 



Darien 
Le Roy 



March 27, 1889. 
August 22, 18S9. 



E . Pembroke i September 2, 1889 



Catskill August 10.1889. 

Catskill August 10, 1889. 



Greene Co. — Second District. 

Peter K. Stevens Greenville 

Martha Boardman I Coxsackie 

Mary F. Hunter Coxsackie 

Anna C. Spoor Coxsackie 

Alton D. Gibson Norton Hill . 



Hamilton Co. 

Mrs. L. W.'Beattie. 



Herkimer Co. — First District. 
Hiram D. Hall 



244 



Ticonderoga 

Salisbury Centre. 



August 14, 1888. 
April 29, 1889. 
April 29, 1889. 
April 29, 1889. 
September 16, 1889. 



March 13, 1889. 
March 17, 1888, 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRT CTION, 



County, District and Name. 



Heukimkr Co. — First District. 

Robert II. Hicks 

Magj{ie E. Fay ue 

Maria F. Loomis 

A. B. Crini 

John W. Stewart 

Ina A. Bliss 

Clara E. Burt 

Mary E. Vauglin 

Eudora D. Snyder 

Jennie D. Ette Petrie 

Lucy H . Clancy 

Emily A . Oy ston 

Georgiaua E . Beach 

Gertrude A. Brown 

Adelaide A. Appley 

Minnie I. Evans 

Mildred B. Van Alstine 

Edward C. Delavan 

Mildred D. Haninion 

Libbie E. Schuyler 

Margrete D. Ferguson 

Ella R. Groom 

Nelson P. Smith 

Mrs. 0. B. Shedd 



Herkimek Co. — Second District. 

Charles H . Jones 

Levenus B . Farrington , 

Alice M. Hackley 

John W . Barris 

Caudace JI . Kiune 



Jefferson Co. — First District. 

Clara M. Butler 

Addie M . Poole 

Ella A. Plank 

Hattie A. Penney 

F. L. Pelo 

Cora B . Lester 

Nellie JL Slaughter 

Susie Williams 

E. A. Chick 

G. N. White 

Jean J . Mather 

A. J . Sargent 

Ellen M . Gardiner 

Alma Knight 

M. Netta Parker 

Georgia Ah'ersou 

Emma J. Cornell 

Ambrose F. Widrig 

Sara A. Parrish 

Willis E. Bell 

Jennie A. Armstrong 

Alice K . Merrill 

Nettie Williams 

Etta C. Oatman 

Stella B. Littlefield 

F. M. Littleheld 

Anna Bowles 

L. L. Allen 

Mary J. Salisbury 

Amanda A. Bishop 

D. J. Hubbard 

Emma L. Talcott 

G. W. Davis 

W. 1'. Jones 

'May Blovuit 

Sedgewick Mather 



Post-office Add ress . 



Salisbury Centre . 

Cold Brook 

Middleville 

Middleville 

Dolgeville 

Salisbury Centre. 
Gray 

Falls 

Falls 

Falls 

Falls 

Falls 

Falls 

Falls 

Falls 



Little 
Little 
Little 
Little 
Little 
Little 
Little 
Little 



Little Falls. 
Little Falls. 
Prospect . . . 
Little Falls. 
Newport. . . . 
Little Falls. 
Little Falls. 
Herkimer. . . 
Dolgeville. . . 



Newville. . . . 
Middleville.. 
Bridgewater. 
Frankfort . . 
Hion , 



245 



Sackets Harbor . 

Adams 

Rodman 

Henderson 

Smithville 

Maunsville 

Rodman 

Adams Centre... 

Bishop St 

Mannsville 

Belleville 

Dexter 

Mannsville 

Sackets Harbor . 

Dexter 

Rural Hill 

Rodman 

EUisburgh 

ilannsville 

Dexter 

S. Rutland 

E. Rodman 

Adams Centre... 

Adams 

Belleville 

Belleville 

East Houndsfield. 
East Houndsfield. 

Sandy Creek 

Lorraine 

Three Mile Bay . 

Mannsville 

Adams Centre 

Adams Centre. . . . 

Adams Centre 

Cold Spring 



Date of Issue. 



March 17, 1868. 
March 17, 1888. 
May 11, 1888. 
May 11, isss. 
May 11, lb,S8. 
August 1, 1888. 
August 30, 1888. 
August 30, 1888. 
March 16, 1889. 
March 16, 1889. 
March 16, 1889. 
March 16, 1889. 
March 16, 1889. 
March 16, 1889. 
March 16, 1889. 
March 16, 1889. 
April 9, 1889. 
August 23s 1889. 
August 24, 1889. 
August 24. 1889. 
August 24, 1889. 
August 24, lb89. 
September 2, 1889. 
September 2, 1889. 



May 5, 18S8. 
May 5, 1888; 
August 15, 1889. 
A\igustl5, 1889. 
August 15, 1889. 



March 14, 1SS8. 
March 14, 1888. 
March 14, 1888. 
March 14, 1888. 
Jlarch 14, lb88. 
March 14, 1888. 
March 14, 1888. 
March 14, 1888. 
May 4, 1888. 
May 4, 1888. 
May 4, 1888. 
Jlay 4, 188S. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1868. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1S88. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 1.5, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 18S9. 
March 13. 1889. 
March IS, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 



State of New York. 
department f pub l 1 c inst rug t ion. 



County. District and Name. 



Jefferson Co. — Second District. 

Clara A. Hose 

Annie E. Duffy 

Leman C. Beclter 

Hattie M. Werner 

T. H. Lewis 

T. W. Davis 

Delia J. Siniouet 

Lila T. Huugerford 

Joanna Fitz Patrick 

Adelle E. Bossnot ^ ...„ ^ . . . 

Carrie E. Henry Evans Mills. 

Geo. E. Kelley North Wilna. 



Jefferson Co. — Third District. 

Fanny J. Hardy 

Addie Stoel 

Eva Stoel 

Clinton T. Howe 

Harriet M. Wells 

D. D. T. Marshall 

John F. Barringer 

Leona Walker 

Mrs. Arabella Timmerman. . . 

Eliza Grant 

Elton E. Coon 

Mrs. B. A. Fitzgerald 

Flora G. Ackert 

May Lucas 

Anna C. Lochlin 

Louise Henderson 

Edward C. Ryan 

Ida W. Combs 

Dora L. Hayes 

James G. Riggs , 



Kings Co. 

John R. Smith 

Emilie V. Cooke . . . 
Annie W. Smith . . . 

Kate E. Moord 

Madeline R. Gwvn . 
Bridget A. Walker. 

Kate F. Smith 

Michael R. Rvan. . . 
Gretta M. Ruth . . . 



Post-oflBce Address. 



Watertown . . 
Evans Mills. . 

Antwerp 

Philadelphia., 
Evans Mills. . 
Carthage . . . . 
Evans Mills. . 
Evans Mills. . 
Evans Mills. . 
Carthage 



Lewis Co. — First District. 

Robert Conant 

Mrs. Clara Bacon 

Florence J. Burr 

Rosa Burrows 

Nettie Jones 



Burr's Mills 

Riverview , 

Biverview 

Alexandria Bay 

Three Mile Bay 

Redwood 

Watertown 

Watertown 

Pamelia Four Corners 

Clayton , 

Omar 

Clayton , 

Clayton 

Three Mile Bay 

Clayton 

Clayton 

Redwood 

Three Mile Bay 

Three Mile Bay 

Dexter 



Gravcaend Beach. 

Brooklyn 

Brooklyn 

Flatbush 

Brooklyn 

Flatbush 

Gravesend Beach. 

Coney Island 

Brooklyn 



Lewis Co. — Second District. 

James Fitzgerald 

Wm, J. Allym 

Cora A. Keener 

Arthur JL Johnson 

Eleanor A. Jones 

Alice A. Peckham 

John Cruikshank 

Emma S. Galloway 

J. Euos Gallup. . .'. 

Anna McDermott 



Livixr.sTOx Co. — First District. 

Horace E. Perkins 

Reuben J. Wallace 

Jno. \y . Kellogg 

Eugene G. Hnghcy 

Catherine A. Dougherty 

Nora O'Connor '. 

Mary M. McKeon 



Constableville 

Leydeu 

Boonville 

Port Levden . . 
Lyons Falls... 



Gouverneur. . . 

Lowville 

Lowville 

Lowville 

Lyons Falls. . . 

Watson 

Carthage 

Harrisburgli . . 
Copenhagen. . . 
Natural Ridge. 



ByersvUle. 

Avon 

Moscow. . . 
Ashford . . 

Lima 

Lima 

Lima 



Date of Issue. 



March 22, 1888. 
September 1, 1888. 
September 1, 1888. 
September 1, 1888. 
September 1, 1888. 
September 1, 1888. 
March 2(), 1889. 
March 2(1, 1889. 
March 2(i, 1889. 
August 27, 1889. 
August 29, 1889. 
August 30, 1889. 



March 15. 1888. 
March 15, 1888. 
March 15, 1888. 
August 17, 1888. 
August 17, 1888. 
August 17, 1888. 
August 18, 1888. 
August 25, 1888. 
March 18, 1889. 
March 2(), 1889. 
March 2(5, 1889. 
Jlarch 27, 1889. 
March 27, 1889. 
Jlarch 27, 1889. 
August 19, 1889. 
August 19, 1889. 
August 19, 1889. 
August 19, 1889. 
August 19, 1889. 
August 19, 1S89. 



March 30, 1888. 
May 14, 188S. 
May 2(i, 18^8. 
May 2i!, 1888. 
September 6, 1888. 
September 6, 1888. 
January 22, 1889. 
April (), 1889. 
August 16, 1889. • 



March 17, 1888. 
May 5, 1888. 
Mai-ch 20, 1889. 
August IG, 1889. 
August 16, 1889. 



April 17, 1888. 
May 5, 1888. 
iMaV 5, 1888. 
Jlay 5, 1888. 
May 5, 1888. 
August 17, 18S8. 
August 17, 1888. 
April 4, 1889. 
August 27, 1889. 
August 27, 1889. 



August 17, 1888. 
March 14, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 



S40 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 



Conuty, District and Name. 



LiviX(isTox Co. — First District. 

Mury A. Troy 

Agnes M. Huthavvay 



LivixGSTOX Co. — Second District. 

Margaret E. Lament 

Katie V. Laniont , 

Ida Jl. Rowe 

A. W. Moon 

James G. Walden 



Madison Co. — First District. 

Lida S. Sherman 

Ada T. Donahue 

Emma F. Isbell 

Jennie E. White 

Levi B. Warren 



Madison Co. — Second District. 

Edward W. Hyatt 

Minnie Robinson 

Florence J. WilHams 

Chas. E. Love 

Libbie E . Klock 

Martha W. Long 

Jennie Housely 

Hannah M. Fojiertv 

William B. Wells .' 

H. H. Doudass 



Monroe Co. — First District. 

H. W. Stanley 

Emma E. Sherman 

Marv E. McCaulev 

Belle F. Short...; 

Elizabeth Noadcs 

M. C. Humiston 

Charles W. Butler 

Belle LaMont 

Catherine E. Fay 

E. J. Powers 



Monroe Co. — Second Distrkt. 

Laura A. Brainard 

liUcy G . Robertson 

Frank H . Brown 



MoNTGOMERr Co. 

R. S. Bulger 

George \\^ Alter 

Harry Sherburne 

William Kennedy 

Anna \. Van Alstine. 

John H. Kelley 

William H. Barckley. 

CoraM. Hill 

W.Fernando Hill. .. 

Schuyler Shaffer 

Herbert A. Decker . . . 

Anna Scburn 

Hazelette J. Risk 

Julius C. Salisbury. . . 
Hattie M. Smith.'... 

M. Mabel XetT 

Albert D. Sheffield... 

George W. Alter 

Nellie H. Blood 

Ada Putnam 



Niagara Co. — First District. 

John LaMont . . 

Carrie L. Richardson 

Li/zie Waymau 

Mary B. Kavanaugh 



Post-office Address. 



Rochester. 
Bristol 



Date of. Issue. 



Ossian 

Ossian 

Dansville 

Perkinsville.Steub.Co. 
Otego, Otsego Co 



Webster Station. 

Chittenango 

Morris ville 

Eaton 

Pine Woods 



Fenner 

Chittenango . 

Canastota 

Stockbridge , 

Oneida , 

Chittenango. 
Canastota. . . 
Chittenango. 
Perry ville. . . 
Oneida , 



Pittsford 

West Henrietta. 

Fairport 

Honeoye Falls. . 
Honeoyo Falls. . 

Webster 

Fairport 

Honeoye Falls. . 
Mendon Centre. . 
Webster 



Chili Station. 
Church ville. . 
Scottsville. . . 



Fort Plain 

Buel 

Minaville 

Burtonville 

Canajoharie 

Fort Plain 

Tribes Hill 

Canajoharie . . . . 

Rocktou 

Sainmonsville. . . 

Amsterdam 

Amsterdam 

Palatine Bridge. 

Canajoharie 

Castile 

Cranesvillc 

Xelliston 

Buel 

Mill Point 

Amsterdam 



I/Ockport .. 
Royalton. . . 
Lockport . 
Middleport. 



August 14. 1S89. 
August 14, 1889. 



August 20, 1888. 
August 20, 1888. 
August 24, 1888. 
March 29, 1889. 
Augusta, 1889. 



March 12, 1889. 
March 12, 1889. 
March 12, 1889. 
March 12, 1889. 
August 28, 1889. 



April 4, 1888. 
April 4, 1868 
March 28. 1889. 
March 28, 1889. 
March 28, 1889. 
March 28, 1889. 
March 28, 1889. 
March 28, 1889. 
August 16, 1889. 
August 16, 1889. 



August 16, 1888. 
August 16, 1888. 
March 23, 1889. 
June 10, 1889. 
June 10, 1889. 
June 10, 1889. 
March 30, 1889. 
June 3, 1889. 
June 20, 1889. 
August 16, 1889. 



August 20, 1888. 
August 20, 1888. 
September 2, 1889. 



Auguetlrt, 1888. 
August 16, 1888. 
August 16, 1888. 
August 16, 1888. 
August 16. 1888. 
August 16, 1888. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
]^larch 13, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
September I', 1889. 



Mav 14, 1888. 
April 30, 1888. 
August 27, 1888. 
August 27, 1888. 



247 



State of New York. 
.department of public instruction. 



Count)', District and Name. 


Post-office Address. 


Date of Issue. 


NiAGAR.\ Co.— Second District. 


Niagara Falls 


August 211, IS'^s. 


J. C. Schneider 


Suspension Bridge 
Niagara Falls 




August 20, IbbS. 


Mary E Malov 


August 20, 18^^8. 




Youngstown 

Suspension Bridge 
Barkers 




September 1, 1883. 
August 2;3, 1889. 






AuiTust 2i!, issy. 


Esther M. W ilson 


Niagara Falls 

Niagara Falls. .... 
>iiagara Fulls.. , . . 




August 2(), l^M). 


Waittie G . Davis 


August 2ii, issy. 
Octpber 2, 1889. 
October 2, ISSi). 


Oscar J. liriggs 

Oneida Co. — First District. 


New York Mills 


.'Vugust 15, 1888. 




Marcy 

New York Mills 


August 15, 1S88. 




August 15, 1888. 


OneIda Co.— Second District. 


Oswciio 


August 30, 1888.. 
August 20, 1888. 




Cold Brook 


E A O'Brien 


Clinton 


August 30, 1888. 


Elizabeth S. Duston 


Clinton 

Bartlett 


August 30, 1888. 


Clara L . Law 

Florence Hart 


.Vugust 80, 1888. 


Deansville 

Clayville , 

North Bridgewater. . . 

Watorville.". 

Watervillo 


September 10, 1888. 
October 6, 1«S8. 




February 5, 1S89. 


F. N . Westf all 


August 20, 1889. 
August 20, 1S89. 




Waterville 


August 20, 1889. 




Waterville 


August 20, 1889. 


Oneida Co.— Third District. 

J B Cole 


Williamstown 




Aucrust 15, 1888. 




Sand Bank 


September 7, 1888. 


D D Edi'erton . 


Pheljis 


November 21, 1888. 




Camden 


March 13, 1889. 




Camden 


March 18, 1889. 




Camden 

Rome 


March 18, 1889. 




March 18, 1889. 




Florence , 


March 26, 1889. 




Rome 


March 29, 1889. 




Constautia 


AdHI 23. 1889. 


I. P. Alexander 


Durhamville May 11, 1889. 


A E Post 


Durhamville Augi]st 14, ISSO. 




Cleveland Ausrnst 14. 18Si>. 


John Will Jr 


Camden 


August 14, 1889. 
September 4, 1889. 
September 1(5, 1889. 

March 29, 1888. 
1 September 5, 18^. 


J E Park 


Oneida 


Nellie McDonald 

Oneida Co. — Fourth District. 

M. Emma Palmer 

Stella L Post 


Florence 


Ava 

Boonville 

So. Trenton 

Trenton 


M. Anna Con wav 

Lester G Wanfiil 


August 20, 1889. 
August 21, 1889. 




Boonville 


August 23, 1889. 


Elmer E McDowell 


Memphis 


August 25, 1888. 




Baldvvinsville 


September 7, 1888. 


Mary L Pettit 


Baldwinsville 


December 29, 1888. 




Baldwinsville 


January 2, 1889. 




Baldwinsville 


January T. 1889. 




Baldwinsville 


July 25, 1880. 


Kate K O'Ncil .. 


Liverpool 


August 15, 1889. 




Baldwinsville 


September 6, 1889. 

August 21, 18SS. 
August 21, 1888. 


Onondaga Co. — Second District. 

John J. Jewell • 


Onondaga 


Vesper 




Skaneateles 


August 25, 1888. 




Oiiondaaa 


December 1, 1888. 


Hattie A Northway 


Skaneateles 


March 21, 1889. 


William J. Shotwell 


Skaneateles 




March 21, 1889. 



248 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 



County, District and Name. 



ONOxr>A<;.v Co. — Secoxd District. 

Chaiios O. Richards 

■\V. Ho.vt North 

Lee Olnistead 

Bridget Berrigan 

Rosabelle Myers 



Onondaga Co. — Tuiud Districi 

Earl E. Ellis 

EllaM. AVright 

William H. Adams 

Frances E . Ecker 

3. E. Gardiner 

Mrs. M. A. Curtis 



Ontario Co. — First District. 

Charles G. McLouth 

Susan Moore 

William J. Gardner 

Duane Power 

Carrie E. Seager 

Susie Larkin 

Margaret J. Valentine 

Marie E. Strong 

Nellie F. Holmes 

Louis M. Antisdale 

Linda L. Irwin 

William li. Witter 

Matilda :McLouth 

Marv Thomson 

William H. Van DeVost. . 

Fannie C. Bruzee 

Selden F. Burlingham 

Jennie llolman 

Nellie F. Nares 

James B. Caward 

Byron L. Craft 

Eugenia D. Payne 

Emma Scholls 

Mary ^'an Valkenburg 

Mary A. Phelps 

Julia C. Paplice 

J ane L Robson 

Mr. 8. S. Bell., 

Alice E. Atkins 

Ruth E. Taylor 

Lottie Swart 

HattieE. Day 

H. E. Hyde '. 

Mattie Clarke 

John H. Stephens 

Nellie A. Cawtield 

Mary A. Wilson 

Mary E. Hay ward 

Emma W. Thomas 

Byron Van Derhue 



Ontario Co. — Second District. 

Sarah M. Banta 

Mrs. Eunice B. Colvin 

■ A. Augusta Fabcr 

IdaE. Hills 

Emily M. Levet 

Jennie A. McCarthy 

Alice G. Remington 

Hiram C. Case 

Jlarv E. Cotter 

Wilbur E. Winch 

Emma J. Winch 

G. A. Tibbals 

Cleora L. Coats 

Lucv S. Wells 

William D, Heath 



Post-oflSce Address. 



Solvay 

!Marcollus 

Borodino 

Onondaga Castle. 
Me.\ico 



Pompey . . . . 

Delphi 

DeWitt 

Fayetteville. 

Fabius 

Ivirkville . . . 



Manchester 

Seneca 

Hopewell 

JIanchester 

Phelps 

Phelps 

Gorham 

Port Gibson . . . . 
Clifton Springs, 

Palmyra 

Port Gibson. . . . 

Gorham 

Shortsville 

Gorham 

Halls Corners.. . 
Oaks Corners. . . 

Manchester 

Geneva 

Geneva 

Halls Corners. . . 

Gorham 

Shortsville 

Palmyra 

Phelps 

Rushville 

Canandaigua. . . . 

Gorham 

Gorham 

Geneva 

Bellona 

Reed's Corners. . 

Shortsville 

Gorham 

Geneva 

Clifton Springs. 

Geneva 

Geneva 

Geneva 

Geneva 

Geneva 



Canandaigua. ... 
Canandaigua. ... 
Canandaigua. ... 
West Bloomfield. 

Victor 

Canandaigua. 

Canandaigua. ... 
Allen's Hill 



Date of Issue. 



August 27 
August i.' 
August 2 
August 27 
August 27 
August 27 
August 27 
August 27 
Honeoyc ' August 27 



March 21, 1S89. 
March 21, 188'J. 
August '23, 1889. 
August 23, 1889. 
August 23, 1889. 



August 14, 1888. 
August 1.5, 1888. 
November 3, 188: 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
August 20, 1889. 



August 23, 
August 2-3, 
August 2-3, 
August 23, 
August 23, 
August 23, 
August 23, 
August 23, 
Augu.st 23, 
August 23, 
August 23, 
^\ugust 23, 
August 23, 
August 23, 
August 23, 
August 23, 
August 23, 
August 23, 
August 23, 
August 23, 
August 23, 
August 23, 
August 23, 
August 23 
August 23 
August 25 
March 15, 
March 15, 
March 15, 
JIarch 16, 
JIarch 22, 
March 25, 
March 2!S, 
August 23 
August 2.3 
August 23 
August 23 
August 23 
August 23 
Auiiust 23, 



1888. 
1888. 
1888. 
1888. 
1888. 
1888. 
1888. 
1888. 
1888. 
1688. 
1888. 
1888. 
1888. 
1888. 
1888. 
1888. 
1888. 
1888. 
18S8. 
1888. 
1888. 
1888. 
1888. 
, 1888. 
, 1888. 
, 1888. 
1889. 
1889. 
1889. 
1889. 
1889. 

IS!S9. 

Its89. 
, 1889. 

1889. 
, 1889. 
, 1889. 
, 1889. 
, 1889. 

1889. 



Canadice 
Canadice 
Canadice 
Wayland 
Naples. . . 
Lima 



August 27 
August 27 
August 27 
August 27 
August 27 
March 22, 



, 18&S. 
, 1SS8. 

1888. 

1888. 

1888. 

1888. 
, 1888. 
, 1888. 
, I.SS8. 
, 1888. 
, 1888. 
, 1888. 
, 1888. 
, 1888. 
1889. 



249 



State of New York. 
department of public ins trv c t j olf. 



County, District and Xame. 



Ontario Co. — Second District. 

Mrs. L.M.White 

Kiltie Vermilye 

Mary B. Vermilye 

Annie Kennedy 

Mrs. M. A. J ohnson 

Orange Co. — First District. 

Georgia Fulton 

Florence E. Hotchkiss 

Charles M. Turton 

Charles 11. Baumes , 

Cornelius 11. Bishop 

Burnett Foley 

Mary A. Cocks , 

Maria Couser 

Carrie H. Knapp 

Charles W. Gedney 

Orange Co. — Second Disttict. 

Enos S. Wood 

Emma L. Ambler 

Wm. H. McElroy 

Byram W. Winters 

Stephen A. Snow 

Mary E. Coleman 

Orleans Co. 

Dan. B. Albert 

W. S. Coleman 

E. 0. Smith 

Carrie E . Dutcher 

John H. Filer , 

E. Celia Coon , 

Addie Marsh 

Jennie A. Cowles 

H eury Pease , 

Sidney F. Potter 

B. A. 'Baldwin 

Myra Coon 

M. Adelle Cornes 

Alice L. Torrey 

M. Cornelia Wood 

Ada Bennett 

Jane H . Mattimore 

Earl C. Hinman 

Anna L. Potter 

Oswego Co. — First District. 

Hews T. Skerritt , 

Mary Geer .- 

A. C. Davis , 

Chas. T. Ranford 

Edgar G. Blankman 

D. W. Clark 

Nellie Curtiss 

John Dunbar 

Elizabeth Coats 

Oswego Co. — Second District. 

Anna 51. Wood 

ilinnie B. Parker 

Ola Cross 

Libbie 0' Brien 

Mary Fitzgerald 

Cora Fuller 

Flo:-encB I. Wood 

.Laura Bennett 

Wallace D . Rhines 

Carolin F. Barnes 

Marv O'Connor 

Edward H. Ladd 

J. G. Burr 

250 



Post-office Address. 



Canandaigua. 

Naples 

Naples. 

Canandaigua. 
Canandaigua. 



Vail's Gate 

Cornwall 

Montgomery 

Middle Hope. ....... 

Walden 

Edenville 

Cornwall-ou-Hudson. 
Cornwall-on-Hudson. 
Washingtonville .... 
Newburgh 



Warwick . . . 
Middletown. 
Warwick . . . 
Bellvale . . . . 

Otisville 

Port Jervis . 



Kendall 

Manning 

E. Carlton . . . 
Jamestown. . . 
Knowlesville. 

Medina 

Hollev 

HolleV 

Hollev 

MiUville 

Barre Centre. 

Medina 

Medina 

Albion 

Lockport . . . . 

Medina 

Albion .' 

Kendall 

HoUey 



Oswego Centre. . 

Fulton 

Oswego 

South Granby . . . 
North Syracuse. 

Dexterville 

Fulton 

South Granby . . . 
Fulton 



Central Square. 

Pulaski 

Cleveland 

Central Square. 
West Monroe.. 
Central Square. 
Central Square. 

Mexico 

Constantia 

Phoenix 

Oswego 

Hastings 

Central Square. 



Date of Issue. 



March 22, 1889. 
March 22, 1889. 
March 22, 1889. 
March 23, 1889. 
March 23, 1889. 



September 4, 1888. 
September 4, 1888. 
September 27, 1883- 
August 21, 1889. 
August 21, 1889. 
August 24, 1889. 
August 24, 1889. 
August 24, 1889. 
August 24, 1889. 
August 24, 1889. 



May 5, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
March 12, 1889. 
May 1, 1889. 
September 10, 1889. 
September lu, 1889. 



March 14, 1888. 
March 14, 1888. 
March 14, 1888. 
Mav 4, 1888. 
August 14, 1888. 
August 14, 1888. 
August 14, 1888. 
August 14, 1888. 
March 14, 1889. 
March 14, 1889. 
March 14, 1889. 
March 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 



March 14, 1888. 
August 14, 1888. 
August 14, 1888. 
August 16, 1888. 
August 11), 1888. 
August 16, 1888. 
March 18, 1889. 
^larch 18, 1889. 
August 13, 1889. 



Mav 5, 1888. 
May 5, lJ<S8. 
May 5, 1888. 
May 5, 1S8S. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 18S8. 
August 15, 1888. 
September 21, 1888. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1S89. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 10, 1889. 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 



Countv, District and Name. 



Post-oflBce Address. Date of Issue. 



Oswego Co. — Second District. 

Miuuie A. Parsous 

Edward Babcock 

John W. Cole 

Ada L. Davis 



Oswego Co. — Third District. 

Bert C. Jones 

Minnie P. WVieeler 

Sylvester R. Shear 

Edgar J. Brower 

Irene F. Hungerford 

Jessie E. Porter 

Minnie J. Seatuans 

Mamie Seeley 

Emily 0. Williams 

Lizzie D. Emmons 

Anna Rourke 

Geo. W. Goodell 

ilarv E. Hinman 

Abner C . Matthews 

Mrs. Hanna Thompson. . . 



Otsego Co. — First District. 

Leland L. Yager 

Maude E. Antisdel 

Lewis H . Denton 

Nora May Orsborn 

Calvin T. Xorthrup 

Henry L. Tipple 

Andrew Spencer 

Chas. A. Snyder 

Anna Lane 

LarissaJ. Cooper 

Hattie D . Chamberlin . . . 

Charles A. Butler 

Antoinette Abrams 



Otsego Co. — Second District. 

Mary Bull 

John S. Taylor 

Nettie Wilbur , 

George A. Gregory 

A. M. Holister 

Geo. R. Winslow 

Hobart L. Bundy 

Philo Chesebrough 

Harriette E . Stevens 

M. Belle Denton , 

Alice C. Russell 

Fanny Kellogg 

Linda Y . Meade 

Anna Lane 

Ette Stevens 

Annah Gregory 

Flora Shearer 

C. M. Ferry 

Florence Potter 

DeForest Loyd 



PCTNAM Co. 

W'illisE. Light . 
Mary F . Akiu . . . 

Jessie Griffin 

Heu'-y C. Waite 



Queens Co. — First District. 

James B. Adriance 

Jennie L. Quinn 

Annie E. Tappen 

Nellie G. Quinn 

Julia L. Thurston 

SaraC. Provost 

Matilda M. Robinson 



Palermo 

Gayville 

W'est Amboy. 
Vermillion, . . . 



Howardville i . 
Sandy Creek. . 

Orwell 

Redtield 

Mexico 

Mexico 

Pulaski 

Mexico 

Lacona , 

Pulaski 

Williamstown . 

Mexico 

Pulaski 

Union Square. 
Pulaski 



Guilford 

Schenevus. . . 
Westford.... 
Westville.. . . 
Worcester ... 
Worcesier . . . 
Maryland. . . . 
Davenport. . . 
Schenevus. . . 

Jefferson 

Schenevus. . . 

Decatur 

Cooperstown. 



March 13, 1880. 
March 25, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 



March 19, 1888. 
March 19, 1888. 
August 16, 1888. 
August 20, 1888. 
August 20, 1888. 
August 20, 1888. 
August 20, 1888. 
August 20, 1888. 
August 20, 1888. 
Augu.st 20, 1888. 
March 15, 1889. 
August 17, 1889. 
August 17, 1889. 
August 17, 1889. 
August 17, 1889. 



August 20, 
August 20, 
August 20, 
August 20, 
March 13, 
March 13, 
March 13, 
March 13, 
March 13, 
March liS, 
March 13, 
August 14, 
August 14, 



1888. 

1888. 

1888. 
1889. 
1889. 
1,889. 
1889. 
1889. 
1889. 
18S9. 

1889. 

1889. 



Oneonta 

Oneonta 

Mt. Yision 

Garrattsville 

Burlington Flats. 

Milford 

Unadilla 

Edmeston 

Mt. Yision 

Oneonta 

Otego 

Oneonta 

Mt . Yision 

Mt. Yision 

Mt. Yision 

Welcome 

Oneonta 

Otego 

Hartwick 

So. Edmeston. , . . 



Carmel 

Patterson 

Baldwin Place.. 
Wings Station. 



Cold Spring Harbor. 

Little Neck 

Glen Cove 

Little Neck 

Oyster Bay 

Brooklyn 

Rockville Centre 



August 17, 1888. 
August 17, 1888. 
August 18, 1888. 
August 20, 1888. 
August 20, 1888. 
September 24, 1888. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 16, 1889. 
March 16, 1889. 
March 1(5, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
August 14, 1889, 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14. 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1689. 



August 27, 18S8. 
August 27, 1888. 
August 27, 1888. 
March 20, 1889. 



August 21, 1888. 
August 21, 1888. 
August 21, 1888. 
August 31, 1889. 
August 31, 1889. 
August 31, 1889. 
August 31, 1889. 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 



County, District and Name. 



Post-office Address. 



Date of Issue. 



Queens Co. — Second District. 

Burt J. Tice 

Isaac Stearns . . . 

Mrs. Eunice B. Weaver 

Mrs. Annie E. Hull... 

Hattie A. Hurd 

Mary S. Clowes 

Cyrus E. Smith . . 



Rensselaer Co.— First District. 

Jennie Brimmer 

Sarah L. Perry 

Clara Sweet ■. 

Bee Sweet 

Kate E. Smith 

Nina Oliver 

Ethelwyn N.Curry 

Frederick D. Mosher 

Carolyn Y. Brooks 

Sarah Mahaffy 

Flora M. Daniel 

George E. Powell 



Rensselaer Co. — Second District. 

Louis F. Robins 

Ida Fergerson 

Lucy Slade 

Mary A. New 

Anna P. Moakler 

C. E. Marshall 

Geo. D. Barringer 

0. B. Sylvester 

Fanny M. Ostrauder 

Katie P. Ryan 

Annie Diamond 

Fannie E. Rykert 



Richmond Co. 

Alexander J. Driscoll. 

Mary J. McKee 

Jerry Fruttchey 

Charles F. Simons... 
Rebecca M. Ludlam.. 

Mary Lennon 

Frances Moore 



Rockland Co. 

Ophelia Sullivan 

W. E. Wiles 

Jos. K. Wiles 

Mary F. McKenzie 

Spencer Wood 

Charles C. Chadwick. 
Jennie M. Sullivan . . 

Jno. C. Heyn 

Mary E. Schreeder... 

Rose Taylor 

Wm. H. Wilcox 

Elizabetli Gormley . . . 

Mamie Cleary 

S. Elmira Burns.... 

Annie E. Burns 

Julia Wigton 

Rachel Wanmaker 

Ella M. Smith 

Jno. H. Story 

Kittie Clear}' 

Maggie Tobin 

Chas. H. Smith 



St. Lawrence Co. — First District. 

Cora M. Johnson 

Etta I . Robinson 



Lawrence Station . . . 

Pearsalls 

Brookl^'n 

Hempstead 

Flushing . . 

Hempstead 

Woodside 



Petersburgh 

Centre White Creek. 

Petersburgh 

Petersburgh 

Lansingburgh 

Lansingburgh 

Lansingburgh 

Eagle firidge 

Lansingburgh 

Salem 

Melrose 

Petersburgh 



East Albanv. . . . 

Best ' 

Greenbush 

Bath-on-Hudson. 
East Albany. .. . 
East Albany. . . . 
Schodack Depot. 

Castleton 

Castletou 

East Albany. . . . 
East Albanj^. . . . 
Nassau 



New Brighton 

Stapleton 

Weehawken 

Stapleton 

Stapleton 

Stapleton 

West New Brighton. 



Haverstraw. . . 

New City 

New City 

Blauvelt 

New City 

Spring Valley. 
Haverstraw. . . 

Sparkill 

Haverstraw. . . 
Haverstraw. . . 
Garnersville . . 
Haverstraw.. . 
Haverstraw.. . 
Garnersville . . 
Garnersville . . 
Spring Valley. 

Suffern 

Sparkill 

Schultzville. . . 
Haverstraw. . . 
Haverstraw. . . 
Spring Valley . 



Gouverneur 
Gouverneur 



September 1, 1S88. 
September 1, lsS8. 
September 1, 1888. 
September 1, 18SS. 
October 10, 1889. 
August 31, 1889. 
Oct'ober 10. 1S89. 



May 5, 1888. 
May 5, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
December 1, 1888. 
January 1, 18S9. 
January 1, 1889. 
March 23, 1880. 
March 25, 1889. 
August 17, 1889. 
August 17, 1889. 
August 17, 1889. 



May 15, 
August 
August 
August 
August 
August 
August 
August 
August 
August 
August 
August 



1888. 
15, 1888. 
15, 1839. 
15, 1889. 
15, 1889. 
15, 1889. 
15, 1889. 
15, 1889. 

15, 1889. 
IG, 1889. 

16, 1889. 
16, 1839. 



August 14, 1888. 
August 16, 1888. 
August 16, 1888. 
August 16, 1888. 
March 15, 1889. 
March 15, 1889. 
March 16, 1(389. 



August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
March 12, 1889. 
Jlarch 12, 1889. 
Jlarch 12, 18sp. 
March 12, 1889. 
March 12, 1Sj9. 
March 12, 1889. 
March 12, 1889. 
March 12, 1889. 
March 12, 1889. 
March 12, 1-<S9. 
March 12, 1889. 
March 12, 1889. 
Jlarch 12, 1889. 
March 12, 1889. 
August 13, 1889. 
August 13, 1889. 
August 13, 1889. 
August 13, 1889. 



August 27, 1888. 
September 1, 1888. 



252 



State of New York. 
department of public in8tru otion. 



County, District and Name. 



St. Lawrence Co. — First District. 

Charles L. Pooler 

*Elisha H. Earl 

John F . Quigley 

Millie Thoaipsoa 

Lauretta S. Hulett 



St. Lawrence Co. — Secoxd District. 

S. C . Kimm 

M . Henry Kinsly 

Helen Sequr 



St. 



Lawrence Co. — Third District. 

Leon C. Ball 

Lizzie H. Hall 

Elsie E. Munson 

Ralph Pringle, Jr 

Lislee C. Sutton 



Saratoga Co. — First District. 

Belle Selleck 

Alexander Falconer 

Ella Tucker 

May Tucker 

Lola M. Cadmau 

Mattie J. Cook 

Fred Scriven . . 

Isabella L. Clark 

Cornie Smith 

Hattie E. Rowley 

Jessie A. Seeley 

Carrie Bouton 

Helena Whalen 

Frances E. Mosley 

EllaR. Church 

Ettie D. Walker 

Annie E . Griffin 

Miss iL E. Lawrence 

Ida J. Coons 

Anna H. Ladd 

S . Louise Valentine 

Tilla Mosher 

Melissa Mosher 

H . Lincoln Benton 



Saratoga Co. — Second District. 

Sarah L. Arnold 

Frank Gick 

Libbie Middlebrook 

Mrs. W. T. Nelson 

Lizzie Spence 

Harriett W. Sharpe 

E . E . Sawyer 

Mary W. Smith 

Oscar S . Stanton 

Wm. F. Hodges 

AdaB. Markell 

Geo . B. Deuel 

Sarah E. Dillon 

Josie M . Ransomc 

Kate M. McCloskey 

Ellen A. Whitney 

Mary L. Freeman 

Ida M . Mallery 

Lizzie G. Holmes 

Annie E. Cronkhite 

IdaM. Smith 

Elma Jl. Smith 

Sarah F. Kellogg 

Effie P. Porter 

Eliza S. Dimick 



Post-office Address. 



DeKalb Junction. 

Ogdensburg 

Hammond 

DeKalb 

Heuvelton , . 



Earlville 

Canton 

Madrid Springs. 



Canton . . 
Norwood. 
Norwood. 
Norwood. 
Massena . 



So. Glens Falls... 

Stillwater 

Stillwater 

Stillwater 

Galway 

Watertord 

Petersburo; 

Ballston Spa 

Middle Grove 

Bemis Heights. . . . 

Ballston Spa 

Ballston Spa 

Ballston Spa 

Stillwater 

Mechanicville 

Saratoga Springs. 

Ballston Spa 

Ballston Spa 

Ballston Spa 

Waterford 

Ballston 

Birchton 

Birchton 

VVaterf ord 



Saratoga Springs. 
Saratoga Springs. 
So. Greenfield. . . . 
Saratoga Springs. 
Saratoga Springs. 
Saratoga Springs. 
Saratoga Springs. 
Saratoga Springs. 
Saratoga Springs. 
Saratoga Springs. 
Saratoga Springs. 
Saratoga Springs. 
Saratoga Springs. 

Moses Kill 

Saratoga Springs. 
Saratoga Springs. 
Saratoga Springs . 
Saratoga Springs. 
Saratoga Springs. 
Greenfield Centre. 

So. Corinth 

Saratoga Springs. 
So. Glens Falls. .. . 

Luzerne 

Saratoga Springs 



Date of Issue. 



September 1, 1S68. 
September 1, 1888. 
September 1, 1888. 
April 1, 1889. 
April 1, 1889. 



August 22, 1888. 
March Ifi, 1889. 
August 26, 1889. 



August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
March 15, 1889. 
August 2(5, 1889. 
August 26, 1889. 



March 20, 1S88. 
March 20, 1888. 
March 20, 1888. 
March 21, 1888. 
Jlay 9, 1S88. 
Ma> 12, 1888. 
March 21, 1888. 
May 12, 1888. 
May 12, 1888. 
Mav 12, 1888. 
May 12, J888. 
May 12, 1888. 
Mar 12, 1888. 
May 12, 1888. 
August 16, 1888. 
August 16, 1888. 
August 16, 1888. 
August 16, 1888. 
March 20, 1889. 
March 22, 1889. 
August 16, 1889. 
August 24, 1889. 
August 24, 1SS9. 
August 24, 1889. 



March 31, 1888. 
March 31, 1888. 
May 5, 1888. 
MaV 5, 1888, 
May 5, 1888. 
May 5, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 



* Deceased. 
253 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 



County, District and Name. 



'Saeatoga Co. — Second District. 

Nettie Hicock 

Elizabeth M. Powers 

Eliza M. Wandell 

Mina L. Larmon 

James E. Keiley , 

Mabel L. Harris 

Hattie A. Ingalls 

Lettie H. Dixon 

Julia A. Callahan 



Schenectady Co. 

Libbie E. Dickson. 

W. L. Millias 

H. Ward Briggs .. 
Kate O. Lovett ... 
Elizabeth F. Jones 

Cora J. PlvUips 

Lula Wagoner 

E. P. Westfall 

Ella Veeder , 



Schoharie Co. — First District. 
*John H. Mann 

Marcus Sternbergh 

Leonard Mattice 

John Y. Smith 

James H. Govern 

Wiliett A. Baker 

Floyd A. Guernsey 

Hiram A. Blodgett 

Adelbert E. Wilson 

\Vm. S. DeMott 

Ervin B. Billings 

Lizzie M. Korick 

Lorette Becker 

Anna E. Becker 

Irvin L. Bravman 

Nettie P. Wa'ndell 

S. Taylor Johuson 

♦Ella Croswell 

Kate Birgh 

♦Bertha Case 



Schoharie Co.— Second District. 

Sifroit R. Karker 

Henry H. Wright 

Edwin Cornell 

Jacob H. Van Woert 

Hiram D. Haner 

Lynn Halloek 



Schuyler Co. 

John J. CuUinane 

Geo. M. Ely 

Nettie S. Roberts 

Low Shepherd 

G. T. Sears 

Kate A. Thompson 

Carrie Van Doren 

Emma M. C. Grant 

Jay B. Fish 

Arthur P. Nichols 

Libbie Oldfield 

Fred L. Rudy 

Elizabeth W. Swartwood 

Dennis Schuyler 

Carrie Van Derpool 

Addie L. Henderson 

Herbert C. Joffers 

Julius J. Kingsley 

Mary L. Woodward. ,, , , . 



Saratoga Springs. 
Saratoga Springs. 
Saratoga Springs, 

Schuylerville 

Schuylerville 

Schuylerville 

Saratoga Springs. 
Thompson's Mills. 
Saratoga Springs. 



Scotia 

Quaker St 

Quaker St 

Scotia 

Schenectady. . 
Schenectady. . 
Schenectady. . 
Quaker St.... 
Pattersonville, 



Middleburgh... 

Schoharie 

Central Bridge. 

Gilboa! 

So. Gilboa 

Gilboa 

Howe's Cave. . . 
Middleburgh. . . 
Rensselaerville. 

Esperance 

Livingstouville. 
Middleburgh. . . 
Middleburgh. .. 
Middleburgh . . . 
Livingstouville. 

Saratoga 

Prattsville 

Middleburgh. . . 
Breakabeen.. . . 
Cones ville 



Carlisle 

Gallupville 

Patria 

Hyndsville 

Charlotteville. . . 
South Jefferson. 



Watkins 

Logan 

Watkjns 

Reading Centre. 

Searsburg 

Mecklenburg. .. . 

Burdett 

Odessa 

Bennettsburg . . . 

Horseheads 

Tovvnsend 

Re3-noldsville .. . 

Cayuta 

Beaver Dams.. . 

Watkins 

Tyrone 

Havana 

Dundee 

Prattsburg 



Date of Issue. 



August 14, 
August 14, 
August 14, 
August 14, 
August 14, 
August 14, 
August 14, 
August 14, 
August 14, 



1S89. 
1889. 
1889. 
1889. 
1889. 
1889. 
1889. 
1889. 
1889. 



August 18, 1888. 
August 18, 1888. 
August 18, 1888. 
August 18, 1888. 
April 10, 1889. 
April 10, 1889. 
April 10, 1869. 
Apiil 10, 1889. 
September 18, 1889. 



April 8, 1888. 
April 8, 1888. 
April 16, 1S88. 
June 4, 1888. 
June 4, 1888. 
June 4, 1888. 
July 25, 1888. 
August 16, 1888. 
August 24, 1888. 
August 24, 1888. 
August 25, 1888. 
March 14, 1889. 
April 13, 1889. 
April 13, 1889. 
April 19, 1889. 
June 17. 1889. 
August 21, 1889. 
August 21, 1889. 
August 21, 1889. 
August 21, 1889. 



August 14, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
September 7, 1889. 



August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
September 1, 188 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
(March 13, 1889. 
Blarch 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14. 1889. 



* Revoked October 14, 1889. 
254 



State of New York. 
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRV GTION. 



County, District and Name. 



Seneca Co. 

Maggie Swart liout 

George Ijantenschlager. . 
Arvilla H. Starkweather. 
Georgianna M. Wheeler. 

Wilnier S. Wilson 

Euima F. Beaver 

Eva Farr 

Franc Lott 

Frank Ilogan 

Christina Hasbrouck . . . . 

Harriet Hasbrouck 

F. B. Siickett 

.C. Grant Birdsell 

Florence R. Morehouse.. 

Wni. H. Lisk 

*Chas. V. Hogeland 



Steuben Co. — First District. 

Eugene Skinkle 

Herbert S. Emerson 

Mj-ron L. Tiffanj' 

John A. Adam.* 

William H. Steegar 

George W. Rosenkrans 

William M. Wood 

G. H . Guinniss 

Charles H . Denniston 

Marv A. Larkin 

A. 0. Tucker 

D . L . Razey 

Charles Moore 

Alice E. Bovveu 

Eunice M. Pierce , 

W^ard H . Timmerman 



Steuben Co. — Second District. 

Daniel D. Godley 

Minnie B. Newell 

Rose H. Armstrong 

Charles E. Boult 

Mary F. Bemis 

Park D. Colvin 

Elizabeth Erwin 

Edith M . Haradon , 

Charles Sitzer 

Walter G . Benedict 

Belle IngersoU 

Delia Ivnapp . 

Charles E. Shattuck 

Jessie K . Turner 

Mary Mills 

Carrie Murphy 

Florence Manle}' 

Kate Goodrich 

Leonard B. W^alker 

W. B. Mead 

Raymond E. Brown 

William Durkin 

Anna E. Jamison 

EllaG. Perkins 

Emma H. Stephens 

Clara Hargrave 



Post-office Address. 



North Hector,. 

Fayette 

OvitJ Centre 

Farmer Village. 

Ovid 

Romulus, 

Trumansburg .. 

Lodi 

Waterloo 

Malcolm 

Malcolm 

Seneca Falls. .. 
MacDougalls. . . 
Seneca Falls. .. 

Romulus 

Canoga 



IJath 

Bath 

North Cohocton 

Bath 

Bradford 

Bradford 

North Urbana . . 

Cohocton 

Pulteney 

Cohocton 

Kanona 

Howard 

Canisteo 

Haskinville 

Cohocton 

Bath 



Suffolk Co. — First District. 

Catharine Van Cott 

E. E. Hulse 

Elizabeth Burnett 

Jennie S. Randall 



Curtis 

Hedgesville. . . . 
Painted Post. . . 

Lindley 

Campbell 

WoodhuU 

Hornby 

Corning 

Gibson 

Wayland 

Addison 

Corning 

Cameron Mills. 

Addison 

Canisteo 

Canisteo 

Nelson, Pa . . . . 

Corning 

Borden 

Andover 

W\)odhull 

Woodhull 

Canisteo 

Addison Hill... 

Canisteo 

Cameron Mills. 



West Hampton. 

Southold 

Water Mill 

Atlanticville .. . . 



Date of Issue. 



Mav 21, 1888. 
May 21, 1888. 
May 21, 1888. 
August 22, 1888. 
August 22, 1888. 
August 22, 1888. 
August t;2, 1888. 
August 22, 1898. 
January 1. 1889. 
March 25, 1889. 
March 25, 1889. 
March 25, 1889. 
March 25, 1889. 
March 25, 1889. 
August 28, 1S89. 
October 7, 1889. 



March 17, 1888. 
March 17, 1888. 
August 27, 1888. 
August 27, 1888. 
August 27, 1888. 
August 27, 1888. 
January 22, 1SS9. 
April 1, 1889. 
April 1, 1889. 
April 1, 1889. 
April 1, 1889. 
April 1, 1889. 
April 1, 1889. 
September SO, 1889. 
September 80, 1889. 
September 30, 1889. 



March 15. 1888. 
March 20, 1888. 
March 20, 1888. 
August 28, 1888. 
August 28, ls88. 
August 28, 1888. 
August 28, 1888. 
August 28, 1888. 
August 28, 1888. 
August 28, 1888. 
August 28, 1888. 
March 15, 1889. 
March 15, 1889. 
April 15, 1889. 
April 22. 1889. 
April 22, 1889. 
April 22, 1889. 
April 22, 1889. 
May 13, 1889. 
August 17, 1889. 
August 26, 1889. 
August 2(>, 1889. 
August 2o, 1889. 
August 21), 1689. 
August 2(i, 1889. 
August 28, 1889. 



September 1, 1888. 
September 1, 1888. 
March 12, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 



*From State examination , 
265 



State of New York. 
department o f p ub l i c 1 n s t ru c t 1 n. 



Couutj, District and Name. 



Post-office Address. 



Date of Issue. 



Suffolk Co. — Second District 

Mary E. McQuirk 

Ulj'sses G. Bates 

James 0. Partridge 

Egbert H. Hulse 

Cora A. Howard 

Sara A. Murphy 

Roniauah Craft 

Mary R. Deery 

Adeline L. Hartt 

Asher J . Jacoby 

Julius A. Edwards 

Georgie H. Reeve 

Wesle}^ W. Young , 

Annie V. Edward 

Hannah J. Gildersleeve 

Mary S. Ketcham , 

Edw'in J. Faust 

Nellie S. Funnell 

M. Alice Taft 

Alice S. Hammond , 

Elizabeth A. Hallock 

Penelope E. Bostock 

Sullivan Co. — First District. 

Edwin S. Packer 

George W. Weyaut 

William D. Haley 

Herman J. Ruxton 

Edgar B. Jlerritt 

Harry S. Harmau 

Fred. J. Hoyt 

David S. Strong 

M. E. Gallegan 

John J. Haley 

George W. Kinne 

Sullivan Co. — Second District. 

Anna Unkenholz , 

Hattie E . Ellmore , 

Emma Beers . , 

David D. Taylor 

Jennie Flynn 

Marcellus C. Jackson 

Cornelius McCormic , 

Augustus Flynn , 

Peter S. Krum 

Georgia Steel.* 

Tioga Co. 

Sarah R. Hamilton 

Kate Madden , 

Stella A. Morey 

Frances Sackett 

Margaretta C. Falsey 

Frances L. Brown 

Harriette Carmichael , 

Mary Coryell 

Ira L. Culver 

Nettie I. Little 

Charles E. Osborn 

Dora Van Nostran 

Mary A. Ginnane , 

Anna W. Abel 

Anna G. Quigley 

Euphema Van Norstran 

Lewis Zorn 

Mame Smith 



Huntington 

W. Richmoudville . . , 

Northport 

Amity ville 

Huntiugton , 

Huntington 

Huntington 

Patchogue 

Islip , 

Say ville 

Stony Brook 

Patchogue 

Manorville 

Babylon 

Northport 

Northport , 

Breslau 

Huntington 

Centre Moriches . 

Lake Grove 

Miller's Place 

Commack 



May 5, 1SS8. 
May 5,^88. 
May 5, r8S8. 
August 15, 1888 
August 15, 1888 
August 15, 1888 
August 15, 1888 
August 15, 1888 
August 1.5, 1888 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
JIarch 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
August 14, 1889 
August 14, 1889 
August 14, 1889 
August 14, 1889 
August 14, 1889 
August 14, 1889 



'Callicoon Depot April 18, 1888. 

Narrowsburgh April 18, 1888. 

Monticello May 7, 188S. 

Callicoon Depot August 20, 1888. 

Lackawax April 1, 1889. 

Rock Hill April 1, 1889. 

Winterton April 1, 1889. 

Cuddebackville April 1, 1889. 

Oakland Valley April 1, 1889. 

Maplewood I August 22, 1 889 . 

Maplewood j August 22, 1889. 



Divine's Corners. 
South Fallsburgh 

Claraville 

Parksville 

Parksville 

Rdbkland, 

Roscoe 

Parksville 

Afton . 



Smithboro 

Smithboro 

Candor 

Candor 

Waverly 

Waverly 

Owego 

Nichols 

Newark Valley . 

Candor 

Harford 

Nichols 

Owego 

Owego 

Waverly 

Smithboro 

Owego 

Newark Valley . 



March 28, 1888. 
March 28, 1888. 
May 14, 1888. 
May 14, 1888. 
August 14, 1888. 
August 14,1888. 
August 14, 1888. 
August 14, 1888. 
August 14. 1888. 



August 27, 1888. 
August 29, 1888. 
August 29, 1888. 
September 21, 188S. 
September 28, 1888. 
April 17, 1889. 
April 17, 1889. 
April 17, 1889. 
April 17, 1889. 
April 17, 1889. 
April 17, 1889. 
April 17, 1889. 
April 27, 1889. 
September 23, 1889. 
September 23, 1889. 
September 23, 1889. 
September 23, 1889. 
September 23, 1889. 



* Deceased. 
256 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 



County, District and Name. 



Tompkins Co. — First District. 

Amanda E. Smith 

William F. Marsh 

Theron S. Ward 

Clara Nixon 

Cora E. Wright 

Lura B. Barnes 

Lavenia C. Stevens 

Robert H. Bishop 

Mary E. Puff 

Tompkins Co. — Second District. 

Sara Horubeck 

C. M. Blemer 

M. D. Montfort 

A. H. Oneracker 

James D. Bailey 

Emma W. Knettles 

DellaB. Patch 

Rose M. Patch 

Lona E. Morton 

Ulster Co. — First District. 

Emily S. Burnett 

Minnie L. Burger. , 

Walter Scott 

Robert Eadie 

Bridget Cecile Solon 

Matthew H. Shurter 

Edward C. Quimby 

Christian F. Carn wright 

Cora A. Lane 

Jennie A. Van Hoesen 

Samuel Slawson 

Charles V. Bookhont 

W. Ward Bookhont 

Sarah E. Schutt 

S. Eleanor Post 

Ulster Co. — Second District. 

Rebecca Rusk 

Ulster Co. — Third District. 

Millard W. Baldwin 

S. W. Stoddard 

Amelia Hasbrouck 

Linda Northrop 

Alice M. Frantz 

Rensselaer Reynolds 

Carrie Wriglit 

Ed. M. Edsall .> 

Adda M. Budd 

Wabrsn Co. 

Essie Cronin 

Nellie Pepper 

Ella Flynn >. 

Louisa B. Whitney 

Carrie E. Moses 

Jennie S. Wilkinshaw 

Estella M. Palmer 

Roxie G. Tuttle 

Frank E. Benjamin 

Annie E. Mead , 

Flora E. White 

Margaret Keenan 

Christina E. Crayton 

Lyman A. Hall 

Fred N. Moulton 

Alice M. Boyd 

Fred R. Robertson 

257 



Jacksonville 

Danby 

South Danby 

Truinansburg 

South Danby 

Ithaca 

Jacksonville 

Trumbull's Corners 
Ithaca 

Slaterville 

Slaterville 

Peruville 

Etna 

Etna 

South Lansing, . . . . 

Speedsville 

Speedsville 

Groton 

Port Ewen 

Kingston, 

Madalin 

Rondout 

Fly Mountain 

Kingston 

Rondout 

Saugerties 

Kingston 

Saugerties 

West Hurley 

Windham 

Roxbury 

Rondout 

Saugerties 

Marlborough 

Kerhonkson 

Wawarsing 

Ellen ville 

EUenville 

Ellenville 

Shandaken 

Grahamsville 

Ulster Heights 

Ellenville 

Glens Falls 

Glens Falls 

Glens Falls 

Glens Falls 

Glens Falls 

Glens Falls 

Glens Falls 

Glens Falls 

Luzerne 

Chestertown 

Creek Centre 

Glens Falls 

Glens Falls 

South Glens Falls., 

Warrensburgh 

Bolton Landing. . . . 
Chestertown 



Date of Issue. 



August 20, 1888. 
Sei)tember 3, 1888. 
March 15, 1889. 
March 15, 1889. 
March 15, 1839. 
March 15, 1889. 
March 15, 1889. 
August 8, 1889. 
August 15, ls89. 



August 1, 1888. 
August 1, 1888. 
August 1, 1888. 
August 1, 1888. 
August 1, 1888. 
March 16, 1889. 
March 16, 1889. 
March 16, 1889. 
August 16, 1889. 



May 5, 1888. 
August 25, 1888. 
August 27, 1888. 
August 27, 1888. 
March 16, 1889. 
March 16, 1889. 
March 16, 1889. 
March 16, 1889. 
March 16, 1889. 
March 16, 1889. 
March 16, 1889. 
March 16, 1889. 
March 16, 1889. 
August 20, 1889. 
August 20, 1889. 



August 17, 1889. 



Mav 5, 1888. 
May 80, 1888. 
August 25, 1888. 
August 25, 1883. 
Jlarch 30, 1889. 
March 16, 1889. 
August 20, 1889. 
August 20, 1889. 
September 1, 1889. 



Mav 5, 1888. 
MaV 5, 1883. 
Mav 5, 1888. 
MaV 5, 1888. 
May 5, 1888. 
Mav 5, 1888. 
Mav 5. 1888. 
Mav 5. 1888. 
May 5, 1888. 
August 15, 1889. 
August 15. 1889. 
August 15, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
Auiinst 14, 1889. 
Aucust 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 



County, District and Name. 



Washington Co. — First District. 

Anna F. Roberson 

Alex. H. Barbur 

Wm. H. Dennis 

Claj'ton L. Morey 

Georgia McGown 

Carrie H. Brovvnell 

Susanna McKernon 

Mary E. Williams 

Lizzie Reid 

William J. Davis 

Hattie J. Dunlap 

Edith J. Foster 

Mary J. Huggins 

Mary L. Witbeck 

Bridget M. Donellan 

Jesse H. Hyatt 

Sarah Payne 

Jennie Robertson 

Kate McDougall . . . . ; 

Grace M. Morey 

Minnie Turner 

Hattie A. Gifford 

Elizabeth Montgomery 

Seymour D. Williams 

Delia McNulty 

Washington Co. — Second District. 

Thomas A. Stewart 

George W. Kennedy , 

Ella E. Baker 

Anna B. Rowe 

Maggie A. Rea 

Lizzie A. B. Rea 

Julius H. Higley 

Edith A. Culver 

Ella M. Hopson 

Genevieve L. Clark 

Mary E. Bailey , 

Lucy L. Deam j , 

Mary McGraw 

Thersa Mason , 

Julia A. Wood 

Wayne Co. — First District. 

Edward Hav ward 

Francis H. Crardner 

Mary A. Sweeting , . 

Cheerie I . Mathews 

Kate M. Rodenbach ,n . . 

Nellie R. E. Hand 

Leta B. Koester 

Harvey H. Benning 

Gardner A. Munn , 

Watne Co. — Second District. 

Margaret Le Wismer 

Hannah Eliza Finley 

Alariam Robinson '. 

Carrie E. Parker 

Libbie M. Harris 

' Sarah M. Clark 

Westchester Co. — First District. 

Isaac C. Hill 

Emma L. McAllister 

Minnie J. Morgan 

Mattie E. Davts 

B. Frank Taylor 

Eliza A. Caterson 

258 



Post-oflfice Address. 



South Argyle 

Greenwich 

Greenwich 

Greenwich 

Greenwich 

Cambridge 

Kingston 

Greenwich 

Cossayuna 

Coila , 

Greenwich 

Greenwich , 

Greenwich 

Greenwich , 

Centre Cambridge . 

Battenville 

Fort Miller , 

Cambridge 

Lansingburgh 

Greenwich 

Greenwich , 

North Easton , 

Fort Edward 

Fort Miller 

Easton 

West Hebron , 

Fair Haven, Vt 

Fort Ann 

Whitehall 

West Hebron. 

West Hebron 

Hartford , 

Whitehall 

Whitehall 

Sandy Hill 

Fort Ann 

Sandy Hill 

Kingsbury . , 

Sandy Hill 

Whitehall . . . 

Clyde 

Lyons 

So. Butler 

Lyons 

Wayne Centre 

Clyde 

Lyons 

Clyde 

Lyons . 

Palmyra 

Palmyra 

Newark 

Macedon Centre 

Macedon Centre 

Palmyra 

Pelhamville 

City Island. 

Port Chester 

Mt. Vernon 

Mt. Vernon 

(Wbodlawn) Sta. S 
N. Y. C 



Date of Issue. 



March 28, 1888. 
August 20, 1888 
August 20, 1888 
August 20, 1888 
August 20, 1888 
August 20, 1888 
August 20, 1888 
August 20, 1888, 
August 21, 1888 
March IS, 1889. 
March 18, 1889. 
March 18, 1889. 
March 18, 1889. 
March 18, 1889. 
March 18, 1889. 
March 18, 1889. 
March 18, 1889. 
March IS, 1889. 
March 18, 1889. 
August 15, 1889. 
August 16, 1889. 
August 16, 1889. 
August 16, 1889. 
August 16, 1889. 
August 16, 1889. 



August 20, 1888. 
August 20, 1888. 
March 15, 1889. 
March 15, 1889. 
March 25, 1889. 
March 25, 1889. 
March 25, 1889. 
March 28, 1889. 
August 16, 1889. 
August 17, 1889. 
August 17, 1889. 
August 17, 1389. 
August 17, 1889. 
August 17, 1889. 
August 17, 1889. 



August 1, 1888. 
August 18, 1888. 
August 18, 1888. 
April 10, 1889. 
April 10, 1889. 
April 10, 1889. 
August 15, 1889. 
August 15, 1SS9. 
August 15, 1889. 



November 15, 1888. 
November 15, 1888. 
August 22, 1889. 
September 3, 1889. 
September 18, 1889. 
October 1, 1889. 



August 18, 1888. 
August 18, 1888. 
March 16, 1889. 
March 16, 1889. 
March 16, 1889. 

April 9, 1889. 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 



County, District and Name. 



Post-ofSce Addres3. 



Westchester Co. — First District. 

Minnie A. Fuller 

Mary M. Horan 

Philip O'Ryau 

Isaac H. Lent 



Westchester Co. — Second District. 

Alice S. Cavarly 

Rachel A. Paulsen 

Sarah J. Witherell 

Lizzie A. Rankin 

Hattie E. Fowler 

Hattie L Cumming 

Clara A. Gettel. . 

JIargaret M. Tewey. . 

EUaMaher 

Harriet E. Lavender 

Nellie Purdy 

Lizzie A. Dailey 

John Millar 

Wm. J. Millar 

Lizzie G. Ryan 

Mary E. Daley 

Richard F. Carr 

Lizzie Moriarty 



Westchester Co. —Third District. 

George F. Cole 

Ella Mills 

Fanny E. Smally 

Lois A. Varney 

Elizabeth A. Dickinson 

Maggie Lenahan 

Grace A. Taylor 

E, Cornelia Rand 

Esther A. Waite 

Amy J. Brown 

Rosa M. Smith 

Margaret Mahony , 

Alice M. Abbott 

Miss M. E. Tuthill 

rRichard F. Carr 



Wyoming Co. — First District. 

Sarah Clark 

Jennie F. Martin 

Jennie E. Grush 

Lottie J. Carman 

Clara M. Gate 

Mary Dudley 

Nettie E. Servise , 

Kezia Waldron 

WillardG. Welker 

Arthur E. Hunt 

Hettie S. Foster 

Emma A. Hawley 

Martin 0. Stone , 

Tryphena C. Stone 



Wyoming Co. — Second District. 

Annie W. Van Dusen 

Richard Delaney 

0. L. Cotton 

Hannah Blake 

Albert H. Clark 

Minnie A Evans 

Emma H. Mead 

Carrie L. Van Slyke 

Alice M. Gilbert 

Nellie A. Burke 

Jeunie Howell 



Mt. Vernon . . . 

Tuokahoe 

Westchester.. . 
New Rochelle. 



Date of Issue. 



Irvington 

Dobbs Ferry 

Mt. Kisco 

White Plains 

Sing Sing 

Sing Sing 

Sing Sing 

Irvington 

Hastings-on-Hudson. 
North Tarrytown. . . . 

Sing Sing 

Sing Sing 

Mt. Kisco 

Mt. Kisco 

Sing Sing. . . .\ 

Sing Sing 

Chappaqua 

Sing Sing 



Peekskill . . . . 
Bedford Sta. . 
Bedford Sta.. 
Yorktown . . . 

Katonah 

Peekskill . . . . 
Peekskill .... 

Peekskill 

Bedford 

Soniers 

South Salem. 
North Salem. 
Peekskill ... 
Croton Lake,. 
Chappaqua . . 



Perry 

Warsaw 

Perry Centre. 

Attica, 

Wyoming. . . 

Warsaw 

Warsaw 

Wyoming 

Attica 

Gainesville . . 

Warsaw 

Rock Glen. .. 

Peoria 

Peoria 



Eagle Village. . 
Java Centre. . . . 

Gainesville 

Gainesville . . . . 
Silver Springs. 

Rock Glen 

Pike 

Lamont 

Centerville 

Gainesville . . . . 
Castile 



September 2, 1889. 
September 2, 1889. 
September 2, 1889. 
September 2, 1889. 



August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
March 13, 1S89. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 18, 1888. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
March 13, 1889. 
August 14, ]>>89. 
Au2;ust 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 



March 13, 
March 12, 
March 12, 
Jlarch 12, 
March 12, 
March 12, 
March 12, 
March 12, 
March 12, 
August 14 
August 14, 
August 14, 
August 14, 
August 14, 
August 14, 



1889. 

1889. 

1889. 

1888. 

1889. 

1889. 

1889. 

1889. 

1889. 

, 1889. 

, 1889. 

, 1889. 

, 1889. 

, 1889. 

, 1889. 



August 20, 1888. 
November 2(i, 1888. 
November 26, 1888. 
December 28, 1888. 
March 22, 1889. 
March 22, 1889. 
March 22, 1889. 
March 22. 1889. 
March 22, 1889. 
April 10, 1889. 
August 17, 1889. 
August 17, 1889. 
August 17, 1889. 
August 17, 1889. 



March 31, 1888. 
August 20. 1888. 
August 20, 1888, 
August 20, 1888. 
August 20, 1888. 
March 18, 1889. 
March 18, 1889. 
March 18, 1889. 
March 18, 1889. 
March 30, 1889. 
August 19,1889. 



259 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 



County, District and Name. 



Yates Co. 

Robert B. Emery 

Francis B. Bowerman 

Belle McMaster 

Mary Dugan 

Alice Griggs 

Carrie Millspaugh.... 
Grant M. Kennedy... 

Clark B. Chaffee 

Mary L. Prentiss 

Lena R.Hall 



Post-office Address. 



Dundee. . . . 
Barrington 
Penn Yan.. 

Gage 

Penn Yan. . 
Branchport 

Italy 

Middlesex. 
Pulteney. . . 
Barrington. 



Date of Issue. 



August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
August 15, 1888. 
March 8, 1889. 
March 8, 1889. 
August 13, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 
August 14, 1889. 



260 



QUKSTIONS 



USED BY THE 



Departmenl of Pilic Instrnction of tlie State of New Tori, 



EXAMINATIONS FOR STATE SCHOLARSHIPS, 



CORNELL UNIVERSITY, 

Complete, from June 4, 1887, to June 1, 1889, Inclusive. 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

questions used in examinations for state scholarships 

AT 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 

(Ten ckedits allowed for each correct answer, and a proportionately less number as answer 
approximates correctness.) 

ALGEBRA. 

June 4, 1887. 

1. Factor as fully as possible: — 18a%y^+24 a-bx^y'' — S^x^y. 

2. Factor x^ — y^. 

3. Expand (a—b*). 

4. Prove that a quantity witli a negative exponent is equal to the reciprocal of the 

same quantity with an equal positive exponent. 

5. The difference of two numbers is 15, and half their product is equal to the cube 

of the less. What are the numbers? 

June 2, 1888. 

Give all the important steps of the reasoning and work. Write plainly, and arrange everything 
clearly, without crowding. 

1. (a) Describe tbe two uses or meanings of the sign — in Algebra. 
lb) Explain that (—2) x (—3) = 6. 

(c) Explain that a* x a^ = a''. 

2. Divide 

1 by 1 — 2«+4.^% finding four terms in the quotient. 

3. (a) Resolve the following quantities into their prime factors, (b) Select the 

factors that compose their L. C. M., and (c) that compose their H. C. F. 
(or G. C. D.) 

Gx'+Gx—n. 
12cr'— 12. 

4. Solve and verify the following problem : 

For "building 108 rods of stone wall, six days less would have been required, 
if three rods more a day had been built. How many rods a day were 
built? 

5. Form the equation whose roots are 6, — 3, 

262 



State of New York. 

department of public instruotion. 

questions used in examinations for state 8ch0larsuips at 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 

ALGEBRA.— Answers. 

June 4, 1887. 

1. —2xy i^id'y — 'ihx'') (W^y — 2hx''). 

2. {x — y) (ar* + x^y -f- x^y'^ + xy^ + y*)- , 

a' 

6, Three the less; eighteen the greater. 

June 2, 1888. 

1. {(I) To denote subtraction. To denote that the quantity to which it is prefixed 
is of a nature opposite to tliat of a quantity with the sign +. 
{h) (— 2)x(— 3j = — (— 3) — (— 3j=- + 34- 3 = + 0. 
(c) a* X a' = (juiaa x aiui =■ aauaaaa = «'. 

or, the above may be given in words. 
2. 



1 


- 2x + ix* 


1 - 2a; + 4a;^ 


1 - 


1 + 2x — bx^ — IQx* 




2x — ix' 

Ix — 4a;5 + 8a^ 




— 8jr* 

-%3? ^ IGa;^ - 32a!^ 




- 16x* + 32a;' 

- 16ar* + 32^* - 643;« 



-+- 64a;« 

3. (a) 3a;' _ 6a; ^- 3 = 3 (a; — 1)' 

Oa;'^ + 6a; — 12 = 3 X 2 (x 4- 2;(^ - 1) 

12a;' — 12 — 3 X 2' (a; 4- 1) (a; — 1). 
(h) 2' . 3 . (a; - If (x-{- 1) (a; + 2) — L. C. M. 
(c) 3 (a; - 1) =- H. C. F. 

108 

4. Let X —= number of rods built a day. Then — number of days.' 

208^_ 108 _ g 

a; + 3 X 

108x — 108a; + 324 — Oa-' — 18a; 

6x' + 18a; = 324 

a;« + 3x = 54 

«' + 3a; + I- =- ^i 

a; + f = ± J/ 

x= 9 or +6. 

Verification : The negative answer is excluded by the nature of tlie problem. 

108 

—r, 18, number of days. 

108 
» — 5 — 12, number of days at 3 rods more a day. 

18 — 12 — 6, number of days less. 
6. * (a; — 6) (a; + 3) — (1) 
«»— 3a;— 18 — (2) 

a;' — 3x — 18 (3) Any one of the three forms is correct. 

263 



StatI'; <jk Nkw Ycjkk. 
It //; /• A It I'M a; n '!• (t II' I' I! HI. I a i n,h t n ii a r i o a^. 

gUEH'I'M^NH IIHKI) IN I^;\ AMIN A'I'IONH KOIl H'l'A'I'l'; HCIIOI-A ItSIIII'H AT 

COK^KIJ. IINIVKJtSI'I'Y. 

ALGEBRA. 
Juno 1, 1880. 

(ilivii nil llin iiii|iiii'l,iiiil. Hl,c|m of iliit I'liitxdiiin^ mill wdik. Wri(<i |iliiiiily, iiml iiii'iirif^d (ivitryUiin^^ 
olc'iiily, wlUioiit, tirowilliip;. 

I 
I. Hhow (a) \\w viiliUKtl' <«"; (h) llmt -^ —a ''. 10 

V5. hMlid till! Irani, coiniiioii iiiiilU|)ht of f/'' — w', i (a — x), (iml u. | ./. 1() 

ft. (Jiv^in . I <l// — ■,Jl,iiiul ,. I t\x — aiJU) (linl viilium <>l :/j iiikI v/. 10 

4. I'ix|)iiMi| {ti, li)^ hy llto hiiiomiiil llir<ir<;iii. 10 

0. KXtruct tli<i ii()iiar<; root of js% — U.t>» //'» • |- i/"'', 10 



ARITHMETIC. 

.Illlio 4, IHH7. 

I. I >iHl iiif'iilHli hrl.wi'ini iiril litiii'l.ic iiM II iicitMK'd ami iiii ii.ii ii.rt. 

M, Willi ij Jul' iL (lividdiiil mill I] for ii diviHor, piovo Mini. Mm i|iiiiliriit. iu|imlM llio 
|iro(liii;l (if Mm iliviilciiil iiiiill.i|>liri| liy Mm rnciprix'iil of Mn* iliviHnr. 

It. I'lovn Mini, Mio f.i;rtiiil.<iMl. i;uiiiiiii)ii iliviinir ol any ^ivtiii iiiiiiiliriH Ih Mir |iiuilii(:(, 
iif all Miuir (loiaiiioii |iiiiim ImcIiiki. * 



4. Kiiul Mio i-oiil, III' Mm l1iMii'iiif.r fur a liiiililiii/.', '.i-t liy U'i' furl, Mir Imililiii;^ liii- 
iii^r !( Hhti'ii^H Ilivii 'okI Mk' lloiiiiii^.' 1^ iiK'lii'M MiirK, al. $IH.7ri \ur M. 

n. h'iiiil Mm |ii'<M'<Miiln of a liaiiUalilr nolo for $500 at. four iiionliiM, wIkmi iMh- 
coinitoil al, Hix \>vr emit. 

Juno 2, 188H 



I. l{<uliir.i Mm friirfioii X of "* "*" ? of tX 



804 



StatI'; ok Ni'iw Y<tKi<.. 
i> i<: I' A//{ T .1/ a; n r o a' /• // /.• i.i <] in s r n v <• r i on. 

gUKHTlONH nHI':i) in KXAMINA'I'IONH KOU HTATK HCIIOI.AUHIIII'H AT 

(JOKNKLL IINIVKRHITY. 
ALGEBRA.— Answers. 

Juno I, IHH»). 

I. Nnlir lC(|Mii(i|. 

3. 4 (a' - .r'). 

3. ,,—'1. !/— 11. 

4. «■'— 'An' h \ '.ill/,' h\ 

5. x^i — y'i i)r i/'» — m^. 



ARrrilMIiTIC. Answers. 



Juno 4, I8fl7. 

1. Ah II S<;i<in:<', iiriUiiiiiUc iiivrnli^'ul.rH, claHHiCKiH iiml iirniiif^oii Llio priiiciplcH am] 

lulcH of lli<; Hiil»ji-<( ,; iiH nil All,, il, a|i|)li(!H llio principloH and rulijH f«r coinpu- 
lalioiiM t,<> lliu piacLical allaiiM of life. 

2. l-h{-^\x\ — 4, riic.iprocal of {. 

1 -i- 5 — 1 X I X i — J, reciprocal of J. 
5 -i- I - ? X f - V. 

^ ^ I ^ l^ -^y l^ ^ ^ X (} X i) — ^ X i — -il 

3. TIh) KroatcHt cotniiioii divinor of any f.nv<iii nimilxtrs \n (hoir f^rcatont roiiiiiion 

factor. 'I'liiH ^rcatcHL coiitinon facLor iiiiihI, he ciUicr a priiiio or a coiiipoHJIji 
iiiiinlx-r. If priino, it \h I.Ih! grcaliHt conimoii oriiiio fa<l,or of all t,lic f^'ivcii 
iiiiinhci'M; and if (;oiiipoHil.c, it Ih tlio product or |iriiiii; factoiN found in I lie 
^ivcii iiunilicrM. TliitHc piiinc factoiH inunt l>c coininon to all (he (.'ivcii niiiii- 
l)crH, and niUNt he all the prime factors coininon to tlioHO iiuinhcrH. 

4. 07 M<|. ft. xJJx 14x24 — 7,'M(\ H(|. fl, of lIo.niiiK. 

7,'-iim K(|. ft.— 7.ti!J(l M ft. 

♦ lK.7.'>x7.2a(i — I|li:{r..n7i, cont of llooriiif^. 

5. 4 mo., '>i da. — 4.1 mo. — .0205, rate of diMcouut. 

.Oaon, rate, —$.0205, diHcoiint on ^l . 

♦ 1 — $.0205 — )H,1)7U,'), proccedn of Ifil. 
lji.U7!>5 xf)0O — ♦'IHK.?^, pioc<!eiiaof nolo. 

Juno 2, 1888. 
1 



Hi / i\ 


w 


1 f M 


n 


- V«'^ 



206 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT F PU B LI C INSTRU C TI ON. 
QUESTIONS USED IN EXAMINATIONS FOR STATE SCHOLARSHIPS AT 

COKNELL UNIVERSITY. 

ARITHMETIC. 

June 2, 1888. 

2. Divide | by 2.5, to the quotient add the divisor, and from that sum sub- 

tract the dividend. Give the fractional part of the answer in a decimal. 

3. Find the prime factors of 20930. 

4. A rectangular field containing 7^ acres is 30 rods wide. How much will it 

cost to build a fence from one corner to the diagonally opposite corner 
at $2 a rod ? 

5. If the interest on $300 for 1 y. 8 m. be $36, find what would be the interest 

on $212.50 for 3 y. 4 m. 24 d. at the same rate per cent. 



June 1, 1889. 

1. Define notation ; numeration. 

Write with figures two million, forty-three thousand, eighty. Write in 
words 60,030,016. 10 

2. Reduce .0468 T. to a compound number. 10 

3. Divide 87} by ^ of 25i|. 10 

4. Find the amount of $635 from Nov. 13, 1888, to June 6, 1889, interest at 5% 

per annum. 10 

5. Required the cost of three 16-foot boards each 17 inches wide at one end 

and 14 inches at the other, at $23 per M. . 10 



GEOGRAPHY. 

June 4, 1887. 

'1. Through what bodies and streams of water do the bounding lines of New 
Tork State pass? 

2. Bound your own county by other counties. 

3. Describe the Hudson river, stating («) where it rises ; (h) in what direction 

it flows ; (c) into what it flows. 

4. Name the five Great Lakes of North America, giving the outlet of each. 

5. Locate each of the following cities, and state for what each is noted: New 

York, Washington, London, St. Petersburg, and Rome. 

266 



State of New York. 

department of public in8tru ction. 

questions used in examinations for state scholarships atj 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 

ARITHMETIC— Answers. 

June 2, 1888. 

2. I- = .875 

.875 -f- 2.5 = .35 

.35 + 2.5 - .875 = 1.975. 

S. 2)20930 

5)10465 

7)2093 

1 3)299 

23 

Factors, 2, 5, 7, 13, 23. 

4. 7^ acres = 1,200 square rods. 

1,200 -4- 30 = 40 = length. 

4/30^ + 40^^ = 50 = length of diagonal. 
$2 X 50 = $100 = cost. 

5. The rate per cent per annum not varying, the interest will vary as the base and 
also as the time. Hence, 

2_12^0 ^ 3y. 4m. 24d. ^ 3^ _ 2_125 ^ 40_8 ^ .^^ ^ 28.48=$52.02. Ans. 

800.00 ly. 8m. Od. 1000 100 

June 1, 1889. • 

1. Notation is the process of writing or expressing numbers by characters. 

Numeration is the process of reading numbers expressed by characters. 

2,043,080. 

Sixty million, thirty thousand, sixteen. 

2. 93 lbs. 9.6 oz. 

4. $652.90. 

5. $1,426 +, in practice, $1.43. 



GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 
June 4, 1887. 

1. They pass through Lakes Erie, Ontario and Champlain, and Long Island Sound, and through 

the Niagara, St. Lawrence, Poultney, Hudson and Delaware rivers. 

2. (This question can only be answered by knowing in what county the examined person lives.) 

3. The Hudson river (a) rises in the Adirondack mountains, (4) takes a southerly course, and (c) 

flows into New York bay. 

4. They are Lake Superior with its outlet, St. Mary's river; Lake Michigan, outlet Mackinaw strait; 

Lake Huron, outlet St. Clair river; Lake Erie, outlet Niagara river; and Lake Ontario, 
outlet St. Lawrence river. 

5. New York is located on the Hudson and East rivers, and is the metropolis of the Western 

Continent. Washington on the Potomac river is the capital of the United States. London 
on the Thames is the largest city in the world. St. Petersburg on the Neva river is the 
metropolis of Russia, and Rome on the Tiber river is the home of the Pope, the head of the 
Roman Catholic church. 

267 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

questions used in examinations for state scholarships at 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

June 2, 1888, 

1. In what points is New York the leading State in the Union? 

3. Draw an outline map of New York, number the parallels that form the northern 

and the southern boundaries, and locate Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse and 

Albany. 

3. Name the principal city in the southern part of the United States, in the western 

part, on the great lakes, and the twin cities in the northern part. 

4. Name (a) the principal possessions of the British Empire, and (b) three of its 

important military outposts. 

5. Trace the short route for vessels from England to Australia. 

June 1, 1889. 

1. Explain why Ireland is called the "Emerald Isle." 

2. Name four large rivers' of Europe ; state where each rises, in what direction it 

flows, and into what body of water it flows. 

3. Locate Vancouver island, and name its capital and metropolis. 

4. Locate two great river basins of North America ; name the principal river of each 

with at least two of its tributaries. 

5. Draw an outline map of New York, showing the drainage system of the entire 

State, including principal rivers, lakes and mountains. 



GEOMETRY. 

June 4, 1887. 

Note. — Draw diagrams, for reference in all demonstrations. 

1. Draw and define (a) a circumference; (h) a diameter; (c) a radius; {d) an arc; 

(e) a chord; (/) a tangent. 

2. Prove that the sum of the angles of any right-line plane triangle equals two 

right angles. 

3. When any two angles of any plane triangle are given, how is the third angle 

found? 

4. Prove that the side of an inscribed hexagon equals the radius of the circum- 

scribing circle. 

5. Deduce a rule for finding the area of a circle. 

268 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

questions used in examinations for state scholarships at 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 

GEOGRAPHY.— Answers. 

June 2, 1888. 

1. Population, wealth, commerce, manufactures. 

2. Parallels 42° and 45°. 

3. New Orleans, San Francisco, Chicago, Minneapolis and St. Paul. 

4. The British Isles, British America, Cape Colony, Australia, Hindoostan, British 

Guiana. Gibraltar, Malta, Aden, Cyprus, Halifax. 

5. Altantic ocean, Strait of Gibraltar, Mediterranean sea, Suez canal, Red sea, Gulf 

of Aden, Arabian sea, Indian ocean. 

June 1, 1889. 

1. The influence of the Gulf stream makes its climate warm and moist, so that its 

fields are fresh and green during the entire year. 

2. Answers may differ. 

3. It is in the south-western part of British America. Its capital and metropolis is 

Victoria. 

4. Answers may differ. 

5. Answers may differ. 



GEOMETRY.— Answers. 
June 4, 1887. 

1. Answer unnecessary. 

2. Prove, 1st. That if a side of a triangle be produced, the exterior angle thus formed equals 

the sum of the two opposite interior angles; and 2d. That the sum of the exterior angle 
and the adjacent interior angle equals (a) two right angles; and {b) the sum of the angles 
of the triangle. 

3. By subtracting the sum of the given angles from 180°, i. e., from two right angles. 

4. Prove, 1st. That if a regular hexagon be divided into triangles by lines from the center to each 

angle of the hexagon, the angles at the center are each equal to 60°, and that the sum of 
the two remaining angles in each triaugle so formed is 120°; and 2d. That each triangle is 
isosceles, and that the angles opposite the equal sides are each 60°. 

5. Prove, 1st. That the area of a regular polygon equals one-half its perimeter multiplied by the 

altitude of one of the equal triangles that compose the polygon ; and 2d. That when the 
sides of the polygon are increased indefinitelj', its perimeter will coincide with the periphery 
of the circumscribed circle, and the altitude of each of its equal triangles with the radius of 
the circle. 

269 



State ok New York. 

I) /-; PA liT M K N T O F I' If Ji L I (J IN STRUCT 10 N. 
QUESTIONS USED IN EXAMINATIONS FOR STATE SCHOLARSHIPS AT 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 

GEOMETRY. 
June 2, 1888. 

Arranged in about tho order of dillicultjy iind importance. Credit is niven for com])iotene8s and 
lutulligunco of ansvverH, conclusiveness of reasoning, and accuracy of diagrams. 

1. Prove tiiiit if two uiiglcs of a triangle are uncfiual, tlie side opposite the greater 
angle is tlie greater. 

3. An exterior angle of a regular polygon is two-fifths of a right angle; how many 
sides has the i)olygon? Give full solution. 

3. Prove that the diagonals of a parallelogram biseet each otlier. 

270 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

questions used in examinations for state scholarships at 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 

GEOMETRY.— Answers. 




June 2, 1888. 

1. In the triangle A B C let angle B be greater than 

ang'le A. We are to prove A C greater than 
BC. 

Draw B D, making angle D B A == angle 
A. 

Then A D = B D. A B 

(If two angles of triangle are equal, the sides opposite them are equal.) 

D B + D C> B C. 

Substitute for D B its equal A D. 

AD + DOBC. 

or A C > B C. 

2. Ten sides. 

1st solution. — The exterior angles being equal and together equal to 4 rt. 

angles, » | = 4. 

ft = 4 -f- I = 10. 
2d solution. — If exterior angle = | rt. angle, an interior angle = g rt. angle. 

2»-4 , 

= 871 





n 


10 


n — 20 = 


2 » = 20. 


n = 


= 10. 




Let A B C N be a parallelogram, and A 
let the diagonals cut each otlier at " 
X, we are to prove N X = B X and 
A X = XC. 
In the triangles A X B and N X C, 
A B = N C (being opposite sides 
of a parallelogram), angle X N C 
= angle X B A, and angle X C N 
= angle X A B. N C 

(When two parallel lines are cut by a third line, the alternate interior angles are 
equal.) 

. •. The triangles A X B and N X C are equal (having a side and two adj. 
angles of one equal respectively to a side and two adj. angles of the 
other). 
Therefore A X = X C and N X = X B (being homologous sides of equal 
triangles). 

271 



State of New York. 

depar tment oe public instruction. 

questions used in examinations for state scholarships at 

COKNELL UNIVERSITY. 

GEOMETRY. 

June 2, 1888. 

4. If, in a aiiffle ABC, the bisector of the angle BAC meet the opposite side in a 

point D, - prove that AB : AC :: BD : DC. 

5. Find the area of a regular hexagon inscribed in a circle whose radius is eight 

feet. (Carry work in two places of decimals.) 



June 1, 1889. 

1. Illustrate by figure (a) circumference; (?>) arc; (c) chord; (d) diameter; {e) radius; 

(/) tangent; {g) secant. 

2. When is a circle said to be circumscribed about a polygon? 

3. Prove that the sura of the angles of a plane triangle is 180°. 

4. Prove that an angle in a semi-circle is a right angle. 



272 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT F PUD L 1 C I N S T li d C TI O N. 
QUESTIONS USED IN EXAMINATIONS FOR STATE SCHOLARSHU'S AT 

COIiNELL UNIVEKSITY. 

GEOMETRY.— Answers. 

June 2, 1888. 

4. Draw C E piuallel to D A meeting B A produced in the point E; 

•.• tlie line B A E meets the parallels A D, C E in the 

points A, E 
• •. ZBAD=ZBEC 
and •. • the line A C meets the parallels A D, 

C E in the points A, C 
. •. Z D A C = Z A C E 
but Z B A D = Z D A C by con- 
struction ; 
.-. ZBEC=ZACE 
, •. A A C E is isosceles, 
. •. side A E = side A 0. 
Now the triangle BEG 
is cut by a line 
A D parallel to 
a side C E. 
.-. B A: AE = B D:D C, 
but A E = A 
.-. AB:AC = BD:DC 

5. As a side of a reg. insc. hexagon eqiials radius, to find apothem is to find the 

altitude of an equilateral triangle, whose sides are each 8 feet. Denoting 
apothem by p, y^ = 8^ — 4'^ = 48 

. 8x0x6.93— ..-_ ,. 
Area = = 106.32 — ft. 

166 4- ft. Ans. 




/ 



Juno 1, 1889. 

1. No answer need be given here. 

2. When the circumference of the circle includes the apex of every angle of the 

polygon. 

3. Steps in construction: A D 

I. Draw triangle, as A B C. /\ y' 

II. Produce line BC, as CE. 
III. Draw CD parallel to B A. 

Steps in proof: y v , 

I. Angle B ecfuals angle D C E. / N. / 

II. Angle A eipials angle A C D. ° ^* "^ 

lU. Sura of angles B, A. and A CD equals sum of angles ACB, A CD, and 
DC E, ecjuals two right angles, equals 180°. 

Steps in proof : 
I. Angle B is measured by one-half the subtended arc 

At^ ^Q 




U. 



Arc C A is one-half the circumference, or 180% 
and one-half of 180° is 90°, or the measure of a 
right angle. 

273 




State of New York. 

department of public in8truc tion. 

questions used in examinations for state scholarships at 

COENELL UNIVERSITY. 



GEOMETRY. 



June 1, 1889. 



5. Construct a regular circumscribed hexagon, and give the steps in its construc- 
tion. 



GRAMMAR. 
June 4, 1887. 

1. Write a sentence containing a clause or proposition used adverbially. 

2. Write a sentence having a infinitive used as an object of a transitive verb. 

3. Analyze (using any recognized system) the following sentence: That landscape 

which fills the traveler with rapture is regarded with indifference by him who 
sees it every day from his window. 

4. Parse the word bridge in the following sentence: He ordered the bridge to be 

broken down. 

5. Parse the words writing and letters in the sentence : He is engaged in writing 

letters. 

June 2, 1888. 

1. Analyze the following sentence: 

When the last sunshine of expiring day 
In summer's twilight weeps itself away, 
Who hath not felt the softness of the hour 
Sink on the heart, as dew along the flower? 

2. Parse the italicized words, 

3. Why are certain forms of the verb called principal parts? Illustrate. 

4. Name different uses of it, there and that. Illustrate by sentences. 

5. Correct the following sentences : 

The teacher told every boy to bring their boolcs. 
New York is larger than any city of the United States. 

274 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

questions used ix examinations for state scholarships at 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 



GEOMETRY.— Answers. 



June 1, 1889. 



Steps in construction : 

I. With radius of circle for a chord, construct regu- h 
lar inscribed hexagon A B C D E F. 

n. Draw tangent to circle and parallel to sides of 
inscribed hexagon, to points of intersection by 
radii produced, the sides of the required circum- 
scribed hexagon a b c d e f . 




GRAMMAR.— Answers. 
June 4, 1887. 

1, 2, 3. Answers unnecessary. 

4. Bridge is subject of the infinitive to he h-oke?i, and is in the objective case. 



5. Writing is a verb, etc., participle, object of preposition in, and in objective case 

Letters is the object of loriting, and in objective case. 

June 2, 1888. 

1. Complex declarative sentence. Principal clause, Who hath not felt the softness of the hour 

sink on the heart. Subject, (FAo unmodified. Simple predicate, hath felt, modified by 

adverbial element, 7io< and by adverbial clause. When aivay. Hath felt has for its 

object, softness sink. Sink is modified by adverbial element, as dew (sinks) along the flower. 

2. When, conjunctive adverb, or subordinate connective, connecting the clause which it begins 

to hath felt. In., preposition, showing relation between w««^« and twilight. Who, interroga- 
tive pronoun, subject of hath felt. Softness, noun objective subject of sink, or object of 
hath felt, .b'iw^ intransitive, irregular verb, inf. mood, present tense, depending on had felt. 
As, conjunctive adverb of manner, connecting its clause to sink. Dew, uoua subject of 
sinks, understood. 

3. Because they are parts of all forms of the verb ; as the present participle of the progressive 

form; the past participle of the passive voice and of the pres. pert., past perf. and fut. 
perf., indc, active voice. 

4. It is used as a personal pronoun, as a subject of an impersonal verb, and to stand before a 

verb in the place of the subject, when that subject is an infinitive or a clause following the 
verb. Examples: He offered me the book, and I took 27. /drains. It is base to lie. It 
is true, that no man is perfect. There is used as an adverb of place, as an introductory ex- 
pletive. Example: There was a srcat contesi there. Thai is used as a relative pronoun, 
as a demonstrative, as a conjunction, and to introduce a clause used substantively. Exam- 
ple of last use: T?iat lie should act thus is strange. 

6. The teacher told every boy to bring his books. New York is larger than any other city of the 

United States. 

275 



State of New York. 
depahtment of public instruction. 
questions used in examinations for state scholarships at 
CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 



GRAMMAR. 



June 1, 1889. 



Senutors! Conscious of a serious desire to deserve your approval, and aware that 
that would be secured only by constant devotion to your service, the Cliair assumed 
with diffidence the great trust conferred by your suffrage, wiiich to-day, he relin- 
quishes with the profoundest gratitude for the lienor of your resolution of commen- 
dation ; and declares tiuit the Senate now stands adjourned, sine die. 

John J. Ingalls. 

The following questions refer to the above selection : 

Notes. — 1 . In naming a clause, include only its unmodified subject and unmodified predicate. 

2. Subordinate clauses include (a) subject clauses; (6) objective clauses.; (c) adjective clauses; 

((/ ) adverbial clauses. 

3. The term phrase is applied only to a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give only 

the preposition and its unmodified object. 

4. A modifier may be a word, phrase, or clause. 

5. An object of a transitive verb is classed as a modifier of that verb. 

6. Only eight parts of speech are recognized — the articles the and a forming a subdivision of 

adjectives, and participles being one of the modifications of verbs. 

7. Infinitives are classed as mot/es of the verb. 

1. Name all the clauses, classifying them as principal or subordinate. State what 

each subordinate clause modifies. 

2. What are the modifiers of (a) desire : (b) Chair; (c) trust? 

3. Parse (a) only ; (l) and in the last line. 

4. Decline the personal pronouns found in the selection. 

5. What modes are found in the selection? Mention all verbs found in each mode» 

(Participles may or may not be classed us modes of the verb.) 



PHYSIOLOGY. 

June 4, 1887. 

1. Describe a ligament and explain its use. 

2. Describe a tendon and explain its use. 

3. With what bones does tlie iuunerus articulate? / 

4. State the location and explain the use of the perspiratory glands. 

5. Which of tlie digestive fluids is most concerned in the digestion of lean meat? 

276 



State of New York. 

d epa r t me nt of public ins tit u c tion . 

questions used in examinations for state scholarships at 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY. 

GRAMMAR.— Answers. 

June 1, 1S89. 

1. Principal clause, Chair assumed and declares. (By supjilying the subject, there 

may be two principal clauses.) Subordinate clauses: The claixse that that 
icotild "be secured modifies aware ; the clause which he relinquishes modifies ^?'z<s</ 
the clause that Senate stands adjourned, modifies declares. 

2. (rt) Adjectives a, and serious, and infinitive to deserve ; (b) the adjectives the, con- 

scious and arrare ; (c) the adjectives the and great, the participle conferred, and 
the clause which he relinrptishes. 

3. (rt) Only modifies tlie adverbial ])hrase hy devotion, and is an adverb ; (h) and 

connects the verbs assumed and declares, and is, therefore, a conjunction. 

4. Singular. Plural. 
Nominative, You. You. 
Possessive, Your. Your. 
Objective, You. You. 

Nominative, He. They. 

Possessive, ' His. Their. 

Objective, Him. Them. 

5. Indicative : Assumed, relinquishes, declares and stands. 
Potential : Would he secured. 

Infinitive : To deserve. 

Participial : Conferred and adjourned. . 



PHYSIOLOGY.— Answers. 



June 4, 1887. 

1. A ligament is a strong, unyielding, white band. Its use is to hold bones together 

at the joints. 

2. A tendon is a strong white band or chord. Its use is to attach a muscle to a 

bone, especially wliere the point of attachment is at some distance from the 
muscle or on the other side of a joint. 

3. Humerus articulates with scapula above and with radius below. 

4. The perspiratory glands are located in the cutis or true skin, and their function 

is to secrete the perspiration from the blood. 

5. The gastric juice. 

277 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

questions used in examinations for state scholarships at 

CORNELL UNIYERSIY. 

PHYSIOLOGY. 

Juno 2, 1888. 

1. What is the office of the hmgs? How docs expired air dilTer from inspired? 

3. {(i) Truce the circulation of the blood, l)eginniny with the veins. (Ji) What, at 
various points, prevents its backward How? 

3. Describe («) the junction and (A) the structure of the bones of tlie skull, and re- 

mark on evidence of design in structure and union of the parts. 

4. Mention {a) three movements effected by involuntary muscles, (1>) one by muscles 

partially voluntary. 

5. Remark on wisdom shown in 4 (a). How docs the eye adjust itself to a bright 

light, and how to a dim one? 

June 1, 1889. 

1. What are the main divisions of the spinal column? 

2. Give an example in human anatomy of a lever of each kind. 

3. What action must take place to enable a person to bend his arm at the elbow, at 

will? 

4. Wliat is the most important muscle involved in breathing? 

5. Show the course of the blood in passing through the heart. 

278 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
QUESTIONS USED IN EXAMINATIONS FOR STATE SCHOLARSHIPS AT 

COENELL UNIVERSITY. 

PHYSIOLOGY.— Answers. 

Jtme 2, 1888. 

1. To purify the blood and to supply it with oxygen. It contains carbonic acid, watery vapor 

and waste particles of animal matter. 

2. (rt) From the veins it goes in succession to the right auricle, right ventricle, by the pulmonary 

artery to the lungs, by the pulmonary veins to the left auricle, left ventricle, aorta, smaller 
arteries, capillaries, veins, etc. (^6) The mitral and tricuspid valves of the heart, and 
numerous valves in the veins. 

3. (a) The bones of the skull are joined by irregular dovetailings, called sutures, by which the 

different parts are joined together almost as firmly as if they were one bone; and yet the 
sutures tend to prevent a fracture from extending, (b) The skull has a dome form, which 
gives great strength. The bones are composed of three plates, the outer extremely hard 
and tough, the middle one spongy so as not to convey the shock of blows to the brain, and 
the inner very hard and smooth. 

4. Pulsation of the heart, ordinary breathing, movements of the stomach in digestion, winking, 

contraction and dilatation of the iris, and in general all vital processes. (S) Breathing, 
winking. 

5. (a) Vital processes are independent of the will, that they may not suffer from caprice, inat- 

tention or passion. Men would much oftener commit suicide, if they could paralyze the 
heart by an act of the will. (6) By contraction of the pupil, and by expansion of the pupil. 

June 1, 1889. 

1. Cervical, dorsal, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx. 
%. Answers may differ. 

3. The nervous energy is transmitted from the brain by the nerves to muscles of the 

arm, which thereby contract and draw the tendon attached to the bones of 
the arm. 

4. The diaphragm, 

5. The blood is returned from the general circulation to the right auricle, is forced 

thence to the right ventricle, by which it is driven through the pulmonary 
artery to the lungs, then back to the heart; it then enters the left auricle, by 
that forced into the left ventricle, which again sends it into the general 
circulation. 

279 



State of New York. 

department of public instbucti on. 

entrance examinations questions at 

STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS.^ 

ARITHMETIC. 

No Ans-wers Furnished. 

September 7, 1887. 

The work should be written out in full in the answers. 

Correct answers will receive live credits each, and a proportionately less number will be allowed 
as the answer approximates correctness. 

1. Express by Arabic and by Roman characters two million, twenty thousand, one 

hundred and nineteen. 

2. Express by words and by Arabic cliaracters MLXDCCXLIV. 

3. Express by words 290902029092209. 

4. What is the least number that will exactly contain 48, 20, 21 and 24? 

5. What is the greatest number that will exactly divide 505, 703, and 4343? 

6. Perform the operations indicated by signs in the following: 

■^ + 2^\, 3j - 2^f, 3^ X y^, 3| - 2,^^. 

7. If A. and B. can mow a field in seven days, and A., B. and C. mow it in five 

days for $25, what ought C. to receive? 

8. Give the tables for avoirdupois weight and for square measure. 

9. If it is 1 h. and 30 m. p. m. at Louisville, longitude 85°, 30' west, when it is 12 h. 

35 m. and 40 sec. at Mexico, what is the longitude of Mexico? 

10. Write three-eights of one-tenth decimally and reduce it to a simple decimal. 

11. Divide five-hundredths by five hundred, decimally. 

12. If a merchant buys cloth at 36 cents and sells at 40 cents what is the ratio of 

his gain? If he sells at 40 cents and loses four cents, what is the ratio of his 
loss? 

13. What is the rate of interest in this State, and what does the expression mean? 

What is usury, and what is the penalty in this State? 

14. What rate per cent is one-eighth, one-third, one-twelfth? 

15. What rate per cent of the whole should C. receive in the seventh example? 

16. Wliat is the face of a note worth $5,679.45, with interest at 17 per cent? 

17. If a banker 2)ay 101. \ per cent, for five per cent bonds due in one year, what 

rate of interest will he receive? 

18. With five busliels of wheat at SO cents per bushel and five bushels of rye at 60 

cents per busiiel, how many bushels of oats must be added to make a mixture 
worth 50 cents per bushel? 

19. What is the square root of 389,017? 

20. What is the cube root of 389,017? 

February 1, 1888. 

The work should be written out in full in the answers. 

Correct answers will receive ten credits each, and a proportionately less number will be allowed 
as the answer approximates correctness. 

1. Express in words: {a) 3050050813; {h) 50002.0004; (c) $10103042.5075; ((?) 103.75 

per cent; (e) MDCCCLXXXVIII. 

2. Find the sum of all the prime numbers to 50. 

280 



State of New York. 

DBF A Jl TMEX TOFT UBLI C INS Tit UCTION. 
ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS QUESTIONS AT 

STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 



February 1, 1888. 



ARITHMETIC. 

No Answers Furnished. 



3. To \ of a score add b of fi dozen, and from tlie sum snbstract | of a hundred. 

What is the remainder? 

4. Two frigates, with different numbers of guns, fire the same number of rounds; 

the one fires 608 and tlie otiier 1,102 shots. How many guns has each? 

5. What must be the length of a load of wood that is four feet wide and five and 

one-third feet high, to contain two cords? 

6. A. board 16 feet long is 22 inches wide at one end and tapers to a point, what is 

its value at 4i cents a square foot? 

7. Bought a hogshead of molasses, containing 128 gallons, at 65 cents a gallon; 

paid 80 cents for cartage, and lost 16 gallons l)y leakage. At what price per 
gallon must the remainder be sold to gain one-fifth of the entire cost? 

8. Sold 50 sofas for $2,250. Sold 25 at a gain of 20 per cent, and 25 at a loss of 20 

per cent. What was the gain or loss on tlie transaction? 

9. Bought a number 'of eggs and sold 11 of them for what 18 cost me. What was 

my gain per cent? 

10. A bookseller wishes to mark up the price of a book which he is now selling for 
$2, so that he can deduct 15 per cent and yet receive the present price. What 
must be the market price? 

September, 1888. 

The work should be written out in full Jn the answers. 

Correct answers will receive ten credits each, and a proportionately less number will be allowed 
as the answer approximates correctness ot shows knowledge of principles. 

In order to secure admission, candidates must gain an average of seventy credits in the threo 
branches and not fall below sixty credits in any one of them. 

1. Find the least common multiple of 24, 44, 65, 100. 

2. Express in Arabic and also in Roman notation five million and fifty-three, 

3. What is the difference between .75 divided by 75 and 75 divided by .75? 

4. A pole extended into the mud 5^ feet; \ of its length was in the river and \ of 

it in the air; what was the length ot the pole? 

6. Find the e.xact amount of $08 from March 13 ro June 15, 1888, interest 6 per 
cent per annum.* 

6. How many acres in a field 210 ch. long and 50 ch. wide? 

7. How many bbls. will a cistern hold whose depth is 7 ft., length 8 ft., width 5 ft.? 

8. It took 9 horses to move a stick of timber weighing 12,590 lbs. How many 

pounds would a stick weigli which could be moved by 7 horses? Solve by 
proportion. 

9. Mr. A. sold a horse for $275, which was 5 per cent less than he asked for it, and 

his asking price was 5 per cent more than the horse cost him; what was the 
cost of the horse? 

10. Find the square root of 60.510. , 

281 



State of New York. 
department of public instruct ion. 
entrance examination questions at 
STATE NORMAL SCtlOOLS. 

ARITHMETIC. 

No Answers Furnished. 

February, 1889. 

The work should be written out in full in the answers. 

Correct answers will receive ten credits each, and a proportionately less number will be allowed 
as the answer approximates correctness or shows knowledge of principles. 

In order to secure admission, candidates must gain an average of seventy credits in the three 
branches and not fall below sixty credits in any one of them. 

1. Express in words (a) 3540100000; Qj) 3.141593; (c) 106.5 per cent. Write i a 

Arabic numerals one hundred three per cent. Write in Roman numerals 1889. 

2. Add the fraction one hundred eighty-seven two hundred twenty-firsts to the 

fraction four hundred thirty-seven two hundred forty-seventlis, first reducing- 
them to fractions having a least common denominator. 

3. A man purchased a rectangular field 18 rods wide, containing 10 acres 146 

square rods of land. The land cost him $80 per acre, and he surrounded it 
by a fence costing 80 cents per rod. How much did the land cost, and how 
much the fence? 

4. A farmer has a bin 7 feet long, 5 feet wide and 4 feet deep, which holds 112 

bushels of corn. How deep must be made another which is 20 feet long and 
9 feet wide, so that it may hold 864 bushels? 

5. 20.0265 per cent of the air (by volume) is oxygen. How many cubic feet of 

oxygen in a school room 12 feet wide, 18 feet 2.75 inches long, and 8 feet 
high? 

6. By selling a carriage for $117 a dealer lost 10 per cent of its cost. For how 

much should he have sold it to gain 10 per cent of its cost? 

7. On a bond and mortgage securing $500, dated January 1, 1887, and bearing the 

legal rate of interest in this State, the following payments have been made : 
July 1, 1887, $100; January 1, 1889, $10. How much is still due February 1, 

1889? 

8. Which pays the better as an investment, a 6 per cent mortgage, or Western Union 

Telegraph stock which pays 5 percent per annum, andean be bought (includ- 
ing brokerage) for 83.25 per cent of its par value? 

9. A 90 day note for $650 is discounted at a bank on the day of its date. 

Allowing the usual days of grace, what is the discount? 

10. Extract the square root of 201.04. 
September, 1889. 

The work should be written out in full in the answers. 

Correct answers will receive ten credits each, and a proportionately less number will be allowed 
as the answer approximates correctness or shows knowledge of principles. 

In order to secure admission, candidates must gain an average of seventy credits in the three 
branches and not fall below sixty credits in any one of them. 

Use care in spelling, writing and general neatness of appearance. 

1. The distance from Buffalo to Rochester expressed in inches is 5100480. What is 

the number of miles ? 

2. Find the greatest common divisor and the least common multiple of 858 and 

5775. 

3. Reduce [| to a fraction having 12 for its denominator. 

4. A man dying, left § of his estate to his wife, f of the remainder to his son, and 

t'lie remainder to his daughter, who received $5,000. What was the value of 
the estate and what was the son's share? 

282 



State of New York. 

department of public ins t li uc t ion. 

entrance examination questions at 

STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 

ARITHMETIC. 

N«> Answers Furnished. 

September, 1889, 

5. If |100 gaiu $8 in one year, how much will $600 gain in five months ? Solve by 

proportion. 

6. "What is the interest of $10 for 10 years, 10 mouths and 10 days at 10 per cent ? 

7. By selling land at $3G per foot I gain 80 per cent. Do I gain or lose, and how 

much, by selling it at $15 per foot ? 

8. What must be paid for G per cent stock that the investment may yield 8 per 

cent ? 

9. A life insurance of $46,500 is to be divided among three children in proportion 

to their ages, Avhich are respectively 3|-, 5 and 7 years. What is each one's 
share of the insurance ? 

10, If money is worth 10 per cent, what is the present value of a note of $5,000 due 
six months hence without interest ? 

February, 1890. 

The work should be written out in full in the answers. 

Correct answers will receive ten credits each, and a proportionately less number will be allowed 
as the answer approximates correctness or shows knowledge of principles. 

In order to secure admission, candidates must gain an average of seventy credits iu the three 
branches and not fall below sixty credits iu any one of them. 

Use care iu spelling, writing and general neatness of appearance. 

1. What is a proof for division? Define a composite number. Define the prime 

factors of a number. After several numbers have been resolved into their 
prime factors, bow is the G. C. D. of those numbers found? llow their L. C. 
M. ? 

2. Reduce 17t to twelfths and write the analysis. 

3. If it take one man 7^ days to do a piece of work bow 'long will it take 3 men to 

do 2 5 times as much ? 

4. Multiply nine thousandths by eight hundred and divide the product by thirty-six 

millionths. 

5. You sell, to-day, to James Carson for cash, 3 bbl. flour at $6.25 per bbl., 264 

lb. corn meal at $1.10 per cwt., and 1,850 lb. coal at $5 per ton. Make out 
bill in proper form. 

6. Having lost 12^ per cent of bis capital, a man bad $10,850 left. How much did he 

lose ? 

7. Write an ordinary bank note, dated to-day, for $200 at 60 days; and find its pro- 

ceeds if discounted at a bank. 

8. At $5.75 per bbl. what costs 3 bbl. 17 gal. 3 qt. of vinegar? 

9. What are the exact contents, in cubic yards, of a cellar wall 3 feet thick and 9 

feet high, whose outside measurement is 86 feet by 24 feet ? 
10, How many rods ou the side of a square field containing 100 acres ? 



283 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTItV CTION. 
ENTRANCE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS AT 

STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 
GEOGRAPHY. 

No Aiinivc^rH KiiriiiHliodl. 

Septombor 7, 1887. 

Correct nnswers will rfci'ivi> four credits eacli ninl ii inoiiortionatcly less number will be allowed 
aH tlio answer a|)i)roxiniateH eorrectticss. 

1. Define 0(]Un1.or, lrr)])i<;, ecliptic. \ 

2. Define latitude and longitude. Name two plncoswliicli have no latitude. What 

is tile i)iime meridian? 
?,. Name all the causes of the rr'frnlar chanffc of seasons. 
4. What is the province of physical geography? 
C. What are the principal causes of climatic differences? 
(5. What are ocean currents? Describe one of the mo.st important. 

7. How is rain caused? 

8. Diifine and give example of water-shed, delta, estuary, canon. 

9. Name the largest river of each of the grand divisions; give its general direction 

and tell into what body of water it flows. 

10. Define and give e.\aini)le of n)ountain, volcano, plateau, plain, valley, promontory. 

11. Name the principal mountain range in each of the grand divisions and one of its 

loftiest p(!aks. 

12. Wliat is the latitude of New York city? 

13. What States are adjacent to Peimsyivania? 

14. What are i\\v. natural boundaries of Illinois? 

15. How does th(! climate of tlu; Pacific- States differ from that of the Atlantic States 

in th(! same latitude? Explain the dilTerencie. 

IC. Locate Wvv. of the most im))()r1ant citi(!s of the United States. 

17. In what does tiie natural wealth of the Uniteil States consist? 

18. Locate the most important city in each of the following countries: England, 

France;, Austria, Oermany, Turkey, Russia, Japan, I'razil. 

li). What are the characteristics of the Mongolian race? 

20. Which grand division has the longest coast-line in j)roportion to its area? What 

are the advantages of sncii a coast-line? 

21. What are tlic principal grain-producing regions of the world? 

22. Locate Dresden, Halifax, Belfast, BorncH), Tasmania, Sicily, Java, Canton, Cal- 

cutta. 

23. Locate Lakes Geneva, Tliun, Baikal, Wetter, George, Titicaca, Pontchartraiu, 

Killarney . 

24. What are the principal forms of government iu civilized nations? 

25. AViiich form predominates in Asia? in Europe? in South America? 
February 1, 1888. 

Correct uiiswer.s will receive ten credits eacli, ami u ])r()|)()rti(inately less number will be allowed 
ns tlio answer ajlpruximates correctness. 

1. What causes produce the changes of seasons? 

2. State clearly tlie vises of the parallels and meridians. 

3. What determiues tlie positions of the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer? *' 

' 284 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 
entrance examination questions at 
STATE NORMAL SCUOOLS. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

No AiiHworH FiinilHliod. 

February, 1888. 

4. What is a water-shod, a delta, an istlirnus, a strait, a plateau? Give an example 

of each as seen on the earth's surface. 

5. Pass by water from Duhith, Minn., to Quebec, naming each body of water 

traveled over. 

6. What is the advantage of tlie Suez canal ? 

7. Name three peninsulas of soutiiern Europe and the three corresponding ones of 

southern Asia. 

8. Why are ihere no long rivers on tlie Pacific coast of South America? 

9. Is the word up correctly used in speaking of the direction iiorth ? Give reasons 

for your answer. 
10. What and where are the following; Liberia, Alaska, Bermuda, Calcutta, Crimea, 
Baltic, Marseilles. 

September, 1888. 

1. Which is the longer, the equator or a meridian circle? 

2. Name the zones; tell their boundaries, and describe the general character of 

climate in each. 

3. Give two proofs that the earth is round. 

4. Tell the important thiugs you know aljout Egypt and the river Nile, 

5. Describe the principal river systems of the United States. 

6. Name all the seas on the east coast of Asia, beginning on the north. 

7. Name the States bordering on the left bank of the Mississippi river, and give the 

capital of each. 

8. Locate four great plains. 

0. Going from BufTalo to New York city by the Central railroad, through what 

cities would you pass? 

10. Name three capes on the coast of EuropQ, 

February, 1889. 

1. Trace the waters of Lake Superior to the sea. 

2. Name the largest five cities of the United States. 

3. Name and locate the three leading commercial cities of the world. 

4. Locate the Alps, Pyrenees, Apennines, Carpathian and Caucasian mountains. 

5. Describe the largest river of Europe. 

6. What are the tliree leading political powers of Europe? 

7. Which is the most populous country in Asia? Name its three principal cities. 

8. Which is the mo.st progressive country of Asia? Rca.sons for answer. 

9. Describe the Mississippi river, naming its chief tributaries from east and west. 

10. Describe the course of the Gulf stream, and state its effect upon the climate of 

Europe. 

285 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, 
ENTRANCE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS AT 

STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 
GEOGRAPHY. 

No Answers Furnished. 

September, 1889. 

Correct answers will receive ten credits each, and a proportionately less number will be allowed 
as the answer approximates correctness. 

1. What bounds New York on the east and south ? 

2. Give location of the following cities: Brooklyn, Liverpool, Calcutta, Odessa, 

Philadelphia, Kio Jauerio. 

3. Where are the following mountains: Adirondack, Pyrenees, Pike's Peak, Green 

mountains ? 

4. On what waters might one sail from Buffalo to Chicago ? 

5. Which is more elevated, Ottawa or Quebec ? Tell how you know. 

6. Name three of the most important countries of Asia, and tell why you think they 

are most important. 

7. Where is Lake Champlain ? Into what does its outlet flow ? 

8. What causes the regular succession of day and night ? 

9. How far are the tropics from the equator ? Why that distance ? 

10. Where are places situated that have the same length of day and night that we 
haVe ? 

February, 1890. 

Correct answers will receive ten credits each, and a proportionately less number will be allowed 
as the answer approximates correctness. 

1. What determines the position of the tropics and polar circles? 

2. Define latitude, longitude, isothermal lines, river system and promontory. 

3. Name three canals of New York State and state what waters they connect. 

4. Mention three counties of New York State on islands. 

5. Locate the following cities and give a fact about each: Chicago, Boston, Riga, 

Bombay, Glasgow. 

6. In what zones is Asia situated ? 

7. Name and locate two lakes of Africa. 

8. On what waters would you sail from Edinburgh to St. Petersburgh? 

9. Describe the largest river in South America. 

10. Mention two conditions which determine the climate of a place. 



286 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

entrance examination questions at 

STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 

GRAMMAR. 

Mo Answers Furnished. 

September 7, 1887. 

Correct answers will receive \cn credits eacli, aud a proportionately less number will be 
allowed as answers approximate correctness. 

Selection. — (1) "In those happy clays, a vrell-rogulated family always rose with 
the dawn, dined at eleven, went to bed at sundown. (2) Dinner was inva- 
riably a private meal; and the fat old burghers showed incontestable symptons 
of disapprobation and uneasiness at being surprised by a visit from a neighbor 
on such occasions. (3) But, though our worthy ancestors were thus singularly 
averse to giving dinners, they kept up the social bonds of intimacy by occa- 
sional banquetings called tea-parties." 

1. Tell the kinds of nouns in the above selection, aud the case of each noun, and 

the word that governs it. 

2. "Write the word family in the plural form, and the word ancestors in the possessive 

case. 

3. Give the adjectives in the selection, with the word to which each adjective 

belongs; and compare all that can properly be compared. 

4. Decline the pronouns I, thou, he, she, it, who. 

5. Give the principal parts of the irregular verbs in the selection, and give the first 

verb in the potential mode, present perfect tense ; and give the third person 
singular of the verb T)e in all the modes and tenses. 

6. Tell which words are conjunctions and which are prepositions. 

7. Tell what kind of phrases are used in the selection, and which are adjective in 

value, and which are adverbial. 

8. Mention all the adverbs given, and compare those that can properly be compared. 

9. Are sentences (1) and (2) simple, compound or complex? 
10. Analyze the third sentence by any method you prefer. 
February 1, 1888. 

1. At last Mr Peters called him. 

2. Helens brother remarked Ive done ray best. 

3. O what a noise you make in my house 

4. Mr Lobster what are you doing. 

5. My fatiier discouraged me by ridiculing my performances and telling me that 

verse makers were generally beggars. 

I. Punctuate each sentence correctly. Name aud give the rule for the use of 
each punctuation mark. 

II. Give the reason for the use of each capital letter. 

III. Mark each simple subject and predicate in sentences 1, 4 aud 5. 

IV. Give the case of each noun in these sentences. 

V. Name and give the definition of each part of speech in sentence 5. 

VI. Give the principal parts of each verb in these sentences 

Vn. Define the word him in sentence 1, and brother in sentence 2. 

VTII. Give the use of each phrase in these sentences. 

IX. Parse the word called in sentence 1, aud the word father in sentence 5. 

X. Write a composition, of not less than fifty words, on some recent journey you 
have taken. 

287 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT F P UB LI C IN ST RU C T ION. 
ENTRANCE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS A 

STATE ^^OKMAL SCUOOLS. 
GRAMMAR. 

No Answers I'^uriiished. 

Soptorabor, 1888. 

1. Wliiit aro the properties oi nouns? of verbs? 

2. Decline wlio, lie, T, sister. 

3. Write a sentence containing un objective clause. 

4. Wiicn are the forms mine, theirs and thine used? 

5. Write the plural of lly, girl, Miss .Jones, son-in-law, money, child, basis, focus, 

t, 8. 

G. Write the past tense and past participle of do, hear, learn, teach, see, sit, lie, lay 
set, choose. 

7. Give an example of a simple, a complex, and a compound sentence. 

8. Write the following sentences with the errors corrected: 

Can you learn mu to write? 

He was much elfectcd by the news. 

Will 1 IJnd you at home? 

Money is scarce, and times hard. 

I knew it was him. 

I called but you was not at homo. 

Every one of the witnesses testify to the same thing. 

Them that seek wisdom shall find it. 

I bought this at Parker's and JMiller's store. 

9. " Enraptured with the beautiful scenery before him he determined to explore this 

strange, new country, wliieh was wortii more than the wealtii of the Indies." 

Analyze the above sentence by any method, and parse enraptured, heauti/ul^ 
exjdoi'c, which. 

10. Writeac()mi)()sition, of a hundred words or more, on one of the following subjects: 
(1). An account of an excursion and picnic. 

(2). A description of a sciiool-room (speak of its excellencies and its defects). 
Give attention to punctuation and capitalization, as well as to the language 
employ* d. 

February, 1889. 

Selection. — (1) "The Northmen were people in whom Americans have much 
reason for feeling interested." (2) "They were one of the finest and strong- 
est races of men ever known in the world, and they were the ancestors of most 
of us." (I!) I shall write you a letter to-morrow. 

1. What is a common noun? 

2. Mention the jiroper nouns in the above selections, and tell why you think they 

are proper nouns. 

3. Mention the j)ronouns in the selections, and tell to what class of pronouns they 

belong. 

4. Give the case of each noun and pronoun in the selections. 

5. Compare the adjectives in the selections, which admit of comparison. 

6. What is an auxiliary verb? 

7. Give the tense of each verb in the selections. 

8. Give the principal jjarts of each verb iu the selections. 

0. Declinfe the pronouns in the selections. 

10. Parse lou and letter in sentence (3). 

288 



State of New York. 

department of public instrdotion. 
entrance examination questions at 

STATE NOIiMAL SCHOOLS. 
GRAMMAR. 

No AiiHwoi-H Furnished. 

Septombor, 1889. 

Correct answers will receive ten credits each, and a proportionately less number will be allowed 
as the uuBwer upproxiaiuteM cori'ectuess. 

(1) "There were intervals in wliicii siie could sit perfectly still, enjoj'ing tlie outer 
stillness and the subdued li<;hc." (2) "Tlic red lire with its gently audible 
movenieut seemed like a solemn existence calmly independent of the petty 
passions, the imbeeiki desires, the stiaining after worthless uncertainties, 
which were daily moving her contempt." 

1. Select the simple pro])ositions, and tell whether each is principal or subordinate. 

2. Make a list of the prepositions with their terms of relation. 

3. Make a list of the nouns with their cases. 

4. Make a list of the adjectives, and compare such as admit of comparison. 

5. Diagram or analyze sentence (1) by any method you have learned. 

6. Change the voice of each verb without changing the sense in this: "Your com- 

position must be copied if you are to hand it to me." 

7. If a group of words is properly arranged, is it always a sentence ? Give a reason 

for your answer. 

8. E.xplaiu why " had ought" is wrong. 

9. Correct the following sentences: 

(«) Every scholar may keep their books. 
{J>) lie invited Grace and I to go with him. 

(c) The number of scholars are large. 

(d) Those kind of apples will do. 

(e) Either tiie [)resident or cashier must add their signature. 

10. Write a composition of one hundred words, choosing your own subject. 
February, 1890. 

Correct answers will receive ten credits each, and a pro|)ortionately less number will bo allowed 
as the answer approximates correctness. 

(1) " You all did see that, on the Lupercal I thrico presented him a kingly crown, 
Which he did thrice refuse." (3) "The mellow year is hasting to its close; 
The little birds have sung their last." (3) "So sweet a kiss the golden sun 
gives not To those fresh morning drops upon the rose." 

1. Diagram or analyze sentence (1) by any method you may have learned. 

2. Parse the verb of the principal clause in (1). 

3. Decline and parse all the pronouns in (1). 

4. Parse all the verbs in (2). 

5. Select the nouns in (3), tell their cases, and give reasons. 

6. Select and classify the adjectives in (3). 

7. Write a sentence containing a verb in the active voice, and recast the sentence bo 

that the verb shall be iu the passive voice. 

8. Write a sentence containing a predicate adjective. 

9. Correct the following sentences: 

{a) The number of students are very great. 
(6) Everyone has their enemies. 

289 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
ENTRANCE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS AT 

STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS 
GRAMMAR. 

No AnHwnrn Farnlsh^il. 

February, 1890. 

(fi) This is tho friond wliicli I lovo. 
{(l) (Joorgn sont you aiul I somc^ caudy. 
(6") Either Miiry or Joliii liavo gono. 

10. Write a compoaition containing not loss than fifty words, setting forth your idea 
of the usefulness of studying gramnmr. 

290 



QUESTIONS 



CSED BT THE 



Department of PnMlc Inslrnction of ttie State of New York, 



STATE EXAMOATIONS 



LIFE CERTIFICATES, 

Complete, prom December 16, 1875, to August 26-30, 1889, Inclusive. 



STATH HXAMINATIONS FOR LIFE CERTIFICATES 



Have been liold iia fcllowH, since tlic cliuiigc in llio law (June 1), 1875), proliibit- 
ing the granting of life ccrtilicates except upon examination: 

1875. December Ki. At Albany. 
1870. March 2:{. At Syracuse. 

1877. Miirch 3:3, 24. At Alhiuiy, BufTalo, Elmira, New York city, Potsdam, Roch- 
ester, Utica. 

1877. December 20, 21. At eight Normal Schools and New York City Normal College. 

1878. July 1(5, 17. At Albany. 

1878. D(!C(Mnb(!r 19, 20. At same i)laces as December 20, 21. 1877. 

1879. July 22-24. At Albany, IVmghamton, Hrooklyn, Hullalo, Elmira, Platts- 

burgh, Syracuse, Watertown. 
27-29. At same [(laces as in 1879. 

12-14. At same places as in 1880, except Binghamton. 
28-30. At Binghamton, New York city, Rochester, Watertown. 
11-18. At same places as in 1882, with Albany added. 
1-15. At same places as in 1883. 
1885. June 30, July 2. At same places as in 1881. 
188(5. June 29, July 1. At same places as in 18H5. 

1887. August 23-20. At Albany, Brooklyn, Bullalo, Klmira, Newburgh, New 

York city, IMattsburgh, Rochester, Salamanca, Syracuse, 
Utica, Watertown. 

1888. August 20-24. At same i)laecs as in 18H7 with following added: Batavia, 

Binghamton, Canandaigua, Clyde, (Jlcns Falls, Mayville, 
Ogdensburg, Oiieonta, Saratoga Springs, Seneca Falls, 
Whitehall. 

1889. August 20-30. At same plac(!S as in 1888 with (Jouverneur added. 



1880. July 

1881. July 

1882. Juno 

1883. July 

1884. July 



STATISTICAL TABLE — STATE CERTIFICATES. 

The following table shows the number of ))ersons examined, and the number wlio 
have passed the examinations since the law was(Muieted, June 9, 1875, whereby State 
certificates arc grautei I only upon cxaiiiination, instead of upon recommcndiition, as 
formerly : 







TS 


'O 






V 


V 






a 














YKAU. 


£^ 








a " 


Q 






O I- 


3 






'A 


/; 


1 s7r) 


y 


4 


1H7(; 


47 
25 


21 


1877 


U 


1K7S 


27 
4(5 
47 
34 


14 


1K7',( 


80 


isso 


20 


issi .... 




12 


1 882 




80 
C8 


7 


1883 


1!) 



YKAR. 



1884 

1S85 

188(1 ..... 

1887 

1888 

1889 

ToUl 






71 

111 

120 
180 
37 (i 
800 



XI 0> 



21 
34 
•10 
(14 
71 



,4y2 



890 



202 



State of New York. 
depart mknt of puulic in ti t r u c t ion. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 



ALGEBRA. 
Docombor 10, 1875. 

1. Dcline and illiiatnilo by examples, the tcnuH, cocfllcicut, expoiuMit, polynomial. 

2. Show that tlic product of two minus (juantities is i)lu8. 

8. Divide 12rtWa; by 4a'i'ij; and explain tiie operation. 

4. In the equation 4.r-f-4— m — '.l.r, trunH|)ose thc! terms -|-4 and — :].r, and siiow that 
tiie operation doea not destroy tlio c(]uaiity of the members, 

6. Solve the eciuations, „ ••' 

0. Deiine the terms, radieal ipiantify and similar rairutals. 

7. Prove that the; s(]uare root of tiie produet of two (luantities is ocpial to the pro- 

duet of their Sijuare roots. 

8. Solve —.r'^ - 13— 4a:. 
Verify the lirst root. 

March 23, 1876. 

1. Discuss tile siibject of algebraic signs and (piantities — under delinitions and 

notation. 

3. FuACTioNs: Dive definitions of terms, and of the real and a])par(!nt signs; from 

examples wrought, dc<luee the general principii's of opciation ; discuss tlie 
dillerent cases of reduction. 

8. SiMi'i-K K(iUATiONH Containing two or more unlcnown quantities: Discuss, and 
illustrate by examples, tlu; subject of elimination by substitution, by (compari- 
son, by addition and subtructiou. 

4. Multiply V^by V^'fi. 

5. QiTADHATic iCQTiATioNfl Containing one unknown qiiantity: Define |)urc and 

alfe(;tcd (piadraties; discuss tin; method of completing the sipiare. 

C. AiMTiiMKTUAi, ruoouKHSiON: Develop and interjjn^t tlie formulas for fh(^ last 
term, and for the sum of the series. 

7. Dic.monktuate: " If your (piantities be in proportion, the like powers or roots of 
the same (piantities will be in projiortion." 

March 23 and 24, 1877. 

1. Multiply ;](/V/'f!" by — .l^rVyV and explain the operation. 

2. D(!termine thc value of 8°. 

3. Find the least common multiple of mx — nx, m? — ?i* and m'^n'^. 

T 8-4-22! 

4. Find tlie value of x in the eiiuation, '-'^ — __«. 

2 a 

5. lleduee Vl2Sa*b''x to its simplest form and state thc iirinciplc employed. 

6. "Complete thc square" (without clearing of fractions) in the equation ''1.4. 8a;— — 5, 

and explain the operation. 4 

7. Find the values of x and 1/ in the e<piations, x — ?/— -3 and x'' — y'— 117. 

8. Derive the formula for linding the last term of a geometrical progression. 

208 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

ALGEBRA. 

December 20 and 21, 1877. 

1. Give the laws for coefficients, exponents, and si^i^ns in m^iltiplication, and give 

your method of explaining law of signs, with illustrations. 

2. Give principles used in finding greatest common divisor, when the quantities 

are not easily factored, and find the greatest common divisor of (Sx^+x^ — 
44a;+31 and Ga;»— 2Gj,'2+4Ga;— 43. 

3. Explain the force of zero used as an exponent, and determine value of rt°. 

4. Find the value of x in the equation — — — = - and give reason for each 

transformation. ^ do 

5. Give two methods of elimination in equations of two or more 'mkuown quantities, 

illustrate each with example, and explain steps. 

6. Divide (ax'ys by {xyyi, and explain the operation. 

4a;' %x 20 

7. "Complete the square" (without clearing of fractions) in thecquation, j -|-^="— 

and explain operation. 

/>» • 77 • * '7' .1 ■}! * 4 3 

8. Find the values of x and y in the proportions, ,'.','.' ^ \ (. 

x+ Vxy= 

y+ Vxy= 
10. Derive the formula for finding the last term of a geometrical progressioii. 



9. Find the values of x and y in the equations, ^ ^ V 



July 16 and 17, 1878. 

1. Define, {a) algebra, (&) equation, (r) radical quantity, {d) polynomial. 

2. Factor c=*'—l. 

3. Find the greatest common divisor of 3rt'Z) — 9«'c — l^ci^mz, and Vc — Zhc^ — ^Icmz. 

4. Show that «o=-l. 

5. Given = 0. to final x. 

6 15 

6. {x+yf expand by Newton's Binomial Theorem. 

7. Explain the method of completing the square and finding the roots of an effected 

(juadratic ccjuatiou. 

8. Show how you may construct a quadratic equation when its two roots are given. 



9. Given ■v'j;+2a= V'l<i+ Vx — 2a, to final x. 
10. Divide VfTy"' ^'s- 

December 18 and 20, 1878. 

1. How does algebra differ from arithmetic? 

2. Find the value of — 

when rt=8, ?>=6, c==4, d=2, ??i=3. 

3. When is .i'™±y'" divisible by x+yf Write four terms of the quotient. 

204 



State of New York. 

department o f publi o ins trv tion, 

state examination questions. 

ALGEBRA. 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

4. Expand (x+y)"> five terms. Write a rule for expanding a binomial of the form 

of x+y. 

5. Demonstrate the law of signs in multiplication. 

6. Factor A''— y» ; x'^~^x^GQ>\ g'— ISs— 100. 

7. Illustrate the various transformations of equations. 

8. Illustrate and explain two methods of elimination. 

9. In the following equations x=Z, j'=2, z=l. Solve and find the values, if possible: 

.c+2y— 82= 4 ) 

3:C+5i^— 72=13 >■ 

2.c+3y— 42= 8 ) 

10. When are equations indeterminate? -Why? 

11. What is the square root of \—%a+Za"—4:a?+^a*+2a^+a^', 11+6 i^ ? 

12. Find the values of the unknown quantities in the following equations: 

^ ^ \x'+ xy+ y-'=75 ^ ' 

13. From V'SlT vTaa take ^—512. 

14. Find the values of x and y in the following without completing the square : 



(«)j,3 



15. Solve the following: A man could reap a field in 20 hours. With the help of 

his son, for G hours, thej* reaped it in IG hours. How long would it take the 
son to reap the field? 

16. Extract the cube root of 13144256, applying the formula. 

17. Find the sum of nine terms of the series |, f, 1^, etc., and give formulas for 

finding the sura of such a series. 

July 22 and 23, 1879. 

1. In what respects does algebra differ from arithmetic? 

2. Define the terms binomial, coefficient, equation. 

3. State the law in relation to the signs plus and minus in multiplication and 

division. 

4. Divide X^aW—Vla^h-^, by— 3a'J-2. 

5. Demonstrate that, =«-'. 

a 

6. Resolve a^ — i*, into prime factors. 

7. Reduce —„ 7 to the lowest terms, by cancellation. 

a"— (lb ' •' 

8. Multiply 5 y' 5 by 3 ,/ 8. 

9. Find the value of x in the equation, 

7a;=138— 5.r'. 

10. Find the values of x and y, in the equations, 

a;3 + if/=35. 
a;+,V=5. 

11. Expand (ai+2&)* by the binomial theorem. 

295 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION: 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

ALGEBRA. 

July 27, 1880. 

1. Define algebra, simple equation, radical equation, quadratic equation, and ex- 

plain the methods of transposing and reducing terms in a simple equation. 

2. Find the values of x, y, and z in the following equations, and name the different 

methods of eliminating the unknown quantities: Ix — ^y=-=a; 5i/ — llx=«; 9^ — 
5z=a. 

3. The sum of the squares of two numbers is 13; the sum of their Gth powers is 

793; what are the numbers? 

4. To what form is every complete quadratic equation reducible? Explain the 

methods of completing the square. 

5. Find the value of x in the equation Vx-{-2 _ Vx 

"^^Vx Vx 

6. What is the sum of 4/» and ^T? 

7. If a certain number be divided by the product of its digits, the quotient will be 

three; and if 18 be added to the number, the digits will be inverted. What 
is the number? 

8. What is the square root of 4.c^+12.r5+5x^ — 2x^+1 x" — 2.i;+l? 

9. Find the values of x and y in the equations x+y^lO;' '-+' -^i. 

y -c 

10. A board ten feet long in the form of a right-angled triangle, is twelve inches 
wide at one end and tapers regularly to a point at the other; where shall it be 
cut parallel to its broad end, so as to divide it into equal parts? 

July 12, 1881. 

Note. — It is required that the full work of sohition of the following problems and examples be 
submitted for exaniiuation. 

1. Remove the parenthesis from the following, and explain the operation: 3a — {2a 

—[a+2]}. 

2. Reduce to lowest terms the following: 

Qx^ — «' — 5a! 
21a;3— 26.r-+5.r 

3. Find the values of the unknown quantities in the following : 
y—z x+z j^_ x—y x—z y+z x+y . 



2 4 "' 5 

4. Simplify the following : 

^A^ ^ yyH!^±yl _ |/, _^ y 

x+y x—y ^ -^ ^ \ x^ — y^ / 

5. The sum of the lengths of two cubical blocks of wood is 20 inches, and their 

contents 2240 cubic inches. Required the surface of each. 

6. Select suitable examples and explain the methods for completing the square in 

the solution of affected quadratic equations. 

7. The product of two numbers is 96, and the difference of their cubes is to the 

cube of their difference as 19 to 1. What are the numbers? 

296 



State of New York. 
department of public instrv ction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

ALGEBRA. 

July 12, 1881. 

8. Four numbers are iu arithmetical progression. The sum of the squares of the 

means is 136, and the sum of the squares of the extremes is 200. What are 
the numbers? 

9. There are three numbers in geometrical progression whose sum is 14, and product 

64. What are the numbers? 

10. Devise suitable examples and explain the following processes: 

(a) The multiplication of minus into minus. 

(b) The transference of an exijoueutial factor from one term ot a fraction to the 
other. 

June 28, 1882. 

Note. — Let your papers show the work in full. 

1. Discuss and illustrate by suitable examples, the treatment of a minus sign of a 

subtrahend, and of minus into minus in multiplication. 

2. Find greatest common divisor and reduce to lowest terms the following: 

Q>3;^—Qx^y+%xif—2tf 

3. Find the values of the unknown quantities in the following: 



3 7 

f+—=h and 
2z — liy+x=5. 

4. Add ^ (i+a)-i, \/ a%l+a)-\ and 

« v/(l+«)(l-a)-^) 

/>. Q X 4 4 (x 16^ 

5. Given / — t^ + / ^= / 1-^ to find the value of x. 

V/ x+S V * — 2 y/ x+4: 

6. Discuss the methods of completing the squares in affected quadratic equations 

and prove the correctness of each. 

7. Two cubical vessels have together a capacity of 1072 cubic inches and the sum 

of their heights is 16 inches; what is the caijacity of each? 

8. Given x+ \/ x : x — y/ x:x::S \/ x+Q:2 \/ x, to find the value of x. 

9. Prove the propositions in proportion employed in solving the last example. 

10. Four numbers are in geometrical progression. Their sum is 120, and the last 
term is to one-half the sum of the means as 9 to 2. What are the numbers? 

July 11, 1883. 

1. Define (a) coefficient, (h) exponent, (c) a radical quantity, (d) an equation, (e) an 

affected quadratic equation. 

2. Subtract a negative quantity from a positive quantity, and give reasons for the 

process. 

3. Show that the product of two negative (juantities is a positive quantity. 

297 



State of New York. 

depaiitment f pub li c inst ru g ti on. 

state examination questions. 



ALGEBRA. 
July 11, 1883. 

4. Swlve the equation: 9j!-|—:^ — 13+ — =11/^^+4^^. 

5. State the methods of eliminatiou, aud give definite directions for each method. 

6. Find the literal value of x in the equation, —x-\-m=i{ ni'^-x v ri^+xy' 

7. Expand, by the binomial formula, {a^—%v'f. 

8. Factor the quantity 21.r — 36^+15. 

9. Derive the formula for the sum of an aritlimetical series, when the extremes and! 

the number of terms are given. 

10. A certain number is expressed by three figures; 5 times the value expressed by 
the left-hand figure is 2 less than 2 times the value expressed by tiie right- 
hand figure ; the sum of the values expressed by tlie three figures is 4 times' 
the value expressed by the left-hand figure; and the product of tlie values ex- 
pressed by the left-liand and right-hand figures is 4 more than the sum of tlie 
values expressed by three figures. What is the number ? 

July 1, 1884. * 

1. Define («) mathematics; (h) algebra; (c) symbols of quantity; {d) symbols of 

operation ; (e) a residual quantity. 

2. Explain the difference {a) between a coefficient and an exponent; (h) between a 

factor and a term . 

3. What is elimination ? Name three methods by which an unknown quantity may 

be eliminated. 

4. Define and give an example («) of a pure quadratic equation ; (?>) of an affected 

quadratic equation. 

5. Name and give the reason for each of the three steps in the reduction of simple 

equation. 

6. How may the first member of any incomplete quadratic equation be made a per- 

fect square ? 

7. Reduce the following equations, writing the work in full: 

7.r+12-?±Z^-9.f=:69— 3|.t. 
3 

8. (1) 2x+3?/=19. (2) 2y+3^=37. (3) 3.r+2y+s=5y. 

9. Expand (m+i' )^ by the binomial theorem. 
10. 8.c= + 14x=245. 

June 30, 1885. 

1. Define the terms factor, coefficient, exponent, algebraic quantity, equation. 

2. Show the influence of tiie minus sign (1) before a quantity in a parenthesis; (2) 

before a fraction. 

3. Show that subtracting a negative quantity is the same, in effect, as adding an 

equal positive quantity. 

4. Illustrate, by an example, that the product of two negative quantities is always a 

positive quantity. 

5. Expand (m — «)* by Newton's Theorem. 

298 



State of New York. 

department of public ins t litto t ion, 

state examination questions. 

ALGEBRA. 
June 30, 1885. 

6. Given, 2x — y=2e. 

2/4-102=3ar. 

to find the values of x, y and z. 

7. State the difference between a pure quadratic equation and an affected quadratic 

equation. 

8. Wliat are the successive steps in the reduction of an affected quadratic equation? 

9. Find tlie fourth term of the proportion x+y: {a+hy^::x^—y'': ? Reduce the pro- 

portion to an equation, and give reasons for the process. 

10. Find, algebraically, five geometrical means between .001 and 1,000. 

June 29, 1886. 

1. In what respects are arithmetic and algebra similar? In what respects are they 

different? 

2. Define (1) a literal quantity; (2) a numerical quantity. 

3. Change the proportion 3«+ — : 5c — {a — x) :; 7 : 12 to an equation. 

5 

4 Prove that _ =rt~* 
a' 

5. Show (1) that the square root of a positive quantity is ambiguous; and (2) that 

the square root of a negative quantity is impossible. 

6. Distinguish between the factors and the terms of an algebraic quantity. 

7. Expand (2«ii — ^xY by the binomial theorem. 

8. Find the values of the unknown quantities in the equations 

(1) 6.c+4y=38 

(2) 6xy+d.xz=nix 

^ 3 3 3 

9. Divide | into two sucli parts that the greater shall be a mean proportional be- 

tween the other part and unity. 

10. Divide the number 50 into two such parts that 4 times the square of the less,, 
plus 11, shall equal the greater. 

August 23 to 26, 1887. 

1. Define («) a polynomial; (b) a coefficient; (e) an exponent; (d) a literal equa- 

tion; (e) elimination. 

2. What effect has the minus sign before a fraction? Give an illustration. 

3. Prove that a — !>'"■ is always divisible by a — h. 

4. In finding the value of the unknown quantity in the equation 

Ix „^^ 3.C 

12 '~ T 
state (1) the successive steps; (2) the reason for each step; and (3) the reason 
for the process in each step. 

5. Factor the quantities 

a^+a^b — ah'' — />'; and (i'*—h*. 

299 



State of New York. 
department f publi c ins t hug ti on, 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

ALGEBRA. 

August 23 to 26, 1887. i 

6. Find the values of x and y in the equations 

(1) 2x+|2/=ll 

(2) jL+2+=^ 
4 ' 3 

7. Find tlie values of x and y in the equations 

ax-{-hy=m 
ax+cy=n 

8. Expand (a— iZ*)'. 

9. Introduce three geometric means betvreen 3 and 15y\. 

10. Find the unknown quantity in the equation 8c^-]-5x=343|-. 

August 20 to 24, 1888. 

In the solution of all problems, every process should be indicated. The simple answer, with- 
out the process by which it was obtained, will not be accepted. 

1. Define the following terms: reciprocal, like quantities, identical equations, 

quadratic equations, surd. 

2. Reduce x+b — ^ to an improper fraction. 

X 

3. What are the prime factors of a^+ai>^, and a^ — ?>"? 

4. A number is expressed by three digits. The sum of the digits is 9; the number 

is equal to forty-two times the sum of the first and second digits ; and the 
third digit is twice the sum of the other two. Find the number. 
How many conditions are there to the preceding problem? Which one is im- 
plied in the others? Form the equations for solving the problem, us:ng two 
or three unknown quantities. 

5. Form the equation for solving No. 4, using one unknown quantity, and giving 

full reasons for the statement. Complete the solution by either method and 
verify the result. 

6. Expand (a^+c")^ by the binomial tlieorem. 

7. Find two numbers whose difference added to the difference of their squares is 

150, and whose sum added to the sum of their squares is 330. 

8. Find the value of x in the equation y'a;4-15+ '/a;=15. 

9. Griven, a : b::c : d and e :,f'.'.g : Ti 

Prove, that the products of the corresponding terms of these proportions 
form a proportion. 

10. Given, the first term, the last term, and the number of terms of an arithmetical 
progression; write the algebraic formula for finding the sum of the terms. 

Given, the last term, the ratio, and the number of terms of a geometrical 
progression; write the algebraic formula for finding the first term. 

August 26 to 30, 1889. 

1. Define (a) power; (J) common factor; (c) ratio; (<f) pure quadratic equation; 

(e) imaginary quantity. 

2. State five axioms employed in algebra. 

300 



State of New York. 
department of public ixs t liuc t i on. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

ALGEBRA. 

August 26 to 30, 1889. 

3. Factor 3^ + 6 4/^7+3; a-^— a;— 110. 

4. Prove {a) tliat a quantity with a negative exponent is equal to the reciprocal of 

the same quantity with an equal positive exponent; (J) that a quantity with 
the exjjonent zero is equal to one. 

5. Under what conditions is the sum or the difference of the same powers of two 

quantities exactly divisible by the sum of the quauti'-ies? By their difference? 

„ ^. VJ+28 Vx+S8 , , , 

6. Uiven — -^ =— — , to find the value of x. 

Vx 4 Vx+Q 

7. Expand (4x'- — kx)* by tlie binomial theorem. 

8. Extract the square root of lOa'^—Gahj+a^—SOy+Oy'^ + 25. 

9. Make and solve a problem in geometrical progression, in which a, n, and r are 

given, to find I. 

10. The length of a rectangular lot exceeds its breadth by 20 yards; if each dimen- 
sion be increased by 20 yards, the area of the lot will be doubled. Find the 
dimensions of the lot. 



ARITHMETIC. 



December 16, 1875. 

1. From 8043 subtract .5768, and explain the operation. 

2. Show that dividing both terms of a fraction by the same number does not change 

its value. 

3. Show that in multiplication of decimal fractions, the product must contain as 

many decimal figures as there are in both factors. 

4. The first term of a proportion is 7; the third 9; the fourth 11; find the sec- 

ond term and explain the operation. 

5. What is ^ per cent of 4.7 ? 

6. An article was bought for $4^ and sold for $4; what was the loss per cent ? 

7. A note at 30 days, for $400, without interest, is discounted by a bank at the 

rate of 7 per cent per annum. How much does the bank pay for it ? 

8. I sold $1000 U. S. 5-20s at 118| per cent, paying brokerage J per cent. How 

much did the broker pay me ? 

9. Extract the square root of .9. 

March 23, 1876. 

1. Change $25 from a concrete to an abstract number, and state your reasons for 

what you do. 

2. What part of an acre is a lot 75 ft. wide by 150 ft. long ? 

3. Two places differ in time 4 h. 9 m. 7 sec. What do they differ iu longitude ? 

301 



State of New York 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLl C INSTRUC TIOIT. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 

ARITHMETIC. 

March 23, 1876. 

4. Write the table of square measure, 

5. Sold 517 bbls. of flour for $8.10 a bbl., at a profit of 8 per cent. What was the 

whole cost ? 

6. A note for $1,800, payable in 60 days, was discounted at a bank at 6 per cent. 

How much did the holder receive ? 

7. What must be the length of a side of a cubical bin that shall contain the same 

quantity as one that is 24 ft. long, 18 ft. wide, and 4 ft. deep ? 

8. What is the difference between an arithmetical and a geometrical progression ? 

9. How many square inches on the surface of a globe 15 inches in diameter ? 
10. Extract the square root of 8.241, (3 decimal places). 

March 23 and 24, 1877. 

1. Find the least common multiple of 9, 30, 36, 48, 72, and explain the operation. 

2. Divide | by |, and explain the operation. 

3. Give the standard units of linear measure in the United States and in France, 

and explain the mode of determining each. 

4. Explain the difference between Troy weight, avoirdupois weight and apotheca- 

ries weight; and show how avoirdupois ounces may be converted into ounces 
Troy, and apothecaries. 

5. A commission merchant in London buys goods for me at 2f per cent commission. 

How much money must I send him that his commission may be $50 ? 

6. State the rule which prevails in this State for computing interest on notes and 

other obligations when partial payments have been made. 

7. Extract the cube root of 45876321. 

8. Demonstrate a rule for finding the sum of a geometrical series. 

December 20 and 21, 1877. 

1. Multiply 876 by 429 and explain the operation. 

2. Derive rule for multiplication of common fractions. 

3. Reduce |, |, .13, 1.7 to equivalent fractions having the common denominator 33. 

4. How does adding the same number to both terms of a proper fraction affect its 

value? 

5. Divide ,04 by .0002 and explain the operation. 

6. Reduce the circulating decimal .0486 to a common fraction 

7. New York is in latitude 40° 42' N., longitude 74° W, ; the city of Mexico is in 

latitude 19° 25' N., longitude 103° 45' W.; when it is 11 A, m. at New York, 
what is it at Mexico? 

8. Prove, "In any proportion the product of the extremes is equal to the product 

of the means." 

9. I per cent of \ is what per cent of 100? 

10. What are "days of grace," and on what are they allowed in the State of New 
York? 

308 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

ARITHMETIC. 

December 20 and 21, 1877. 

11. 5 per cent bonds are bought at 90 per cent, what is the rate of income on the 
investment? 

13. What is the value in gold of the currency dollar, when gold is at 105 per cent? 

18. When gold is at 103 per cent and exchange at 485, what is the cost, in currency, 
at New York, of a bill of exchange on London for £50? 

14. Derive rule for extracting the cubic root of integers. 

15. What is the "metric system," and what are its peculiar merits? 

16. Name its principal units and tell their uses. 

July 16 and 17, 1878. 

1. Define, {a) prime number, (Z») compound number, (c) ratio, {d) bank discount. 

2. What factors must the greatest common divisor of two or more numbers contain? 

3. A can do a piece of work in 3 days; B in 4 days; C in 7 days. In what time 

will they do it all working together? 

4. The sum of two numbers is 21,; their difference is 7|, what are the numbers? 

5. Explain why you invert the divisor in division of fractions. 

6. Reduce to a simple decimal .OS^^^. 

7. Washington is 77° 2' West, New Orleans is 89° 2' West; when it is 9 A. M. at 

New Orleans, what is the time at Washington? 

8. If 40 men can perform a piece of work in 12 days, how many men will perform 

another piece of work three times as large in one-fifth of the time? (Solve by 
proportion.) 

9. A grocer purchased a lot of teas, on which he lost 16 per cent by selling them 

for $4200. What did he pay? 

10. What is the interest of $45.00 for 12 years, 27 days, at 6| per cent? 

11. Bought land for $10.00 an acre; what must I ask for it if I abate 10 per cent 

and still make 20 per cent on the purchase money? 

12. Which will yield the larger profit: 8 per cent stock at a premium of 20 per cent 

or 5 per cent stock at a discount of 20 per cent? 

13. The length of a ladder which will reach from the middle of a street 80 feet wide 

to the eaves of a house is 50 feet, what is the height of the house? 

14. Required the bank discount on $200 for 30 days at 7 per cent. 

15. Give the table for cubic measure. 

16. How many cubic inches in a wine gallon? 

17. What is a geometrical progression? 



18. ^^/^\.l'Z'^. 

19- (sX^+CsO^^'wliat? 

20. How many bushels of grain will a bin hold that is 8 ft. 5 in. by 2 ft. 6 in. by 6 ft? 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

1. Define the following terms : subtraction, difference, remainder. 

2. Divide 2144 by 32, and explain every step. ' 

3. Divide f by f, analyze the process and deduce a rule from it. 

303 



State of New York. 

department of publig instruction. 

state examination questions. 

ARITHMETIC. 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

4. Reduce f, |, .15, 2.91 to equivalent fractious whose denominator is 18. 

5. Write as decimals and divide twenty hundred-thousandths by two thousand ten- 

millionths. 

6. A man sawed a pile of wood 40 ft. long, 4 ft. wide, 5^ ft. high, for $1.50 per 

cord. How mucli did he earn? 

7. What will be the cost of 35 three-inch plank 22 ft. long, 16 inches wide, at 

$17.50 per M? 

8. How many bushels will a bin hold that is 9 ft. long, 6 ft. wide, 6 ft. high? 

9. A note was given Jan. 1, 1870, for $700. The following payments were indorsed 

upon it: May 6, 1870, $85; July 1, 1871, $40; Aug. 20, 1871, $100. How 
much was due Jan. 10, 1873, interest at 6 per cent? 

10. What is the State law regarding usury and usurious contracts? What exceptions 

are there to the operations of this law within the State? 

11. A merchant sold goods at a gain of 20 per cent. If he had purchased them for 

$60 less than he did, his gain would have been 25 per cent. What did the 
goods cost? 

12. Write a negotiable note for $500.25, due in 3 mos., making yourself the payee, 

and James J. Rogers the maker, interest at the legal rate. 

13. What will be the bank discount and proceeds of the above note if it is discounted 

at a bank one month after it is given? 

14. What must be the face of a note so that when it is discounted at a bank for 3 

mos., at 6 per cent, the proceeds will be $1,969? 

15. At what price must 5 per cent bonds be bought so as to realize 7 per cent on 

the investment? Explain the solution. 

16. What will be the cost in Buffalo, N. Y., of a draft for $1,500 on Cleveland, 0., 

payable 90 days after date, exchange J- per cent discount? 

17. Define the terms ratio, proportion, extremes, means, and illustrate each by 

examples. 

18. Solve by proportion, not using cause and effect: If I place $1,500 at interest for 

18 months, and receive $135 interest, what sum must I place at interest at the 
same rate so that I may receive $275 interest in 8 months? 

19. The length of a rectangular field containing 20 acres is twice its width; what is 

the distance around it? 

July 22 and 23, 1879. 

1. What must a pupil know that he may read large numbers readily? 

2. When are concrete numbers denominate? 

3. Find tlie G. C. D. of 52 and 91 by continued division, and show that the last 

divisor is the G. C. D. 

4. Divide | by ^\, and explain the operation. 

5. Divide .0039 by 1300. 

6. What will it cost to slate a roof 44 ft. by 63 ft., at %i'M per square of 100 ft.? 

(Give full analysis.) 

7. Find the difference between the true discount and the bank discount of $525 for 

60 days at 6 per cent. 

304 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

state examination questions. 

ARITHMETIC. 

July 22 and 23, 1879. 

8. If 82 men build a wall 30 feet loiiij, 8 foot hi<;li, and 4 fcft tliick, in 4 days, in 

liow many days will 48 men build a wall 804 I'eet loug, feet high, and 3 feet 
thick? (Solve by proportiou.) 

9. In the metric system : 

(n) What is the unit of linear measure? 
(b) What is its length in inches? 

July 27, 1880. 

1. Give the table for square measure; and explain how you would develop the 

ideas and terms used therein, to a class of children. 

2. State and demonstrate a rule for dividing one fraction by another. 

3. The longitude of Boston is 71' 4' west, and that of New Orleans is 89' 2' west; 

what is the time at New Orleans when it is 7 o'clock 12 min., a. m., at Boston? 

4. What will be the wages of 9 men for 11 days, if the wages of G men for 14 days 

be $84? 

5. For how much must I make my note at bank for three months at G per cent in 

order to get from the bank just $300? 

6. Bought ahorse for $125, and sold it for 20 percent advance; sold a carriage 

for $125, gaining 25 per cent; sold a yoke of oxen for $125, losing 20 per 
cent; bought ten sheep for ,S125, and sold them at a loss of 25 i)er cent. 
What did I gain or lose on the whole? 

7. Of two pieces of land, the one a circle 18 rods in diameter, the other a triangle 

whose hypothenuse is 30 rods, and whose base is 24 rods, wliich is the larger, 
and how much? 

8. State and demonstrate a rule for finding the sum of an arithmetical series. 

9. The length of a block of marble, rontaining 105 cubic inches, is 7 inches; find 

the length of a similar block containing 22,080 cubic inches. 

10. The sum of two fractions is [|-^, and their difference yg ; what are the fractious? 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. {a) What is the chief object in the study of arithmetic, and {}>) how much of 

arithnif'tic, as found in our text-books, do vou consider necessary for the at- 
tainment of this object? 

2. State bricily {a) how you would commence giving instruction in arithmetic to 

little children, and {h) what powers of mind you would seek to exercise in 
these first lessons. 

3. State {a) the difference between a rule and a principle as they are used in arith- 

metic, and (h) the order in whicli they should be mastered by the pupil. 

July 12, 1881. 

1. Multiply 37,890 by 20,187, and express the product in words by both the French 

and the English methods of numeration. 

2. Find the greatest common divisor of 703 and 1309 by continued division, and 

explain the process. 

305 



State of New York. 
department of public ins t li uction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

ARITHMETIC. 

July 12, 1881. 

3. The sum of two numbers is 68|§, and their difference is 13|-; what are the num- 

bers? 

4. The distance from Albany to Milwaukee is nearly 625 miles. A degree of long- 

itude at these places is about 54 miles; what is the time at Albany when it 
is 10 o'clock, A. M. at Milwaukee? 

5. How many cords of wood can be piled in a shed 50 ft. long, 25 ft. wide, and 10 

ft. high? 

6. If 9 men, working 10 hours per day, can make 18 organs in 30 days, how many 

organs can 50 men make in 90 days, working 8 hours per day? 

7. For how much must A make his note at bank for 60 days, so that the proceeds 

shall pay another note of $500, due three months hence without interest? 

8. $15004^^ Ithaca, June 1, 1879. 

Two years after date, for value received, I promise to pay John Doe, or 
bearer, fifteen hundred dollars, with interest. 

RicHAKD Roe. 

Indorsements. — Received, Jan. 5th, 1880, $68.50; Aug. 8th, 1880, $20.10; 
Feb. 11th, 1881, $100.00. How much was due at maturity? 

9. The area of a circle is 706.86 sq. ft.; what are the solid contents of a sphere of 

the same diameter? 

10. In an aritlimetical series the extremes are 5 and 32, and the number of terms 
13; what is the sum of all the terms? Explain the solution. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. State, in order of relative importance, the several parts or topics contained in 

the ordinary text-book of arithmetic. 

2. How ought addition tables for primary pupils to be constructed? Why? 

3. How would you use arithmetic to promote language culture? Why? 

4. State, specifically, what powers of mind you would seek to strengthen by this 

study, and how these powers are disciplined. 

June 28, 1882. 

1. Reduce yWrr ^^ ^^s lowest terms by different methods, and state all the princi- 

ples involved in the processes. 

2. Draw a promissory note for $728.46, at 90 days, bearing five per cent interest, 

and dated May 6, 1877. Make the following indorsements : Jan. 15, 1878, 
$75; Feb. 10, 1879, $25; March 20, 1880, $150. Compute the amount due to 
date. 

3. Illustrate the difference between true and bank discount. 

4. A merchant marks cloth at $2.00 per yard, so tliat he may droj) 10 per cent and 

yet gain 20 per cent. Find cost price. 

5. State the principles of arithmetic involved in partnership settlements. 

6. The dimensions of a grain bin are 12 ft. by 10 ft. by 7 ft. How much grain does 

it hold? 

7. A sphere is 12 in. in diameter. Find the circumference of another sphere con- 

taining one-quarter the volume of the first. 

306 



State of New York. 
department of public ixstructlun. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

ARITHMETIC. 
June 28, 1882. 

8. The dimensions of a room are 16 ft. by 14 ft. by 11 ft. Find the longest straight 

line in the room. 

9. Develop a rule for the extraction of the cube root. 

10. State in order the results aimed at in teaching primary arithmetic, 

July 11, 1883. 

1. How does the process of adding integers differ from that of adding compound 

numbers? What causes this difference? 

2. Give the reasons for the two methods of procedure, when a subtrahend figure 

. expresses more units than a minuend figure of the same order of units. 

3. Prove that the quotient of a fraction divided by a fraction equals the product of 

the dividend multiplied by the reciprocal of the divisor. 

4. Give and solve a problem illustrating each kind of commission. 

Solve and explain the following problems: 

5. I bought 80 pounds of beef for $9.60, paying 4 cent per pound more for 50 

pounds of it than for the remainder. How much did I pay for the 50 pounds? 
How much for the 30 pounds ? 

6. Which is the better investment, 6 per cent stocks at 20 per cent discount, or 

10 per cent stocks at 80 per cent premium? How much the better? 

7. April 10, 1881, a note was given for $1,680, at 6 per cent interest. Payments 

were made Jan. 19, 1882, of $275, and Nov. 3, 1882, of $60. How much was 
due Jan. 5, 1883? 

8. I bought a pair of horses for $450, and sold them at 20 per cent advance, receiv- 

ing in payment a note due in 1 year 3 months 15 days, at 6 per cent interest. 
Eight months afterward I sold the note for $550. What rate of interest did 
I receive on the note? If the note was paid at maturity, what rate of interest 
did the buyer receive on his investment ? 

9. An oblong field containing 36.3 acres is four times as long as it is wide. What 

is the distance between its diagonal corners ? 
10. If in 20.16 days of llj hours each 12 bricklayers lay a wall 126 ft. long, 28 ft 
high, and 1^ ft. thick, in how many days of 10 hours each will 9 bricklayer, 
lay a wall 96 ft. long, 21 ft. high, and 1^ ft. thick? Solve by proportion. 

July 1, 1884. 

N. B. In solving problems give complete work, or indicate all operations by symbols, and ail 
steps by equations. 

1. Multiply I by | and explain the jirocess. 

2. Prove, without using common fractious, that . 06 X. 025=. 00 15. 

3. When and why is it necessary to use reductions of compound numbers? 

4. Find the greatest common divisor of 168, 280, 182, and 252; and the least com- 

mon multiple of 21, 35, 7, 100, 15, 28, and 125. 

5. Find the date of maturity and the proceeds of the following note ; 

$756y%'^. Albany, July 5, 1884. 

Sixty days after date I promise to pay to the order of Henry K. Brown, at 
the Albany Exchange Bank, seven hundred fifty-six and f-^-^ dollars, for value 
received. EDWARD M. WARREN. 

307 



State of New York . 

I 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLl C INS T RUG T ION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

ARITHMETIC. 
July 1, 1884. 

c 

6. The difference between Central Standard time and Washington Observatory time 

is 51 min. 59 sec. What is the longitude W. from Greenwich of tlie Wash- 
ington Observatory? 

7. A rectangular bin holds 1,000 bushels of wheat, by measure; and its width and 

length are, respectively, 2 and 4 times its depth. What are the inside 
dimensions of the bin? 

8. If 15 men excavate a railroad cutting 75 rd. long and averaging 30 ft. wide and 

17 ft. 6 in. deep, of 4 degrees of hardness, in 54 days of 10 hours each; in 
how many days of 11 h. 15 min. each will 24 men excavate a cutting 100 rd. 
long and averaging 27.5 ft. wide and 12.75 ft. deep, of 7 degrees of hardness? 

9. If you deposit $2 per week in a savings bank that pays 4^^ per annum on quarterly 

balances, liow much wall you have on deposit at the end of three years? 

10. At what price must I buy Government 3^ bonds to realize 1% on my investment? 

June 30, 1885. 

1. Explain the process of changing dissimilar to similar fractions; i. e., of reducing 

fractions having different denominators to equivalent fractions having a com- 
mon denominator. State the uses made of this process. 

2. When is the quotient an abstract number? When a concrete number? 

3. Show, by examples, that the greatest common divisor of two numbers must be 

(1) the less number, or (2) the difference between the numbers, (3) some 
factor of that difference. 

4. Show the difference between legal interest and exact interest. 

5. Reduce || to a decimal, and give reasons for the successive steps in the process. 

6. Find the distance between a lower corner and the diagonal upper corner of a 

room 16 feet long, 15 feet wide and 12 feet high. 

7. Find the convex surface of a conical spire 20 feet in diameter at the base and 90 

feet perpendicular height. 

8. Give the formula for finding the last term of a geometrical series, when the first 

term, ratio, and number of terms are given. 

9. State clearly the difference between a fractional unit and the unit of a fraction. 

10. When does the following note mature, and how much is due at its maturity? 
$650. Albany, July 2, 1884. 

One year after date I promise to pay to Richard White or order six hundred 
fifty dollars, with interest, for value received. WM, MERRITT. 

Indorsements: October 20, 1884, received $200; January 11, 1885, received 
$37.50; June 35, 1885, received |5.25. 

June 29, 1886. 

In solving problems give complete work, or indicate all operations by symbols, and all steps by 
equations. 

1. State two principles upon which the process of multiplication is based. 

2. State two of the principles upon which the process of division is based. 

3. Prove that multiplying the numerator of the fraction ^ by | multi2)lies the 

fraction /^ by |. 

4. Divide f by ?, analyze the process, and deduce the rule. 

308 



State of New York. 

department of p ub l i v ins t li u c tion. 

state examination questions. 



ARITHMETIC. 
June 29, 1886. 

5. Divide two hundred sixty thousand four hundred forty-two ten-millionths by 

eighty-four hundred-millionths. 

6. Find the length of the longest straight rod — pointed at both ends — that can 

be put into a rectangular box whose inside dimensions are 4.8 ft., 1.6 ft., and 
1.3 ft. 

7. Find tlie cost, in San Francisco, of a draft on New York for $1,500, payable at 

60 days after sight, allowing 8 days for transmission, interest at 6%, exchange 
on New York being at 2^^c premium. 

8. Make out a tax-table for the use of assessors in levying a tax of $16,875 on 

property appraised at $1,500,000. 

9. What is the difference in this State between the legal and the exact interest on 

$3,750 from August IG to December 35 following? 

10. If 3 men working 8 hours per day do as much work as 5 boys working 10 hours 
per day, in how many days will 13 men working 13 hours per day do as much 
work as 18 boys will do in 35 days working 9| hours per day? 

August 23 to 26, 1887. 

1. Given the dividend, quotient, and remainder, how may the divisor be found? 

If ten apples be divided equally among 5 boys, which of the terms in the 
division are concrete, and which are abstract? 

2. What term is the base («) in commision? (li) in insurance? (c) in profit and loss? 

(d) in interest? (e) in discount? 

8. Deduce a rule for multiplying one decimal by another. 

4. Give an analysis of the process of dividing | by f , with reasons for each step. 

5. How many bushels of wheat will fill a hogshead that holds 140 gallons of water? 

6. Given the amount and the rate, to find the base. Solve the foregoing, and give 

a practical business example to which it applies. 

7. A savings bank pays 4 per cent on deposits that remain six months, interest 

payable semi-annually. At the end of two years what amount is due a person 
who has deposited $300 at the beginning of each interest period? 

8. Mark goods so that 15 per cent may be abated from the marked price and still 

a profit of 35 per cent be made. 

9. A note at G months for $350 was dated March 1, 1887. May 1, a payment of $75 

was made, and July 1, the note was discounted by a bank, (a) When does 
the note mature? (h) What were the proceeds of the note when it was dis- 
counted? 

10. With advanced pupils, in what order should a new topic, e. g., percentage, be 
studied? Give reasons for your answer. Describe the best method of teach- 
ing the tables in compound numbers, and give reasons why you consider this 
method best. 

August 20 to 24, 1888. 

In the solution of all problems, every process should be indicated. The simple answer, with- 
out the process by which it was obtained, will not be accepted. 

1. Define {a) fractional unit; (b) cancellation; (c) root; {d) true discount; (e) pro- 

portion. 

2. Resolve 43 into five different sets of factors. 

309 



State of New York. 

department of public ins t li u c t jon. 

state examination questions. 

ARITHMETIC. 

August 20 to 24, 1888. 

3. Make and solve a problem illustrating how the cost of an article is found, from 

the list price, when two successive commercial, or trade, discounts, are given. 

4. Reduce to equivalent common fractious {a) .0072^; (b) .8606. 

5. Find the area of a triangular piece of land whose base is 13 ch. 85 L, and whose 

hypothenuse is 21 ch. 5 1, 

6. Find the avoirdupois weight of 1,000,000 silver dollars, the weight of a dollar 

being 412^ gr. 

7. A and B reside in the same town, and are assessed respectively $11,450 and $19,600. 

If A's tax is 131.80, what should be B's tax ? 

8. Tape needles that cost |c. each are sold for 2c. each. What is the jier cent of 

profit on their cost ? 

9. The solid contents of a cylinder 10 feet long are 17 cubic feet, 1,160yVf cubic 

inches. Required, the diameter. 

10. $275.40. Albany, N. Y., Nov. 1, 1886. 

Three months after date, I promise to pay to Gilbert Mason, or order, two 
hundred seventy-five and ^^^ dollars, value received. 

HENRY HOWELL. 
A payment of $20 having been made and indorsed on the above note May 
16, 1888, how much remains due to-day ? 

August 26 to 30, 1889. 

1, Write the symbols used in arithmetic {a) of number; (5) of operation of com- 
putation ; (c) of relation ; {d) of aggregation . 



{c) to a decimal, Z^; {d) to a fraction, .047^^. 

3. A bushel measure is 18^ inches in diameter and 8 inches deep. Find the dimen- 

sions of a similar measure that will contain 1 peck. 

4. At G o'clock, A. M., the thermometer indicated 20° above zero; at 12 m., 5° above 

zero; at 6 o'clock, p. u., 7° below zero. Find the average temperature from 
the three observations, and explain the process. 

5. A ranchman bought a flock of sheep for $31,520; 15 per cent of them died, and 

he sold the remainder at 23 per cent above cost. Required his gain or loss. 

6. Make and solve a problem illustrating the aiDplicatiou of brokerage in both buy- 

ing and selling stocks. 

7. If the time is 9 months, 24 days, and the rate per annum is 5 per cent, what 

per cent of the principal is the interest ? 

8. Find the proceeds of an interest-bearing note dated Albany, N. Y., April 5, 

1889, payable in 6 months, and discounted at bank to-day. 

9. Find the interest on a $1,000 U. S. 3 per cent bond, from May 11, 1889, until 

to-day. (Exact interest.) 

10. What is tlie area of an isosceles triangle whose base is 16 feet, and whose equal 
sides are each 17 feet ? 

310 



State of New York. 

department f publi g ins tru c t jon. 

state examination questions. 

ASTRONOMY. 

June 28, 1882. 

1. Name in order the planets of the solar system. 

2. Describe the orbit of the earth. State the law of planetary revolution, and state 

all the effects of this law in the case of the earth. 

3. State the causes and effects of the precession of the equinoxes. 

4. Name all the eclipses, and state all the conditions under which they occur. 

5. Explain the nodes of the moon. 

6. Give a complete account of the "harvest moon.'' 

7. Name all the constellations of the zodiac. Account for the terms constellation, 

zodiac, solstice. 

8. Name ten constellations of the northern heavens, and the brightest star in each. 

9. Name the principal nebuUie, and tell what you know of their nature. 
10. Give an account of the sun. 

July 11, 1883. 

1. Name and define all the kinds of bodies which compose the solar system. 

2. Name and define, as far as is known, all the kinds of bodies which compose the 

visible heavens outside of the solar system. 

3. Give particular descrijjtions of Venus, Jupiter and Saturn, as seen from the earth. 

4. Give some account of the discovery of the planet Neptune. 

5. In the solar system what is found between Mars and Jupiter ? What is the 

theory which accounts for the same ? 

6. Explain and illustrate by diagram what is meant, in planetary motion, by "pass- 

ing over equal spaces in equal times." 

7. What is the general law of gravitation ? In applying this law to the relations of 

the earth to other bodies, what is taken as the unit of measure ? 

8. What is a constellation ? How do the signs of the zodiac differ from other con- 

stellations ? 

9. Give some account of the nebulous hypothesis of the universe. 
10. Enumerate some of the economic uses of astronomic knowledge. 

July 1, 1884. 

1. Define (a) astronomy; (h) planet; (c) star; and (d) asteroid. 

2. Name some star in the solar system, if there be any. 

3. Mention the planets in order, beginning with the one nearest the sun. 

4. Where are the asteroids found ? 

5. Define parallax and describe a process for finding the earth's approximate dis- 

tance from the sun. 

6. Give Kepler's laws. 

7. (a) What planets have satellites ? ; (i';) how many satellites has each of these 

planets ? 

8. Name five circumpolar constellations. 

9. Define the term variable star and name one. 

10. Define {a) nebula; (//) comet; and {e) state the relations of these to the nebular 
theory. 

311 



State of New York. 

department of public ins truction, 

state examination questions, 

ASTRONOMY. 

June 30, 1885. 

1. Under what conditions will an eclipse of the sun be annular ? 

2. On what part of the earth is the north star never visible ? Why ? 

3. By what terms is the location of a heavenly body indicated ? Explain their 

meaning. 

4. Explain the meaning of the terms conjunction, opposition, transit, asteroid, 

satellite. 

5. Give the names of the planets in the solar system, and the number of satellites 

belonging to each. 

6. What is the zodiac ? Where is it located ? How is it divided ? Why is it so 

divided ? 

7. Where is the international prime meridian ? When was it adopted, and why ? 

8. State two differences between a planet and a fixed star. 

9. Explain the difference between a solar day and a sidereal day. 
10. Why will not the year 1900 be a leap year ? 

June 29, 188 

1. Give the names of the planets that can be in inferior conjunction. 

2. Give the theory concerning the origin of the asteroids. 

3. Describe (1) the rings of Saturn ; (2) the belts of Jupiter. 

4. Give directions for finding the north star. 

5. Define (1) planetary astronomy; (2) stellar astronomy ; (3) descriptive astronomy ; 

(4j mathematical astronomy. 

6. Why has the distance to a fixed star never been accurately determined ? 

7. To what did the twelve signs of the zodiac originally correspond ? 

8. Why is the same side of the moon always toward the earth ? 

9. What is right ascension ? What is declination ? For what is each used ? 
10. When and where did to-day begin ? When and where will it end? 

August 23, 1887. 

1. What determines the boundaries of the mathematical' zones of a planet ? 

2. Explain how the sun's rays can strike the north side of a building in this lati- 

tude. 

3. What is the diameter — expressed in degrees of a great circle — of the circum- 

polar heavens as located from the parallel of 30° north latitude ? 

4. What astronomical terms correspond to the geographical terms latitude and lon- 

gitude ? 

5. If the earth's distance from the sun be represented by 10, what number expresses 

the relative distance from the sun {a) of Jupiter ? (b) of Mars ? (Kepler's laws.) 

6. Why does the north pole of the heavens change its location ? 

7. Which sign of the zodiac (in member or order) is the constellation Leo ? 

8. When the sun is in Cancer in what sign is the earth ? 

9. On what two things does the time of the annual revolution of a planet depend ? 
10. Define {a) occultation; (5) nodes; (c) constellation ; {d) apogee; and (<>) perihelion. 

312 



State of New York. 
depa r t.vey toff vbl i c i x s th it c tion, 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

ASTRONOMY. 
August 20-24, 1888. 

1. What is the difference between apogee and perihelion? 

2. At what point in her orlnt does the moon enter her third quarter? At what 

point docs she leave it? 

3- What constitutes the day of any planet? What the year? 

4. Explain, and give the time of occurrence, of (1) the equinoxes of tlie earth; (3) 

tlie solstices. 

5. What planets can never be in inferior conjunction? Why? What ones can 

never be in opposition? Why? 

6. What two conditions are essential to an eclipse of the sun? 

7. What determines tlie location of the tropics of a planet? the polar circles? the 

zones? 

8. Why can there never be a transit of a superior planet? 

9. Give Kepler's law concerning the radius vector of a planet ; draw a diagram 

illustrating the law. 

10. Give the proof that the moon makes one revolution on its axis in the same time 
that she makes one revolution round the earth. 

August 26-30, 1889. 

1. Why is the horizon oblique to the apparent daily courses of the heavenly bodies? 

2. If you should see a star in the zenith, at midnight, January first, where, approxi- 

mately, would it be seen at midnight, on the first of the next February? Give 
reason for your answer. 

3. What change in the position of the earth would cause days and nights of equal 

length on every part of the globe? 

4. There was an eclipse of the sun January 1, 1889. State, approximately, the date 

of the first full moon thereafter. Give reason for your statement . 

5. How much does the sun, at noonday, vary in altitude during the year? 

6. Locate the equinoctial points. 

7. Explain, by the i;se of a diagram, the variations in the apparent magnitude of 

the planet Venus. 

8. What are meteors? How do they become heated? 

9. Mention one or more observations that have led to the conclusion tliat there is 

no water on the moon. 

10. Is the apparent daily motion of the moon accelerated, or retarded, by its real 
motion in its orbit? 

313 



State of New York. 

department f pub l 1 c inst ru c t i on, 

state examination questions 

BOOK-KEEPING. 

March 23, 1876. 

1. What is the object of book-keeping? 

2. Define — and describe, by writing a sample page {n) day book; (h) ledger; (c) 

cash book ; (cZ) alphabet or index. 

3. Define, and illustrate by some simple commercial transaction what is meant by: 

(a) Single entry book-keeping; (h) double entry book-keeping. 
\ 

December 19, 20, 1878, 

1. State the difference between single and double entry book-keeping. 

2. Name tlie books usually required in a merchant's counting-house. State the 

purpose for which each is used. 

3. State how you would open, conduct and close an account. 

4. What is journalizing? Posting? A trial balance? A balance sheet? 

5. Accounts are divided into what two great classes? 

6. Explain the nature of the following accounts: Merchandise account, interest 

account, and profit and loss account. 

7. What are bills payable? Bills receivable? How do you open, conduct, and close 

a bills payable account? 

July 27, 1880, 

1, Name the books required in single entry, and give uses of each. 

2, Enter tlie following transactions as you would in a day book, transfer them to a 

ledger and balance the account: 

June 4, 1875, sold to John Smith 4 lbs. of tea, at $1.00 per lb.; June 7, 3 
bbls. of flour, at |5.00 per bbl.; June 10, 25 lbs. of sugar, at 10c. per lb., and 
10 yds. of cassimere, at $2.00 per yd. June 12, he paid me $8.00; June 14, 
his daughter Jane bought 10 yds. of calico, at 12c. ; 50 yds. of sheeting, at 
10c. ; and a pair of gloves at $1.25 ; June 20, he paid $10.00. 

3, Make a bill of the above, enter a credit for the balance, and receii^t the same. , 

4, Write a promissory note, a receipt for money paid on account, and a bank note, 

and name the parties to the last. 

July 12, 1881. 

1. What are bills payable? Bills receivable? Resources? Liabilities? 

2. Name the books required in double entry book-keeping, and give the uses of 

each. 

3. How would you change from single to double entry? 

4. How can you verify the ledger in double entry? 

5. Journalize and post by double entry the following : 

May 1, 1881, John Doe commenced business with $5,000 capital. May 2, 
bought for cash 500 bbls. flour at $5 per bbl. jMay 3, sold 10 bbls. for $60 
cash. May 5, sold John Smith 100 bbls, at $7, taking in payment his note at 
bank for 60 days. May 6, sold Richard Roe 100 bbls. at $7, on account. 

314 



State of New York. 

« 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INS T li UC T ION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 



BOOK-KEEPING. 
June 28, 1882. 

1. Name the books required in single entry and give use of each. 

2. Enter the following transactions in the proper books: 

Jan. 1. 1880. Sold John Hart 1 lb. tea © 50c., 4 lbs. tobacco @ 65c., 5 
yds. flannel ® 45c., 1 pair boots @ $2.50, 18 lbs. sugar @ lie, and 5 lbs. 
soap @ 16c. Same date, sold Hiram Ensign 4 yds. broadcloth @, $1.75, 1 set 
crockery @, $7.50, 3 lbs. tea @ 65c., and 2 gals, of molasses @, 75c. Same 
date, sold Jas. Cook 15 lbs. sugar @, 12c., 10 lbs. soap @ 18c., 12 yds. calico 
@ 9c., 5 lbs. tobacco @ 80c., 40 yds. sheeting @ lie, and 5 lbs. coffee @ 
32c. Same date, sold John Mitchell, per daughter, 15 yds. silk @ $1.75, 15 
yds. calico @ 9c., 25 yds. carpeting @, $1.40, and 1 pair shoes @ $4.50. Jan. 
3. Sold John Hart, 18 yds. sheeting @, 10c. , 1 pair shoes @ $3.00, 1 broom 
@ 35c., and 2 lamps @ 60c. each. Same date, sold Henry Seymour 1 axe @ 
$1.25, 1 file @ 40c., 20 lbs. nails @ 6c., 1 saw @ 50c., and 5 lbs. tea @ 55c. 

3. Make a statement of account of John Hart and receipt it in full. 

4. Wnte a receipt in full showing a settlement of account with Henry Seymour. 

5. "Write a bank check. 

6. Write an ordinary negotiable note. 

7. Write a bank note 

8. Explain the relation of each of the several parties to a note. 

9. Define double entry and state the application of the terms debtor and creditor. 
10. Give the general rule for journalizing in double entry. 

July 11, 1883. 

1. What is the difference between single and double entry? 

2. Why is double entry preferable to single entry? 

3. In double entry what is the fundamental rule regarding debits and credits of 

journal entries? 

4. In a cash account for what is cash debtor? For what is cash creditor? 

5. Write a single entry cash account for to-day, with 7 debits and 3 credits. 

Balance this account, and explain the process. 

6. Explain the manner of making a balance sheet. 

7. Name seven essential elements of a promissory note. 

8. Write a promissory note negotiable with indorsement. 

9. Write a bankable note. Describe the course to be pursued to have this note dis- 

counted, or to put it through the bank. 

10. Sell a gold watch for $175, and receive $50 cash and a promissory note at 3 
months for the balance. Draw your receipt in full, stating in it the details 
of this transaction. 

July 1, 1884. 

1. For what is a person debtor to you? For what is he creditor? 

2. In single entry book-keeping, what business transactions are recorded in a day 

book? 

3. State the uses of the ledger. 

4. Explain the process of posting. 

315 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC IN S T RU C T ION, 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 



BOOK-KEEPING. 
July 1, 1884. 

5. In a cash account, -what items are debtor items? What are creditor items? 

6. With what must the balance of cash account always agree? 

7. For what is the party owning a set of books to be debited, in his personal 

account? For what credited? 

8. Make out a grocer's itemized bill against a customer, for goods bought to-day. 

9. What memorandum is made at the foot of a bill of goods sold, {a) When the 

bill is paid in cash? {li) When a note is given in payment? (c) When the bill 
is not paid? 
10. Write a negotiable note for $150, at 4 months, payable to the order of an 
indorser. 

June 30, 1885. 

1. State clearly the meaning of the following terms: account, an entry, debtor, 

creditor, posting. 

2. Name the books commonly used in single entry book-keeping, and state the use 

made of each. 

3. In what respects is book-keeping by double entry superior to that by single 

entry? 

4. For what purposes is a cash account kept? 

5. What must cash balance always equal? On which side of cash account is it 

entered? 

6. If a debit entry is made as a credit entry in the day book, or vice versa, how is 

the mistake corrected? If in the ledger, how is the mistake corrected? 

7. When may an erasure be made on books of account? 

8. When and by whom should a bill of purchase be receipted? 

9. Narrative: Sold to James Richards 25 yards of super-ingrain carpeting at 85 

cents a yard; 6 square yards of floor oil cloth at 62^ cents a yard; 98 pounds 
of roller-process flour at $7.50 a barrel; 5 bushels of potatoes at 44 cents a 
bushel; and 3^ gallons of astral oil at 15 cents a gallon. Make out the bill. 

10. Draw a negotiable note, requiring indorsement, at sixty days, for the amount of 

the bill in question 9, and properly receipt the bill. 

June 29, 1886. 

1. Name the books used in single entry book-keeping, and state the use of each. 

2. Define (1) account; (2) an entry; (3) an item; (4) posting; (5) a balance. 

3. On your books of account, what transactions are entered (1) as debits? (2) as 

credits? 

4. In a cash account, for what is cash debtor? For what creditor? 

5. What must cash on hand always equal? 

Memorandum : — David Williams buys of you, to-day, 3 barrels of diamond A 
sugar weighing 275 pounds, 393 pounds, and 264 pounds net, at 5H cents per pound; 
1 chest of Japan tea weighing 56 pounds, at 41^ cents per pound; and 5 sacks of 
O. G. Java coffee weighing 112 pounds each, at 22| cents per pound. He pays you 
$50 cash, and gives you a bankable note at 4 months fo> the balance. 

6. Make out the customary statement of the above transaction, in proper form. 

316 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 



BOOK-KEEPING. 
June 29, 1886. 

7. Draw the note for the balance, payable to your order at the First National Bank 

in this city. 

8. Explain tl)e difference between settling and closing an account. 

9. State the diflerence between a negotiable note and a bankable note. 
10. Explain the process of posting. 

August 23-26, 1887. 

1. State the necessity for book-keeping. 

2. What is shown by the debtor side of an account? What by the creditor side? 

3. How can you ascertain the net capital at any time? 

4. What do you understand by double entry book-keeping? 

5. What two advantages has it over single entry? 

6. What book is known in law as the "book of original entry? " 

7. Write a negotiable note and show how it may be made payable to a third party. 

8. Define inventory and explain how one is taken. 

9. James Mann bouglit of John Doe: 1 bbl. of flour at $6.25; 25 lbs. A sugar at fij 

cents; 2 lbs. of coffee at 26 cents; 4 lemons at 2 cents; 221 lbs. of butter at 
23 cents; and 2i- lbs. of cheese at 15 cents. He jxaid $9 on account. Rule 
the form of day book and ledger pages, make the original entry, and post it 
properly in ledger. 

10. Give two reasons for or against teaching this subject in the common schools. 

August 20-24, 1888. 

1-2. Name the two principal books used in book-keeping; name three auxiliary 
books. State the uses of each. 

3. Define debtor, invoice and consignment. 

4. Rule a form of day book, and make proper entries of the foUowmg transactions : 

1887, Jan. 1. I sold J. L. Hunt on account, 5 bbl. flour at $6.25; 25 lb. 
sugar at 7c. ; 5 bbl. potatoes at $2.75. Sold C. E. Cady 2 lb. tea at $.65; 100 
bu. potatoes at $.75; 5 bbl. pork at $14.25. C. E. Cady paid on account $60. 

5-6. A merchant began business with a capital of $8,500. After the close of a 
certain period he has property and is indebted as follows: Property — cash. 
$1,575; J. L. Hunt's note, $3,750; merchandise, §4.000. Due from persons — 
A. C. Lobeck, $150; Luke Hill, $175; J. R. Bowman, .S107.25; W. J. Maun, 
1315. Debts — Note in favor of Thomas Hunter, $1,500; note in favor of 
Henry Davis, $3,000. Due on personal account, to R. R. Wood, $750; Hugh 
Evans, $375; W. E. Croker, $1,375. Make a statement showing the capital 
at the close, and the net gain or loss. 

7-8. Rule forms of journal and ledger in double entry, and make the proper entries 
of the following account in each : 
Jan. 12. I sold James Tanner 

125 bu. wheat at $1.00 $125 00 

13. 100 bbl. flour at $0.25 625 00 

14. 625 bu. oats at 40c 250 00 

15. 325 bu. corn at 50c 162 50 

Jan. 20, he paid me cash $500, and gave a bankable note for balance at 60 days. 

317 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

BOOK-KEEPING. 
August 20-24, 1888. 

9. Write a check, and a receipt in full. 
10. What is the purpose of a trial-balance? 

Augiist 26-30, 1889. 

1. In an account kept with a bank, with what is the bank debited? With wiiat 

credited? 

2. Paper payable on demand should be entered in what account when received or 

given? 

3. Mention five classes of items that should be included in an expense account. 

4. What is the distinguishing feature of single entry book-keeping as to the nature 

or kind of accounts kei:)t? 

5-6. Write a draft for one hundred dollars, payable sixty days after sight, drawn 
by George Mills on Henry V. Crane of Albany, N. Y. , in favor of Jones & 
Wells, and accepted August 15, 1880, to be paid at the Traders' Bank. 

7. When does an account exhibit a liability? A loss? 

8. State what is meant by the italicized word or expression used in each of the 

following : He will honor the draft. I sent him a letter of credit. The note 
will be paid at maturity. The assets are greater than the liahiUties. He ex- 
pects a remittance next Monday. 

9-10. Rule the necessary forms, and enter the following memorandum by both 
single and double entry, through the several books required : March 30, 1889, 
Sylvester, Bond & Co., of Brooklyn, N. Y., sold Edward J. Swift, on account, 
338 barrels of flour at $6.18 per barrel. 



318 



State of New York. 

DEPA Ji TJIIJX T F P UBL 1 (J J N :i T li U G TION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 



BOTANY. 
July 22, 1879. 

1. Give comparative description of a leaf of maple and one of corn, and name and 

describe tlie general divisions to which these plants respectively belong in 
consequence of differences in methods of growth. 

2. In what grade of schools should the study of plants Ije taken up, and why? 

3. Name the parts of a perfect flower. 

Note. — This subject with Zoology and Physics given under the head of Natural Sciences. 
July 27, 1880. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. How can a knowledge of plants be best obtained? 

2. "What would be the benefit of an exercise in which the pupil should enumerate 

and write the names of all the plants that he knows? 

3. What plants and what parts of the plant should be the subject of the first les- 

sons? 

4. What general facts should be noted in the study of leaves, and in comparing dif- 

ferent leaves what peculiarities may be taken as bases of classification? 

5. Name all the parts of plants and give the functions of each. 

G. Name the different parts of plants that are used for the food of man, and give 
an example of each. 

7. Besides furnishing food for men and animals what are the most important uses 

of plants? I 

8. Mention some of the ways in which plants are projjagated. 

9. What part of botanical study is adapted to primary schools? Why? 

10. Give some of the most important educational and practical advantages arising 
from the study of botany. 

July 12, 1881. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. Wliat are the classes of plants founded upon "methods of growth?*' Give ex- 

amples. 

2. From what sources is the nutriment of plants derived, and, in general, what ele- 

ments come from each? 

3. How may plants be improved by cultivation? Give examples. 

4. Give some account of the circulatory .system of plants and its function. 

5. Give three examples of palmate leaves — three of feather veined leaves — three of 

compound leaves. 

6. Give some of the different methods of pollen fertilization of flowers. 

7. Give some account of the geographical distribution of plants. 

8. Mention some of the ways in which the seeds of plants are disseminated. 

9. Mention some of the ways in which climbing plants are sustained in position. 
10. Give some account of your method of teaching botany. 

319 



State of New York. 

department of public instr uction. 

state examination questions. 



BOTANY. 
June 28, 1882. 

1. Give three classifications of plants and state the basis of each classification. 

2. Describe the following leaves: the maple, the ash, the elm, the willow. 

3. State the varieties of inflorescence, giving examples of each. 

4. Name all the parts of a flower. • 

5. State the functions of the leaf, the corolla, the stigma, the anther. 

6. Name the leading plants of the different zones of the earth. 

7. Mention the parts of plants that are used as food. 

8. Name the parts of a fruit. 

9. Name the leading plants indigenous to New York State. 
10. When and how should botany be first taught? 

July 11, 1883. 

1. What are the essential parts of a plant, and what are the functions of each? 

2. Comparing an oak, a lilac, and a spire of grass, what differences do we observe 

in the stalk; and to what divisions do these differences give rise? 

3. Comparing the leaf of an oak, a maple, and a plantain, what differences do we 

observe? 

4. Comparing the cross-section of a corn-stalk with that of a maple, what peculiari- 

ties do we notice? What do thev indicate? To what classification do they 
lead? 

5. Comparing the pine and the elm, what is tlie most striking difference; and what 

names are given to the classes which this difference indicates? 

6. Mention five common evergreen conifers, and one that is deciduous. 

7. Give examples of cryptogams, and describe the peculiarities of the class. 

8. Describe some of the different means. by which plants climb. 

9. Mention some of the ways by which the flowers of plants are fertilized. 
10. Give examples of changes in plants that have been caused by cultivation. 

July 1, 1884. 

1. Describe a simple leaf; and name five varieties, with their bases of classification. 

2. What is the function of the leaf? What important relation does it bear to animal 

life? 

3. What is the function of the root, and what are tlie two general classes of 

roots ? 

4. Describe a tuber ; a bulb ; a corm. 

5. Describe an exogen and its methods of growth, and give three examples. 

6. Describe an endogen and its methods of growth, and give three examples. 

7. Give the common names and qualities of five of our most important grasses. 

8. Give an account of an edible cryptogam and its methods of growth. 

9. Give some account of plant motion, with illustrative examples. 

10. Give some account of forestry, the objects of forestry associations, and the neces- 
sity for preservative forestry laws. 

320 



State of New York. 
department of public i n 8 tmu g t ion, 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 



BOTANY. 



June 30, 1885. 



1. Compare the family Acer witli the family Pinus in regard to general form, form 

and permanence of leaf, and seeds and seed vessels. 

2. Describe some of the varieties of the Quercus, and their use in the economic arts. 

3. Compare the horse chestnut and the apple in regard to leaf, flower and fruit. 

4. In what way do the following plants climb: grapes, hops, beans, peas, ivy. 

5. Describe five endogens among our cultivated plants. 

6. Describe five shrubs of exogenous growth. ' 

7. Give the names and characteristics of five trees or plants exotic in this region. 

8. State the most marked differences between the two conifers, the larch, or tama- 

rack, and the spruce. 

9. Describe two flowcrless plants, and give the name of the general botanical divis- 

ion to which they belong. 

10. Give an account of the euadyptus tree. 

June 29, 1886. 

1. Name three characteristics of the endogens that distinguish them from the exo- 

gens. 

2. What is an herb ? What is a shrub ? 

3. Name the characteristics of annuals, biennials, and perennials; and say to which 

of these classes belong respectively the turnip, the grasses, the burdock. 

4. What are adventitious buds ? What special purpose do they serve ? 

5. What is the ordinary function of leaves ? Name some of the modified forms and 

functions of leaves. 

6. In what ways may you distinguish a compound pistil from a simjile one ? 

7. Assuming that a plant is composed of only these three parts — root, stem and 

leaf — of what part or parts is the apple blossom composed ? The onion? The 
potato ? The bean pod ? The thorn ? 

8. What is the difference between a cyme and raceme ? 

9. What forces produce the flow of sap in plants ? 

10. What part of the flower develops to produce the greater portion of the apple ? 
What part of the flower develops to produce the greater portion of the straw- 
berry ? 

August 23-26, 1887. 

1. Explain the term pinnate as applied to compound leaves 

2. How would you distinguish a stem from a root ? 

3. Describe a process by which plant cells multiply. 

4. Why does the bark of a tree separate easily from the wood when the sap flows 

abundantly ? 

5. Describe an umbel, and state how it differs from a raceme. 

6. Is the corolla of a sunflower monopetalous or polypetalous ? 

321 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

BOTANY. 

August 23-26, 1887. 

7 How do exogens differ from endogens iu respect {a) to the cotyledons ; (h) to the 
veuation of their leaves ? 

. In what part of the plant, Indian corn, do you find the pistils ? 

9. Describe the process of grafting. 

10. What part of the flower becomes the pulp of the cherry ? 

August 20-24, 1888. 

1. What is the principal oflBce of leaves ? 

2. How could you determine, by examining a tendril, whether it were a modified 

stem or a modified leaf ? 

3. Name an example of a biennial, and of a perennial herb. 

4. How are strawberry vines propagated ? 

5. Name a plant that has parallel- veined leaves; netted-veined leaves; pinnate- 

compound leaves; palmate-compound leaves ? 

6. Name the essential parts of a flower, and state why these parts are called essen- 

tial parts. 

7. By what change or process of development are double flowers produced ? 

8. What is fruit ? Illustrate by naming the fruit of a potato plant. 

9. What service do insects render in the fertilization of flowers ? 

10. By what two ways does unassimilated plant food reach the leaves ? 

August 26-30, 1889. 

1. Name five plants tliat flower but once during their period of existence, and write 

the botanical term which indicates the duration of the life of each plant 
named. 

2. Mention two ways in which propagation takes place naturally in flowering plants. 

3. Name the organ by which a plant is mainly supplied with liquid food ; with 

gaseous food ? 

4. What is assimilation ? In what organs does assimilation in plants mainly take 

place ? 

5. In what part of the stem of a cotyledonous plant is the oldest tissue ? 

6. In what season of the year are buds formed on trees and shrubs ? 

7. What part of the flower bears pollen ? What part bears the ovules ? 

8. What is fertilization ? How are hybrids produced ? 

9. State whether the edible parts of the following plants belong to the root or the 

stem : the turnip, the beet, the onion, the 2)otato, the sweet potato. 

10. Explain, and illustrate the meaning of the terms, species and genus, as used in 

botany. 

322 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRU CTION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 



CHEMISTRY. 
July 12 to 14, 1881. 

1. Describe two ways of showing the presence of carbonic acid (commonly so called) 
in air exhaled from the lungs. 

3. What parts of an inhabited room generally contain the greatest quantities of 
deleterious gases? Why? 

3. How do you explain the fact that smaller quantities of these gases are generally 

found in all other parts of the room? 

4. What fundamental distinction between chemistry and natural philosophy (com- 

monly so called)? 

5. To which subject belongs a full explanation of the grove cell? Why? 

6. Give the atomic theory and the laws of chemical composition. 

7. Into a saturated solution of camphor in alcohol suppose we let fall a drop of clear 

water. Describe and explain the resulting phenomena. 

8. What are some proper precautions to prevent the explosion of an ordinary 

kerosene lamp? Why? 

9. What is the use of a galvanic battery in connection with the telephone? 
10. What is meant by the "Morse alphabet?" 

June 28 to 30, 1882. 

1. Mention in full the differences between affinity and attraction of cohesion. 
3. What is an element? 

3. Do the specific properties of elements afford a means of ascertaining the specific 

properties of compounds? Illustrate. 

4. Do the equivalents of elements afford a means of ascertaining the equivalents of 

compounds? Illustrate. 

5. What influence have heat and solution upon chemical action? Why? 

6. Of what is the air composed? 

7. Is air a mixture or a compound? Explain. 

8. What relation to digestion has common salt in food? 

9. Explain the action of yeast in bread making, and of sour milk in biscuit making. 
10. How do you teach elementary chemistry? 

July 11 to 13, 1883. 

1. If muriatic acid be poured upon marble, (a) what will be the phenomena, and 

(b) what the resulting products? 

2. Which of these products are found in the air, and in what proportions in a 

healthful atmosphere? 

3. («) Define allotropism, and Q)) mention the allotropic forms of C and 0. 

4. Discuss the compounds of C and 0. 

5. Give theory of the formation of coal. 

6. If a spark be applied to a mixture of 18 grains of 0, and just sufficient IT to 

unite chemically with all the 0, («) what will be the phenomena? (6) What 
compound will be formed? (c) How much of it? 

7. (a) Define isomerism and (&) give some examples of it. 

323 



State of New York 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLI O INS T RU C T 1 ON, 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 



CHEMISTRY. 
July 11 to 13, 1883. 

8. (a) Define compound radicals, Qi) give some examples of them, and (c) state the 

department of chemistry in which they abound. 

9. Discuss starch. 

10. Discuss fermentation. 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

1. State the benefits of a knowledge of chemistry to the world at large and to the 

average student. 

2. In a school where only a single term can be devoted to chemistry, what relative 

attention would you give to the theory and to practical experiments? 

3. Give the common names of H 0, H N 0, H C 0, Na CI, and N 0. 

2 3 2 3 2 

4. What fractional part of air and what fractional part of water does oxygen form? 

5. For what is chlorine chiefly used? What is its color? 

6. Name two conditions which facilitate chemical change. 

7. State the distinctions between acids, bases and salts. What effect has each upon 

vegetable colors? 

8. Name and distinguish three forms of attraction recognized in science. 

9. Name and describe the three forms of carbon. 

10. Give as complete an account as you can of the history, occurrence, preparation, 
properties and compounds of potassium. 

June 30 to July 2, 1885. 

1. Give a test for a soluble chloride, as indicative of sewage impurities in water. 

2. State effects of carbonic acid gas (1) upon animal life, (2) upon vegetable life. 

3. Distinguish between an acid and an alkali. 

4. Explain action of chlorine in bleaching and disinfecting. 

5. State difference between an element, a compound and a mixture. 

6. What is dynamite? What is the one essential element in most explosives? 

7. Name two compounds formed in burning a common friction match. 

8. What gases unite to produce the heat in the calcium light? What causes the 

intense light? 

9. How can the existence of carbon and hydrogen in tallow oe shown 
10. Explain the formation of stalactites. 

June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

1. Are the elements that compose the greater portion of the atmosphere mixed or 

combined ? State facts to prove the truth of your assertion. 

2. What produces the light that comes from a luminous flame ? 

3. What is meant by kindling temperature ? Why will shavings kindle more 

readily than larger masses of wood ? 

4. Explain the effect produced by carbonic acid on lime-water ? 

5. How do pig-iron, wrought iron and steel differ chemically ? 

324 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

state examination questions. 

CHEMISTRY. 

June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

6. Formulate the reaction that takes place when hydrogen is prepared from zinc and 

hydrochloric acid. 

7. What is the meaning of the term atomic weight ? What is the meaning of the 

term quantivalence, or power of an atom ? Illustrate your answers, by refer- 
ence to your formulas in answer to question 6. 

8. If, in the experiment referred to in question 6, 100 grammes of the acid is used, 

how much zinc will be consumed ? , 

9. Why does a lamp smoke if the wick is too high ? 

10. Name two compounds that are formed when a candle burns; name the elements 
that form these compounds; and state the source from which each is derived. 

August 23 to 26, 1887. 

1. Explain, by the use of some familiar illustration, the difference between a chem- 

ical and a physical change. 

2. If you invert a bottle over a burning candle and hold it there until the flame is 

extinguished, what two gases, produced by the combustion, will be found in 
the bottle. 

3. Explain how it is that the flame of a candle is a gas flame. 

4. If you dip a rod in hydrochloric acid and then hold it over the mouth of a bottle 

of ammonia water, what evidence of chemical action will you see ? 

5. State the law of multiple proportions and illustrate it by an example. 

6. What is meant by the term combining weight of an element ? Illustrate by an 

exam^olc. 

7. Explain the reaction which takes place and the effervescence which follows when 

a strong acid is poured upon limestone ? 

8. Describe and explain the action of sulphuric acid upon wood, 

9. Describe a simple method of preparing nitrogen gas. 

10. Give a description of the metal potassium ; also describe its action when thrown 
into water, and state the cause of this action. 

August 20 to 24, 1888. 

1. What is the law of definite proportions ? Give an illustration. 

2. Name a characteristic property of each of the following elements when free and 

at ordinary temperature: bromine, iodine, clilorine, antimony, potassium. 

3. Explain the cleansing power of soap. 

4. Express by symbol the composition of ammonic hydrate (aqua ammoniae). 

5. Write the symbols for the following elements: Copper, iron, sodium, gold, silver, 

sulphur, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury. 

6. Describe the method of preparing quick-lime from limestone, and the chemical 

change produced. 

7. What property gives great value to platinum ? To tin ? 

8. Explain the evolution of heat and the production of light during the combustion 

jas. 

325 



State of New York. 
depar1}1knt of public instrugti on. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

CHEMISTRY. 

August 20 to 24, 1888. 

9. Describe tlic Davy safety lamp, and the pliilosopliy of its action. 

10. What is meant by the igniting point of a substance ? Take the case of a fric- 
tion match for an illustration. 

August 26 to 30, 1889. 

1. Explain the milky appearance produced by passing the breatii through lime 

water. 
3. Wh(!n a cold tumbler is held over the flame of a candle, water is do])osited upon 

tiie inside of the glass. Explain the formation of tiie water. 

3. When zinc immersed in acidulated water decomposes the water, wliat becomes 

of the components ? 

4. Why is the flame of a Bunsen burner less luminous than an ordinary gas flame ? 

5. Give three properties of the metal which forms a constituent of clay. 

6. If a mass of pure carbon weighing one pound in a vacuum be burned in open air 

what will be the weight of the resulting compounds, weighed in a vacuum? 

7. How is copper nitrate prepared ? What is its color ? 

8. Which is the richer in oxygen, water or air ? Wiiy will not ordinary combusti- 

bles burn in water ? 

9. What two elements enter into.tlie composition of sand (silex) ? 
10. What property of charcoal luakes it a piu-ifler ? 

326 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

March 23 and 24, 1877. 

1. What are the qualifications of the president of the United States as defined by 

the Constitution? 

2. How may amendments to the Constitution of the United States be made? 

3. State the composition and functions of the United States judiciary department. 

4. Of what bodies does the Legislature of the State of New York consist? 

5. What are the qualifications of a member in each branch? 

6. What is a tax? How are taxes levied? What is a capitation or poll tax' 

7. What is meant by franchise? State the causes of disfranchisement. 

8. What is the difference between a grand and a petit jury? 

9. What are usury laws? The object of their enactment? 
10. What is meant by the right of eminent domain? 

December 20 and 21, 1877. This subject omitted. 

July 16 and 17, 1878. This subject omitted. 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

1. Define the several forms of government known in history. 

2. In what respects is our own form of government preferable to any other? 

3. Define both State and National government, and indicate the relation existing 

between them. 

4. Name the branches of government in New York State. What are the powers of 

each? 

5. Name every step in the process of law-making in the State 

6. Explain the organization of our State courts. 

7. Define the powers of the United States Congress. 

8. How is the president of the United States elected? What are his powers and 

duties? 

9. In what cases has the Supreme Court of the United States jurisdiction? 
10. What are the personal rights of a citizen of the United States? 

July 22 to 24, 1879. 

1. In whom is the government of this country vested, and by whom administered? 

2. State the different ways in which officers come into power. 

3. Who is the executive officer in the school district, town, county, State and nation? 

4. What are the qualifications for voting at any general election or town meeting? 

5. What additional qualifications are required to entitle one to vote at school 

district meetings? 

G. Name the offices in wliich the age of candidates must be twenty-five years or 
more, as established by the State and National Constitutions. 

7. State the name and number of departments in the State and nation, and the 
necessity for each. 

327 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

July 22 to 24, 1879. 

8. What authority designates the number of members in the State Legislature? 

9. What authority designates the number of members in each house of Congress? 

10. Name the courts of the United States in regular order, commencing with the 

lowest. 

11. State how the grand jury lists are made out. 

12. To how many presidential electors is any State entitled? 

JiUy 27 to 29, 1880. 

ORAL EXAMINATION 

1. Name the several departments of our government and tell what constitutes each. 

2. Under the Constitution, what qualifications are necessary to make a person eligible 

for each of the following offices: (1) President? (2) Vice-president? (3) Sena- 
tor? (4) Member of the House of Representati\fes? 

3. What constitutes the judicial department of our national government? 

4. State briefly how the president is chosen. 

5. How are amendments to the Constitution of the United States made? 

6. Draw a parallel between the government of the United States and that of our 

State. 

7. Give the steps necessary to the making of a law by our State government. 

8. How does the National government derive the resources for its support? How, 

the State government? 

9. In every community why is government necessary? 

10. Give the successive steps by which a person may lawfully vindicate his rights 
and enumerate the tribunals which may pass upon the case. 

July 12 to 14, 1881. 

1. Name four absolute monarchies. 

2. Name five dependencies, together with the nations on which they depend. 

3. Name the special or exclusive powers of the United States House of Representa- 

tives. 

4. Name in order of rank the courts in the judiciary system of New York State. 

5. Name all the legislative bodies in this State. 

6. Describe tiie ordinary process of making a law. 

7. Explain what is meant by the consular and tlie diplomatic services. 

8. State the sources of the revenue of the United States. • 

9. Give reasons for having two houses of Congress. 

10. Describe a territorial government, and a method of admitting a new State into 
the Union. 

June 28 to 30, 1882. 

1. Name the members of the president's cabinet and give their antecedents. 

2. Mention the different bureaus of the.interior department and give their respective 

functions. 

328 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 

June 28 to 30, 1882. 

3. Mention three marked differences between tlie Constitution and the Articles of 

Confederation and give reasons for the change. 

4. Give reasons for tlie long term of senators and the short term of representatives. 

5. How is the U. S. senate made a perpetual body and why is it so constituted? 

6. Can a member of Congress be a member of the U. S. Supreme Court? What 

general principle of government underlies tlie constitutional provision with 
regard to this? 

7. Make a table showing the coiTesponding departments of the U. S. and N. Y. State 

governments. 

8. What marked difference between the mode of constituting the judiciary of the 

United States and that of New York? 

9. "What county officer is not eligible for successive terms? 

10. What county officer is required to have professional qualifications for eligibility? 

July 11 to 13, 1883. 

1. What conditions of society necessitate government? 

2. W^hat should government serve? Of what are governmental officers servants? 

3. In the smallest municipalities of civilized societj', what functions of government 

and what offices are necessary? 

4. In a township of the State of New York what functions of government are per- 

formed, and what are the corresponding officers? 

5. What are the various governmental units in the United States? "Why is the 

country so divided? 

6. Give the name of the executive offices in the various governmental units — from 

town or township to nation. 

7. What are the two general functions of the judiciary department? 

8. Give an account of the means employed for the performance of the function of 

justice in the State of New York. 

9. Give some account of the Department of Public Instruction in its relations to 

the government of the State. 

10. What evils are incident to our form of government in regard to offices and 
official conduct? What proverbial saying contains the condition of the safety 
of tlie people? 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

1. For what purposes are governments instituted? 

2. What are the two tlieories in regard to the sources of governmental power? 

3. Give the kinds of government as developed in history. Define eacli kind. 

4. What is the difference between a pure democracy and a republic? 

5. What is an oligarchy? Give an historical example. 

6. What are the three functions of government? What provisions are made for 

each in the United States government? 

329 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INS T liUC T lOHf, 

STATE EXAmNATION QUESTIONS. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
July 1 to 3, 1884. 

7. How can we distinguish between governmental powers belonging to the nation 

and those belonging to the States? 

8. What is meant by the laissez faire theory of government? 

9. Give some account of judicial action in the township government. 

10. Explain the transaction which resulted in creating the office of loan commis- 
sioner, 

June 30 to July 2, 1885. 

1. What is meant by the term common law? 

2. What is a corporation? 

3. Who are eligible to the office of governor of the State of New York? 

4. What is the length of the official term of each of the following officers : United 

States officers. — President, senator, representative in Congress. New York 
State officers. — Governor, senator, assemblyman, justice of the Supreme Court, 
county judge, school commissioner, justice of the peace. 

5. Mention five State officers, and briefly enumerate the duties of each. 

6. How is a New York State officer impeached? 

7. State five qualifications for voters at general elections in this State. 

8. The president's cabinet consists of what officers? 

9. The war-making power in the United States is vested where? 
10. How are United States senators chosen in this State? 

June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

1. What is the limitation in the Constitution of the United States in regard to bills 

for raising revenue? 

2. Name the county officers representing the three departments of government. 

3. In whom is the treaty-making power vested? 

4. Define (1) misdemeanor, and (2) felony. 

5. Explain the difference between indictment and conviction 

6. What are the legal steps by which a Territory may become a State? 

7. How are judges of the United States Supreme Court chosen? What is the 

length of their term of office? 

8. How may the Constitution of the United States be amended? 

9. Describe the process of electing a president of the United States. 
10. What constitutes a citizen of the United States? 

1887. Note. — See "Civil Government and School Law." 

1888. Note. — See "Civil Government and School Law." 

1889. Note. — See "Civil Government and School Law.'' 

330 



State of New York. 
department of public in s trv c t ion, 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT AND SCHOOL LAW. 

August 23 to 26, 1887. 

Note, — Previous to 1867, this subject was dirided. See "Civil Government" and "School 
Law." 

1. Explain the purposes of tlio writ of hdbecu corpus. 

2. What are tlie duties of grand juries? What are the duties of petit juries? 

3. Wlio are eligible to the presidency of the United States? In case of vacancy in 

tiie ofhce of president and vice-president of tlie United States, wJiat is the 
law of succession? 

4. State the number of justices of United States Supreme Court, term of office, how 

chosen, effect of decisions, and the name of the present chief justice. 

5. How and when are assemblymen and State senators elected? Who are eligible 

to election? What is the length of the term of office of each, and how much 
is the salary? How many members of the Assembly? How many of the 
Senate? 

6. What is the length of the official term of the governor of this State? What is a 

veto? Why is tliis power given to the governor? How can a vetoed bill be- 
come a law? What power has the governor in reference to appropriation bills? 

7. How may the Constitution of this State be amended? 

8. What legal authority have the voters of the school district in hiring teachers? 

What can the trustee do if the number of children attending school is too 
great to be accommodated in the district school-liouse? 

9. For what cause can a school commissioner annul any license? 
10. Wiiat is the "school age " in this State? 

August 20 to 24, 1888. 

1. State the composition of each of the three departments of the government of the 

United States? 

2. What is a constitution? 

3. What is a court of original jurisdiction? An appellate court? 

4. Mention five powers conferred upon Congress by the Constitution of the United 

States. 

5. What jurisdiction has a government over waters of the ocean adjacent to its ter- 

ritory? 

G. Define (a) deed; (b) mortgage. 

7. What is the basis of representation in the United States Senate? 

8. Mention five purposes for which a trustee may expend money without being au- 

thorized so to do by a vote of his district. 

9. Upon whom is the jjowcr to condemn a school-house conferred, by enactment of 

the Legislature of 1887? 

10. How may a vacancy in the office of trustee be filled? In the office of collector? 
In the office of memljer of the board of education of a union free school dis- 
trict? 

331 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

state examination questions. 

CIVIL GOVERNMENT AND SCHOOL LAW. 

August 26 to 30, 1889. 

1. What is the provision of the Constitutiou of the United States in regard to du- 

ties on exports? 

2. What conditions make the United States Senate a body of greater dignity than 

the House of Representatives? 

3. Define {a) belligerents ; (h) neutrals ; (c) contraband of war. 

4. Explain the difference between filling offices of this State by election and by 

appointment. By whicli of these methods is each of the following chosen: 
superintendent of insurance; State engineer and surveyor; attorney-general; 
State assessor; comptroller? 

5. What is a quorum? What constitutes a quorum in either branch of the Legis- 

lature of New York? 

6. Why is the speaker of the Assembly entitled to a vote in that bod\ at all times, 

and the lieutenant-governor entitled only to the casting vote in the Senate? 

7. What is the penalty prescribed for willfully disturbing or interru]>ting a com- 

mon school? How may it be enforced? 

8. What restriction upon giving orders for teachers' wages, by trustees, upon a 

supervisor or a collector, was made in the Laws of 1888? 

9. For wliat may trustees suspend a pupil from school? 

10. What are the qualifications required for the State certificate? For the college 
graduate's certificate? 

332 



State of New York. 
d epa r tmex toff ubli c ins tit uction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

COMPOSITION. 

March 23 and 24, 1877. 

1. Give the general rules for the use of capital letters, ■with appropriate illustrations. 

2. Give the general rules for the punctuation of sentences, with appropriate illus- 

trations. 

3. Copy the' following extract, punctuate it properlj', and correct any mistakes in 

either punctuation or capitals: '• Early one morning they came to tlie Estate 
of a wealthy farmer they found him standing before the stable; and heard as 
they drew near that he was scolding one of his men because he had left the 
ropes, with which they tied their horses in the rain all night, instead of put- 
ting them away in a dry place Ah We shall get very little here said one to the 
other that man is very close we Avill at least try said another And they ap- 
l^roached." 

4. Combine the following groups of statements into one simple or complex sen- 

♦teuce. Give more than one form for each. State which form you prefer and 
Avhy you prefer it : (a) Sugar is a sweet crystallized substance. It is obtained 
from the juice of the sugar cane. The sugar cane is a reed-like plant growing 
in most hot climates. It is supposed to be originally a native of the East. 
(6) In the Olympic games, the only reward was a wreath of wild olive. The 
Olymjiic games were regarded as the most honorable contests. They were so 
regarded because they were sacred to Jupiter. They were so regarded, also, 
because they were instituted by the early Greek heroes. 

5. Change the following expressions from the common to the rhetorical style : 

(«) Diana of the Ephesians is great. (5) Thy dying eyes were closed by for- 
eign hands. {<:) They climb the distai^t mountain slowly and sadly, and read 
their doom in the setting sun. {il^ I shall attempt neither to palliate nor to 
deny the crime of being a young man. 

6. "Write, in proper form, a letter making application for a position as a teacher in 

a union school, and give proper references. 

7. Write a composition of not more than three hundred words upou "curiosity," 

and give, also, the analytical outline upon which your composition is written. 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

1. Give five rules for using capital letters correctly, 

2. Rewrite the following selection, restoring capitals and punctuation marks: 

when the cloth was removed a goodly group of decanters were set before 
the mayor who sent them forth on their outward voyage full freiglited with 
port sherry maderia and claret of which excellent liquors mcthought the 
latter found least acceptance among the guests when every man had filled his 
glass his worsliip stood up and proposed a toast it was of course our gracious 
sovereign or words to that elTect and immediately a band of musicians whose 
preliminary tootings and thrummings I had already heard behind me struck 
up god save the queen and the whole company arose with one impulse to assist 
in singing that ancient anthem. 

hawthorne. 

3. State the difference between a sentence, a paragraph, and a discourse. 

4. Recast the following, making of the short sentences longer ones by combina- 

tions, either as compound or complex sentences: You observe a great intel- 
lectual movement. It is in Europe. The Jews greatly participate in it. The 
first Jesuits were Jews. There is a mysterious Russian diplomacy. It alarms 

333 



State of New York 

department of public instruction. 

state examination questions. 

COMPOSITION. 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

the westeru nations. It is organized chiefly by tlie Jews. It is carried on by 
the Jews. There is a mighty revolution coming. It is preparing in Germany. 
It will be, in fact, a second Reformation. It will be a greater Reformation. 
It is, as yet, little known in England. It is developing entirely under the 
auspices of the Jews. They monopolize the professorial chairs of Germany. 

5. Write a composition of fifty words, involving adverbial clauses of time, of place, 

of manner, of purpose, and of comparison. 

6. Write a composition of thirty words, involving a prepositional phrase, a partici- 

jiial phrase, an infinitive phrase, and an absolute phrase. 

7. Transpose into prose order the following lines: 

" In Zanadu did Hubla Kahn 
A stately pleasure dome decree: 
Where Alph, the sacred river, ran 
Through caverns measureless to man 
Down to a sunless sea." — Coleridge. 

8. Write a short letter of friendship, with the proper superscription and subscrip- 

tion. 

9. Name four things to be observed in the choice of words in composition. 
10. Give a general rule for the proper use of the colon and the semicolon. 

July 22 to 24, 1879. 

1. Write a composition on ''the art of composing," of not less than one hundred 

words. 

2. Give an outline plan of construction, or a skeleton of the composition. 

3. Give rules for the first ten capitals used, numbering them as in the following 

example: (1) A (2) Historical (3) Fact. (4) George (5) Washington crossed 
the (G) Delaware. 

4. Give rules {a) for the first three commas, and (5) for the first two periods used 

in your composition. 

5. What general principle should be observed in assigning subjects to pupils? 

6. What is the relative importance of facility in composition and thorough knowl- 

edge of parsing? 

July 27 to 29, 1880. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. What is the general object to be attained by exercises in composition, and how 

should they be introduced into school? 

2. Show how composition may be directly connected with object lessons, and how 

simple expressions may be changed to complex. 

3. What educational advantages will come from the pupils writing the incidents of 

the day as they occur? 

4. Enumerate all the advantages arising from making composition a daily exercise. 

5. How should familiar subjects be treated in class before they are assigned as sub- 

jects of composition? 

334 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

COMPOSITION. 

July 27 to 29, 1880. 

6. What care should be exercised in regard to criticism generally? 

7. How may the details of letter writing, both in form and substance, be most suc- 

cessfully taught? 

8. Give some of the cla<!seR of subjects which may appropriately form the basis of 

primary composition exercises. 

9. In what manner may composition be associated with all the other branches 

taught in school and what good would come from the association? 

10. In advanced composition work, what is the benefit of making analytic outline 
statements, and wliat principles should be observed in the divisions and 
arrangements of the subject? 

1881. Note: See "Composition and Rhetoric." 

1882. Note: See "Composition and Rhetoric." 

1883. Note: See "Composition and Rhetoric." 

Jiily 1 to 3, 1884. 

1. At what stage of the pupil's progress would you begin to teach composition, — 

i. e., original written expression? Give your reasons. 

2. Discuss the relative values and their places in composition work, of familiar and 

unfamiliar subjects. 

3. State the respective advantages of assigning subjects, and of allowing pupils to 

select subjects. 

4. Do you deem it advisable to direct and assist younger pupils in the investigation 

of subjects? Give your reasons. 

5. To what extent, and under what circumstances, would you allow young pupils 

to neglect the proper use of capitals and punctuation marks? Give your 
reasons. 

€. How would you rank letter writing in importance among the various forms of 
composition? At what stage of tiie pupil's progress would you teach letter 
writing? 

7. Write a short letter. 

8. If you had time in school for only one regular daily class exercise, in either 

spelling, penmanship or composition, which two would you omit? Give your 
reasons. 

9. By what means would you cultivate originality in composition work? 
10. How would you teach pupils to paragraph properly? 

% 

June 30 to July 2, 1885. 

1. What is the most important pre-requisite for good speaking or writing? 

2. Mention five essentials of good written composition. 

3. What proportion of the entire work of an ordinary school should be devoted to 

the direct culture of expression? 

335 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT F PUBLI G INS TRV C T ION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

COMPOSITION. 

June 30 to July 2, 1885. 

4. To what extent should the oral and written expression of knowledge form a part 

of school work in geography? 

5. In acquiring the ability to compose well, how much importance should be 

attached to practice as opposed to a theoretical knowledge of the facts and 
laws of language? 

6. Write a complete letter to some person, outline the form of an envelope and 

indicate the position of the stamp, and write the superscription in its proper 
position. 

7. Outline a plan for securing from a class of average children, eight years old and 

without experience in such work, a composition about their own school-house. 

8. Outline a plan of composition work for pupils of academic grade. 

9. Write a note inviting a friend to tea, and a suitable reply. 

10. Write, concerning this examination, an item suitable for insertion in a daily 
newspaper. 

June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

1. Which should be taught first, the science of language or the art? Why? 
3. Write a business letter. 

3. Write an application for a position as teacher. 

4. Write a plan of essay on the subject, — strikes, — their causes and the remedy. 

5. Upon wliat subjects will pupils write best? 

6. Why has composition writing been so generally disliked by pupils? 

7. Sufficient practice in language work will give pupils practical knowledge of 

what parts of English grammar? 

8. Compare the value of impromptu written work in composition, with work pre- 

viously prepared. 

9. State five methods of supplying children with material for language lessons. 

10. Write a brief account, either of President Cleveland's wedding or of the loss of 
the Oregon. 

1887. Note: See " Composition and Rhetoric." 

1888. Note: See " Composition and Rhetoric." 

1889. Note: See " Composition and Rhetoric." 



COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC. 

July 12 to 14, 1881. 

1. What relation has composition to grammar ? 

2. What relation has composition to rhetoric ? 

3. What relation has grammar to rhetoric ? 

336 



State of New York. 

DEPART2IEXT OF PUBLIC IXSTRUCTION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC. 

July 12 to 14, 1881. 

4. Columbus was discovered by America («) Is this grammatically correct ? Why ? 

(J)) Is it rhetorically correct ? Why ? 

5. Mention four things necessary to the greatest efficiency of communication by lan- 

guage. 

6. State the relative merits of suggestive style and exhaustive style in composition. 

And 

7. Give some of the limitations of each. 

8. What purposes are served by antithesis. 

9. Defend or refute the following statement : It is impossible to teach composition 

and rhetoric separately. 

10. State the objects of school work in composition and rhetoric. 

June 28 to 30, 1882. 

1. Write a composition of at least a hundred words. 

2. Define purity, propriety and precision. 

3. Name the requisites of good style. 

4. Name the different varieties of style. 

5. Name and define the figures employed in composition. 

6. State some faults prevalent among untrained writers. 

7. State some pre-requisites of good composition. 

8. Explain what is meant by slang, provincialisms, and vulgarisms. 

9. Make the distinction between wit and humor. 

10. Describe a method of teaching composition in primary grades. State the prin- 
ciples of the method 

July 11 to 13, 1883. 

1. What is composition ? 

2. What is rhetoric ? 

3. What are the qualities of style ? 

4. Discuss perspicuity. 

5. Mention some characteristics of obscure style. 

G. Mention some qualities that render style animated and interesting. 

7. {a) Give the definition and state the rhetorical value of personification and 

apostrophe, and (b) discuss the relation of these figures. 

8. Give {a) the proper place of composition in a school course, and (h) an outline of 

your method of teaching it. 

9. Give (^0 the proper place of rhetoric in a school course, and {Jb) an outline of 

your method of teaching it. 

10. Discuss the relation of composition and rhetoric. 

1884. Note. — Subjects divided, see "Composition" and "Rhetoric." 

337 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT F PUBLl G INSThuC T I ON. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC. 

1885. Note. — Subjects divided, see "Composition" and "Rhetoric." 

1886. Note. — Subjects divided, see "Composition" and "Rhetoric." 

August 23 to 26, 1887. 

1. State briefly the relation which thought and language sustain to each other. 
3. Name two characteristics of good written composition. 

3. Write a properly punctuated composition, containing not less than one hundred 

nor more than two hundred words, about coal. 

4. Write a brief, well-arranged business letter addressed to John Doe. 

5. State two advantages to be derived from the introduction of illustrations in 

composition and in public addresses. 

6. What is tlie difference between figures of syntax and figures of rhetoric ? Give 

an illustration of each. 

7. Name and define two of each of the above. 

8. Distinguish between literal and figurative expression and give an example of 

each. 

9. Show the province of rhetoric as distinguished from that of grammar. 

10. Show where, in the "course of study," rlietoric belongs and give reasons for 
your statements. 

August 20 to 24, 1888. 

1-5. Write a composition of not more than two hundred words about the steam en- 
gine — using the following outline: (a) By whom invented, (h) General uses 
indicated, (c) Prominent parts described, {d) Uses of described parts, {e) 
Materials used in construction. Or, about Arnold's treason, — using the fol- 
lowing outline : {a) Date and place, {h) Cause, {c) Andre's connection with 
it. {d) His capture by patriots, (e) Arnold's flight. 

6. Define taste, and show how it may be cultivated. 

7. Name three essentials of a good style in writing. 

8. State the difference between an elegant style and a florid style. 

9. Define allegory, and name one great example in prose and one in poetry. 

10. Name the figures of speech in the following extracts: {a) He bridled his temper. 
{h) Milton ! England liath need of thee, (c) No doubt, wisdom shall die with 
you. {d) There were twenty sail, (e) We find it in Shakespeare. 

August 26 to 30, 1889. 

1-2. Give five rules for the use of the comma; write a sentence illustrating each. 

3. What rule to prevent ambiguity should be observed in locating in a sentence («) 

a phrase ? (b) a relative pronoun ? 

4. Define and illustrate («) alliteration ; (h) irony. 

5. Name the figures of speech employed in each of the following selections : («) 

Faithful are the wounds of a friend, but the kisses of an enemy are deceitful. 
(b) Place me among the lyric poets, and I will strike the stars with my lofty 

338 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INS T It UC T ION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC. 

August 26 to 30, 1889. 

head, (c) Ye crags and peaks, I'm with you once again, {d) The kettle boils. 
(e) The boy, oh ! where is he l 

Topics. — {a) The Centennial of the First Inauguration of the Presi- 
dent OF the United States ; (b) The Battle of Saratoga ; {c) The Elec- 
tric Telegraph. 

6-7, Write an outline of not less than five main divisions with such subdivisions as 
seem appropriate, for a composition upon one of the above topics. 

8-10. Write a composition of not more than two hundred words, using the outline 
as given in answer to G-7. 

339 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

DRAWING. 
December 19 and 20, 1878. 

rEUSVECTIVE, 

1. Define porspoclive drawing. 

2. Define: Point of sight; vanisliiiig point; line of the horizon; base, or ground 

line of the picture; point of distandc. 

3. How many kinds of perspective drawing are there? 

4. Describe tlie principles involved in the case of representing the floor of a room 

in perspective. 

5. How, in general, do you proceed with what is called "inside work;" i.e., 

sketching the inside of rooms? 

6. Make a sketch, in ])crspcctive, of a house, and state Iiow you proceed in making 

sucii sketch of the object. 

7. What opj)ortunities have you had for pursuing tliis branch of study? 

LINEAR. 

1. Define linear drawing. 

2. Define the ordinary terms wliicli are found in this subject, in beginning the 

study. 

3. To what branches of study is linear drawing auxiliary? 

4. What is inventive drawing? At what stage in the course of linear drawing 

should it be pursued by pupils? What are its applications? 

5. Make two designs, using in each three straight and two curved lines. 

6. Draw a sketch of a maple and an oak leaf. ^ 

7. What opportunities for study and practice in linear drawing have you enjoyed? 

July 22 to 24, 1879. 

1. Should drawing be taught in our com«!non schools? Give reasons for your 

answer. 

2. Can you teach it? 

3. Name some specific results to be gained by drawing natural objects. 

4. What is meant by picture drawing? object drawing? industrial drawing? de- 

signing? perspective? 

5. Give an outline of a course of drawing for primary schools. 
July 27 to 29, 1880. 

ORAL KXAMINATION. 

1. What is meant by inventive drawing, and what is its value compared with the 

copying of pictures? 

2. Give some of the primary steps in inventive drawing. 

3. Illustrate how inventive drawing may lead to the drawing of regular geometric 

forms. 

4. Show how the drawing of geometric forms becomes the basis of object drawing. 

5. What is the value of object drawing as a means of mental development? as an 

aid to the study of the natural sciences? 

340 



State of New York. 
department of public ins t li uc t ion. 

STATE' EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

DRAWING. 
July 27 to 29, 1880. 

6. How does perspective differ from geometric drawing, and wliat is the use of 

each ? 

7. Show how inventive and object drawing may be made to lead directly to indus- 

trial drawing. 

8. What are conventional forms used in industrial drawing, and upon what does 

their value depend? 

9. Wliat are the educational uses of inventive and industrial drawing? 
10. Mention some of the uses of drawing in the business of life. 

July 12 to 14, 1881. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. What are some of the first steps in teaching drawing? 

2. Name the elementary straight lines necessary in drawing. 

3. Draw ten regular geometric figures of two dimensions, and give names and 

characteristics of each. 

4. Give the names of five geometric solids, such as are used in drawing. 

5. Give illustrations of the recurrence of those geometric forms in nature and in art. 

6. What aids may be given in the drawing of arcs or circles? Give examples. 

7. How does free-hand drawing differ from mechanical drawing? 

8. How are objects of three dimensions represented upon surfaces? 

9. What are some of the preliminary steps in industrial drawing? 

10. Illustrate how drawing may be made useful in teaching the branches of natural 
history. 

June 28 to 30, 1882. 

1. Name the leading oljjects to be attained by drawing in the schools. 

2. To what other studies is it related? 

3. What is perspective drawing? 

4. State its universal law. 

5. Explain what is meant by point of sight and seeing in space. 

6. Illustrate foreshortening. 

7. State the effect of distance upon the representation of lines in various directions 

in object drawing. 

8 . State and illustrate the effect of position upon a circular object as a plate, show- 

ing it in three positions. 

9. Draw a cube viewed obliquely and give reasons for the length and directions of 

lines as represented. 

10. Draw an upright cylinder, 

July 11 to 13, 1883. 

1. State in detail tlie object of drawing as a school exercise. 

2. What kind of drawing is best calculated to interest primary classes? How 

should it be introduced? 

341 



State or New York. 

D KP A li TMEN T O F P UB L I C INS T li IT C T TON. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

DRAWING. 
July 11 to 13, 1883. 

8. Wliiit, !i(lvuiitaj,'() luis constructive (lrawin<^ ovor imitative drawing? 

4, Wliiit, foriUH sliould the pupil Ix; <'arly taught to construet, classiry, and describe? 

(rive six illuatrations. 

5. Of wliat use is geometric drawing in object drawing? Give illustrations. 

C. What kinds of drawing preserve exact dimensions? What kind represents ap- 
pearances? 

7. Give two general laws of porsijcctive. 

8. Wluit is industrial drawing, and what preparation for it is necessary? 

9. Of what use is drawing in the study of tlie natural sciences? Give illustrations. 
10. Draw in outline a cylinder, a cone and a cube. 

July 1 to a, 1884. 

1. What are the classes of straight lines used in drawing? 

2. With curved lines give an example of a convex angle, a concave angle, a mixed 

angle. 

;}. What is the line; of grace and beauty? What name in architecture is given to a 
surface of the same form? 

4. Describe balanced or symmetrical curv(>s, and show what objects nuiy be repre- 

sented by them. 

5. How may drawing be made to lead to geometry? Give examphvs. 

0. Discuss imitative and inventive drawing, and indicate \A\v\y relative places and 

values in a drawing course. 

7. In making drawings of r(!al obj(!ets, mention a])pli(!ations of tin? geometric forms 

— triangle, scpnu'c, oblong, concave, angle, con(^, (cylinder, spliere, hemisphere, 
cube. 

8. Compare geometric and true perspective drawing, and state difTerences. 

9. Show how a regular hexagon may be drawn with sides of a given length. 
10. What figure represents a circle in perspective, and how is it drawn? 

Juno 30 to July 2, 1885. 

1. What scienc(i lies at the foundation of all expressions of form? 

2. Compare imitative drawing with inventive drawing, in methods and uses 

3. Describe the method and the use of mechanical drawing. 

4. Compare geometric drawing with ])ersp(!ctive drawing, in aims and methods. 

5. What place sliould be given to industrial drawing in a general course of drawings 

for public schools? 
0. State some of the educational results of object drawing. 

7. Mention tiui most important elements that enter into designing. 

8. State two laws of jicrspective. 

I). In the ]>rocess of designing, describe and illustrate the manner of treating natural 
objects. 
10. Describe your method of teaching drawing in a primary school. 

342 



Statk ok New York. 

D EPA R TMKN T O A' I' U B L 1 (J INti T li UOTION", 
STATE EXAMINATION (ilTESTIONS. 

DRAWING. 
Juno 30 to July 1, 1886. 

1. Distiiif^niisli (1) Ixitwccn iiHliislri.iI driiwiiij^r and artiHtic picture making; (2) 

between free-lumd drawing and inHtriiniental drawing. 

2. To wliat is geomclric drawing especially adapted? Wliy? 

3. What mental powers arc developed or strengthened (1) by imitative drawing or 

copying? (2) By reproductive; drawing? (IJ) My inventive (b'awing? (^4) By 
mechanical drawing? 

4. The O-Ciee line in arciiitccture has what name in art? Why? 

The two fundain(!ntai laws of dfisign are: I. Then; must be asymmetrical arrange- 
ment oT parts on the opposite! sides of the axis of ii design. II. There must be a 
syuunctrical ftriiingcnicnt of purts about f he center of a design. 

6. Draw a figure illustrating the fast of these; laws. 

6. Draw a figure illustrating the second of these laws. 

7. Draw an isometric cube in a circle of one inch radius. 

8. What is the meaning of tiie technical expression " A properly balanced drawing 

or design?" 

9. In model or object drawing, what is " Drawing from tlie round? " 

10. What prominence should be given, in public schools, to industrial drawing? 

August 23 to 26, 1887. 

1. Give five good reasons wiiy industrial drawing should be taught. 

2. Defini! {a.) free-hand tb-awing; {!>) industrial drawing; {c) jierspective drawing; 

and {(I) mechanical drawing. 

8. In perspective drawing, what is the vanishing point or point of sight? 

4. Make two drawings illustrating the first law of design, viz.: "The basis of all 

industrial drawing is geometric form." 

5. Draw a sectional view of a cup standing in a saucer (a) from the fiat; (h) from 

the round. 

0. Draw a cube («) in a circle of one inch radius; (J)) in i)erspective, with front one 

incii scpiare. 

7. Distinguish between imitative drawing and inventive drawing. 

8. Make an outline drawing tliat shall include at least two balanced or symmetrical 

curves. 

•J. Show the value of drawing (a) as a means of intellectual development; (i'^) as a 
means of culture. 

10. Make an original design for some object m industrial art. 

August 22 to 24, 1888. 

1. What constitutes the dilferencc between artistic picture making and in<lustrial 

drawing? 

2. Of what two kinds of lines do the outlines of any industrnd design consist? 

;j. What technical name is api)lied to dniwing by scale with the use of instruments? 

4. Give pro])er dictation for drawing a straight-line six-pointed star in a circle two 
inches in diameter. 

343 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INS T RU C T lOJiT. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

DRAWING. 
August 22 to 24, 1888, 

5. What is the basis of all industrial design? 

6. Name five geometric forms — or type forms — used largely :dn industrial draw- 

ing. 

7. Name ten occupations in which a practical knowledge of inventive drawing is 

valuable. 

8. Draw a Roman cross in a three-inch square. 

9. Make an original design for a section o-f a border six inches long and one inch 

wide. 
10. Draw an original design for a circular window, on a scale of one inch to the foot. 

August 26 to 30, 1889. 

1. Define («) simple curve; (J) compound curve; (c) balanced curves. 

2. Name and make two kinds of straight lines as to {a) direction; (J>) relation. 

3. Name and represent («) three plane type-forms; (6) three solid type-forms, sliow- 

ing at least two sides of the latter. 

4. Make an original design of a pattern for calico j^rinting. 

5. Make working drawings of {a) a cylinder; (b) a cone; (c) a triangular prism. 

6. Give the proper dictation for drawing a regular octagon in a circle. Construct 

a regular pentagon. 

7. Make an original design of a Gothic arch window, on a scale of an inch to the 

foot. 

8. Draw a vase {a) on a level with the eye; (5) above the level of the eye ; {c) below 

the level of the eye. 

9. What is meant by foreshortening? Illustrate by a drawing. 

10. The examiner will place a chair upon the table in front of the class. Each candi- 
date will then make a sketch of sucli chair as it appears to him, and state its 
relative position to his ow^n. 

344 



State of New York. 
department of public instrv ction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

FRENCH. 

August 26 to 30, 1889. 

1-2. Translate: .J'avais herite de ma famille cics biens cousiderables; j'en dissipai 
la meilleure partie daus les follies de ma jeunesse; mais je revins de mon 
aveuglemeut, je reconims que les richesses etaiciit pc'rissables, et (jiron en voy- 
ait bientot la fin quand on les menageait aussi mal que je faisais. Je pensai de 
plus que je consumais malheureusement dans une vie dereglee, le temps, qui 
est la chose du monde la plus precieuse. — Premier Voyage de Sinbad le Marin. 

3-4. Translate : Tantut d'immenses rocliers pendaient en ruines au-dessus de ma tete ; 
tautot de hautes et bruyantes cascades m'inondaient de leurs cpais brouillards; 
tantot un torrent eternel ouvrait a raes cotes uu abirae dont les yeux u'osaient 
sonder la profondeur. A cote d'une caverue on trouvait des maisous; on 
voyait des pampres sees, desvignes dans des terreseboulees, d'excellents fruits 
sur des rochers, et des chamiis daus des prucijiices. — Les Montugnes dela Suisse. 

5-6. Translate: Rousseact. 

Donnez pour etre aimes du Dieu que se fit homme, 
Pour que le mcchant meme, en s'inclinant vous nomme, 
Pour que voire fojer soil calme et fraternel ; 
Donnez ! afin qu'un jour, a votre heure derniure, 
Contre tous vos peches vous ayez la priere 

D'uu meudiant puissant au ciel. Victor Hugo. 

7. What is the mode and tense of ayez in above stanza ? 

8. Name five words used idiomatically with avoir. 

9. Congugate the present tense of the indicative mode of venir. 

10. Translate into French: (a) Do you intend to go to church to-day ? (h) I see a 
little girl in the garden, (c) Have you neitlier the book nor the paper ? (d) 
Where will you be on Monday ? (e) How many days are there in a year ? 

345 



Si, Nil', oi'- i\'r;\v Y(jrk. 
n iw A // '/■ 1/ /<; ,v 7' Oh' IT It Lie in s t n u d r ion. 

STATK KXAMINATloN C^IIKSTIONS. 

GEOGRAPHY, 

DoooiniKu- l(J, 1875. 

1. riiiiuMl ciicli /,()ii(i iMid !fiv(! Mi(' w'kKIi of cncli in do^nvm. 

2. VVlifil, cirrh' H('|mriil('H l-li(! I'liiMlcrii I'roin IIh! Wc^mIci'ii IIciniHplicni ? 
:i. Ilnw liin;( in II <lii_v nl' H"' North I'olc / 

'I. Wlii'ii ilocM \l Itc/^in imhI wlicii ciid ':' 

5, Which iM I'lirlhrr 10" iiorlh <m K) wimI rn.ni All.;iiiy '< Why 'i 

fi. Mciilioii live iiil\("< wliolly wilhiii Ihf Sl:ili' of New ^'cl^k. 

7. Mciilioii Iwo liihiiluricH ol' Ihc MisHissipiii ai)ovc ilM conlliii'iM'd with (h(^ MiHHOUri. 

H. VVhiil iM Ihc ciipilJiJ of the I )oiiiinioii of ('iiMiidii 'i 

\). Mciilion Ihc |ir'oviii('CH iiiciii(|c<l in il. 

10. Which ill llic Kiiuilh'Mr Sliil.c ill Ihc Hmou ? 

11. Whiil. liJiy on Ihc cii-ij of I, like Huron '( 
\\l. Wliiil Imy on Hic went- of l/iiki' Huron ? 
i;i. Where in liic WciliMiil ciuiiil ? 

II, \Vli,il cii|ic;il Ihc unilherii c\lrctnily of ( Iiiliforniu. '# 

15. On whiil Iwo rivers is l'liilii(h'l|iliiii: '{ 

in, Wluil hiUc Ix'fwccn l/iikc Huron iiml l^jikc Mric ? Wiuit. river coriiitictH i(, with 
I, like I'lric i 

17. iMcnlion live mciim, b.'iVM or jniilM on liic !;oiilhcrii coumI, of i'liiidpc. 

IH. Wh:il is Ihc l;u!;'esl, river of Noilh .\ineri<';i. whicli Mow.s into I In; I'licille oceau? 

lit. WInil in IIm! eii|iiliii of Deniniirk : 

20. Wiu'ni (JocM llie Diinulie enipl.y ? 

21. Whiil i-t the ciipiliil of .ijipiiii > 

22. Which i'l Ihc Ifiivjc;;!, of liic S;in<l\vich IsiiiinlH ? 

2It, AVhiil couiilr\ ofSoiilh ,\ nici icii(\lcnil'^ farthest, Houfh ? 

21. Menliini ii river in Africa hoiiiIi of tin c(|ii;ilor. 

2''). Sfafe Moinc of IJH' eondilions which dclciiniiK' the ciinuiln of a locillily. 

211. (Jive Ihrce pnxd'n of Ihc rofundily of Ihc cjirlh. 

27. Wliiif i.H II, wiilershcil ',' 

2N, Wluit iM Hie eiiiiMe of hind iind sen hrec/.es ? 

21). Whiil IM dew ■( 

Ml), Niune II. rniideHs re;,don iind hIiiI,(< the eiiuso, 

!H. WInit, is the entire popuhitioii of Mk! ^.jIoIk) 'i 

Martili aa, l«70. 

I. Whid is pliysieid pM>i;riipliy f 
".. Whiil i I polilieid j^'eoj^'Hiphy 'i 
;t. What is iihI roiu)n>ieal ;4;eo^raphy ? 

•I, Im Ihe stiitenn'nl e\aclly true thiU, tlie carlh is ii spliero; if not, wliy uot t 
5, 1 tc.'iciiiic Ihe posit,ion of the lopicM upon tiie jfjoho. 

34ij 



Statk ok Ni;\v York. 
J> ic P A u T .1/ a; a- r oh' i' r i; Lie in s t n if a t i o N. 

BTATK KXAMINATIO.N CilJESTIONB. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

March 2'^, 1876. 

(5, Tliroii^li \vli;il, (!i)iMi(ricM in l<;iifn|)(! docs Mint, p.'irallcl of lalitmlc! run vvliii:li piisscfl 
tliroii^^li t,li(r city of Ninv York i 

7. Nimio, in llicir order, tlio hchh fliroiij^li vvliicli om^ would |iums in liikin;;' I Ik; .slif)rt- 

csL jinu!liciil»!c route from IjoikIoii to IJonihiiy. 

8. Niiini,', in tlieir order, the States tind Territoricis tliron;^li wliicii one; wonld pass 

in }^'oin^ by I'liilway from Alhiiny to Sau KrauelHCo. 

0. In wtial direction do the main mountain ranj^es of Kurojie and Asia run 'i 
1((. in wliat direction ilo llie mountain lan^es of America run 'i 

11. 'IMie riverH Rliim; and Rhone, wliieh is tlic; l''rem:h and whieii is tiie (lerman river* 

which runs north and wliicli ruiisHoutli V 

12. In wind direction from I'aris is Havre ? 
l!{. In wiiat direction from iiome is Venice; ? 

14. (Uasj^row and Edinbur;^h — wliich is on tlu; cast and which is on the west side of 

Scotland V 

1/). (live, within a hundred miles, tin; l(;n^d,h of Italy. 

10. How docH Lake Superior compare in ar(;a with Kngland ? 

17. Name a navigable I'iver of large size, wholly in one of our iSouth(;rn Stat(;s, which 

runs north. 

18. On \vliat two riv(;i\s is (.'liarleston situ!i,t(;d i 

March 23 and 24, 1877. 

1. Deline latitude, longitude, (;i|uator, ])aral!(;ls of latitudt;, m(;ri<lians, tropicH, 

polar- circles. 

"i. l"'or vviiat useful ))in'pose arc; tin; <'ipiator, parallels and meridians (;inploy(;d? 
t}. What di;t(;rmines the position of tin; t-ropi(;s and polar cindes'^ 

4. What is Hie high(;st lalitudi', an<l wiiat is the great(;st longitmle a plae<; can 

have, and wliy^ 

5. Across whi(;h gi'and divisions and o(;(;ans does the ecpiator pass? 

0. Nanu; tin; grand divisions, oc(;ans and seas that are traversed by the meridian of 
fjreenwicli and its op|iosite m(;ridian, considered together as a great circle. 

7. \Vhr;r(! do(!s the mr;ridian <if (ircenwicli intersect the ecpiator? (Iinlii;at<! tlio 

locality liy deHcri[)tion or name, without reference to d(;grccs of latitude or 
longitude;.) 

8. Which m(;riilian forms llie east(;rn boundary of tin; \V<;sti'rn Hemisphere? 
1). What is the longitiidi; of ils western boundary!' 

10. State the two principal causes that co-operate to product; the changes of tim 

s<;asonH? 

1 1. (Jiv<; th(; latitude of tlu! polar circles. 

12. Which /.r)ne contains tin; largest ])ropoitional amount of land .surface? 

IM. Which tin; largest proportional amount of wat(;r surface? 

11. In which does tin; most rain fall during the year? 

15. In which iH found the highest <;ivi!i/.ation? 

347 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction, 

STATE EXAMINATION^ QUESTIONS, 

GEOGRAPHY. 

March 23 and 24, 1877. 

IG. Which one of the five races of men is the most enlightened and powerful? 

17. Bound the State of New York. 

IS. What is the general direction (as to points of compass) of its watershed? 

19. Name the oceanic gulfs and bays to which its streams are tributary. (Two gulfs 

and three bays.) 

20. Which has the higher latitude, the city of New York, or the city of Paris? 

21. Mention one or more of the coast conditions favorable to maritime commerce? 

22. Mention one or more of the natural conditions, and one or more of the artificial 

advantages favorable to inland commerce. 

23. In what direction is the Eastern Continent longest ? and the Western Conti- 

nent? 

24. In which grand division are found the extremes of surface elevation and 

depression? 

25. Name the largest inland sea that has no outlet. 

26. In what direction from Calcutta is Jeddo, Melbourne, Cape Town, St. Peters- 

burg? 

27. How many degrees of longitude intervene between the meridians of Greenwich 

and Washington? 

December, 1877. 

1. What do you understand by mathematical geography? 

2. What by physical geography? 

3. What by political geography? 

4. What by descriptive geography? 

5. What by local geography? 

6. How many States in the United States? Name them. Group them into divisions, 

as ordinarily given. 

7. Name all of the Territories in the United States. 

8. Name the "great lakes" which are between the United States and the Cauadas. 

9. Which is the largest city in the United States? State its population, describe its 

location, and tell for what it is noted. 

10. Name the river systems of North America, and state the portions of country 

drained by each. 

11. Name the mountain systems of Asia. 

13. Name the countries of Europe which are now (Dec, 1877) engaged in war, and 
■ also those which are especially interested in the results of the war, giving 
reasons for the answers submitted. 

METHODS. 

(«) How much time should each pupil spend upon the subject of geography in 
a common-school course? (Z>) What pieces of apparatus, as maps, etc., do you 
consider essential for the school-room when teaching geograpliy? (c) State 
the general divisions which you are accustomed to make of geography, when 
presenting the subject, {d) State tlie general plan which you follow when 
teaching advanced classes in geography, (e) How do you begin the subject 
of geography with primary classes? Mention the successive steps in the sub- 
ject-matter, and in the mode of presenting it. Outline the first year's course 
for the pupils. 

348 



State of New York. 

D EPA li r M KN r F P U B L T C I N S T li V G T 1 N. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

July 16 and 17, 1878. 

1. What authority have we for saying tliat the earth is flatteued at the poles? 

2. Why arc latitude aud longitade marked in degrees instead of miles? 

3. The polar circles mark the limits of what, beside the zones? 

4. What beside the limit of zones is marked by the tropics? 

5. Name tlic grand divisions crossed by the Tropic of Cancer. 

6. Which has the longest day now, Albany or Quebec? 

7. Give the latitude and the longitude of the geographical center of the Western 

Hemisphere. 

8. What are the "trade winds" and how arc they caused? 

9. How many cities in New York? Name the five largest cities in New York. 

Bound New York. To,what river-systems do the rivers in New York belong? 

10. Name the four largest cities in the United States. 

11. What are the two principal minerals found in New York? 

12. Name the highest peak of the Alleghany mountains. 

13. Wliich is the largest of the Western States? 

14. Name the largest sugar market in the world. 

15. Name the four largest cities in the Southern States. 

16. What are "sea breezes," and how are they caused? 

17. In which zone are volcanoes most numerous? 

18. Locate, accurately, the following, viz.- Pensacola, ]\Iilwaukee, Belfast, Berlin, 

Canton, Adelaide and Trieste. 

19. What season is it now in Rio Janeiro? 

20. Describe the Amazon river. 

21. Why is the climate in Western Europe milder tiian it is in tlie same latitude in 

North America. 

22. Where is Lapland? 

23. What mountains between France and Italy? 

24. Name the four largest cities in Euro])e. 

25. What countries in Europe have a republican form of government? 
20. What lake in Africa is crossed by the equator? 

27. What possessions has France in Africa? 

28. Name the highest mountain in South America. 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

1. What are the principal motions of the earth? Wliat are the most important 

effects of eacli ? 

2. Draw a circle to represent the outline of a sphere and locate upon it; (a) the 

equator; (b) the tropics; (c) the polar circles; and {d) the poles. Mark the 
latitude of each. 

3. What is the vernal equinox? When are the nights longest at Cape Horn, and 

where are the sun's rays vertical at that time? 

349 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

4. Wliat States border on the great lakes? 

5. Name the ten hxrgest cities in the United States. 

6. Locate the following ranges of mountains: {a) Sierra Nevada; (h) Koug; (c) 

Balkan; {d) Taurus; and {e) Altai. 

7. Locate the following cities: (a) Calcutta; (Z») Toronto; (c) Kars; ('Z) Marseilles; 

and (e) La Paz. 

8. Name the six leading political powers of Europe. 

9. What form of government predominates in America? Europe? Asia? 

10. Which is the most progressive of the Asiatic nations? Describe the character- 

istics of that people. Describe the country. 

11. Define climate. Define isothermal lines. Why do not isothermals coincide with 

parallels of latitude? 

12. What are the trade winds? State their primary cause. In what direction do 

they blow? 

13. What are tides? What causes them? What are neap tides? 

14. Mention three rainless regions. Why are they rainless? 

15. Where is man best developed? Why? 

July 22 to 24, 1879. 

1. Name the motions of the earth and the relative position of the earth's axis, and 

tiie lines, divisions and phenomena, which result from tiiese relations. 

2. What are isothermal lines, and how and why do they deviate from parallels of 

latitude? 

3. What are the natural divisions of the territory of the United States, and what 

are the boundaries and characteristics of each? 

4. Give the location of three leading cities of the United States, state why they are 

so situated and what industries and other characteristics result from their 
situation. 

5. Give the logical order in the description of a country. 

6. A trading vessel sails from New York to Havana. What is its route, and what, 

propably, is the general nature of the cargo taken out and the oue brought 
back? 

7. Give an outline of yoiu- method of teaching primary geography. 

July 27 to 29, 1880. 

1. Draw an outline map of North America and show (by the drawing, or verbally) 

its general divisions, with the reliefs, drainage and slopes of each. 

2. State what you know of the geographical distribution of coal and iron in the 

United States. 

3. Compare the corresponding latitudes of Europe and North America in regard to 

climate, and explain the cause for any existing differences. 

4. Name and locate five of the principal lake and river ports of the United States 

outside of New Yoik State. 

350 



State of New York. 
department of public i n s t li u c t t on. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

JxUy 27 to 29, 1880. 

5. Name and locate five of tlie principal cities of New York State, and give the 

reasons for their location and the leading industries of each. 

6. "What causes affect the rain-fall on the western coast of South America, and how? 

7. What is the climate of Quito, and why? 

8. Draw an outline to represent a hemisphere, showing equator, tropics and polar 

circles, naming each; also the divisions made by them, and giving the width 
of each such division. 

9. Explain the cause of the position of the tropics and polar circles, naming each; 

also the divisions made by them, and giving the width of each such division. 

9. Explain the cause of the position of the tropics and polar circles. 
10. Name and locate five of the principal seaports of Europe. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. What ideas do you think should be developed in the first lessons in geography? 

2. How should these ideas be presented? 

3. What faculties of the pupil should be chiefly brought into exercise in tiie study 

of primary geography? 

4. At what point in a school course should the study of geography be introduced? 

July 12 to 14, 1881. 

1. Draw an outline map of South America, and show its natural divisions, with the 

reliefs and drainage of each. 

2. Give the zones of the staple productions of the States. 

3. Compare the climate of the Atlantic with that of the Pacific coast of the United 

States, and give reasons for differences. 

4. Upon what three considerations does the size of rivers depend? 

5. What are some of the causes that determine the location of cities? 

6. What regions of the earth are inhabited by nomads, and why? 

7. Describe the Nile river, and give some peculiai'ities of its source and lower 

course. 

8. What is the width of the temperate zones, and what determines their width? 

9. Describe the monsoon of the Indian ocean, and give its causes and eflects. 

10. A trading vessel sails from New York to Rio Janeiro, thence to Liverpool, thence 
to Messina, thence to Stockholm, and thence to New York ; what is the 
probable cargo on each voyage? 

June 28 to 30, 1882. 

1. Name the articles of an East India cargo. Describe a continuous voyage from 

India to St. Petersburgh, giving approximate directions and distances. 

2. Describe and account for the climate of California. 

3. Account for the terms equator, isothermal, aTctic, tropic, peninsular, meridian, 

promontory, antipodes, and equinox. 

351 



State of New York. 
I 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

June 28 to 30, 1882. 

4. Describe tlie constant winds of the earth. 

5. Name all the conditions on which the regular change of seasons depends. 
G. Name in order the leading tributaries of the Mississippi river. 

7. Sketch a map of South America, including essential details. 

8. Locate New York, Liverpool, Lyons, Athens and Sydney. 

9. In what great drainage systems is New York State situated? 
10. Describe a method of leaching primary geography. 

July 11 to 13, 1883. 

1. Discuss the tropics and polar circles. 

2. Give the evidences of the sphericity of the earth. 

3. Discuss latitude and longitude, and tlie uses thereof. 

4. Give general physical description of New York, with illustrative map. 

5. Give staple productions of the United States, and the regions of each. 

6. Describe the general relief and drainage of the Western Continent. 

7. Account for the climate of South America west of the Andes. 

8. Describe the races of men, and give their general distribution. 

9. Give position and direction of six principal mountain ranges of the Eastern Con- 

tinent. 

10. A trading vessel from New York exchanges cargoes at each of the following 
phices: Rio Janeiro, Liverpool, Havana, Hamburg, Boston, Hong Kong, 
New York. AVhat are the routes, and what the j^robable cargoes? 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

1. What physical features have most largely contributed to make New York the 

Empire State? 

2. What are the principal agencies that have made New York city the commercial 

metropolis of the United States? 

3. Describe the peculiar physical features of Central New York, and their effect 

upon climate and i)roductions. 

4. Compare the climates of the Atlantic and Pacific slopes of the United States, 

and give reasons for differences in the same latitude. 

5. Describe the principal water-sheds and drainage systems of North America. 

6. Name three centers of population in Europe, and give reasons for their being so. 

7. Describe the ])rincipal physical features of Hindostan; their effect upon industry, 

and upon the physical condition and civilization of the inhabitants. 

8. Give some account of African discovery within the past half century. 

0. Describe Egypt and its physical characteristics, and account for its present 
political prominence. 

10. Describe the monsoons, their directions and causes. 

352 



State of New York. 
department o f p u b l 1 u instruction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

June 30 to July 2, 1885. 

1. Describe the eqiiiuoxes and the solstices, and the relations and movements which 

cause them. 

2. Give some account of the region discovered by Stanley. 

3. Give an account of Manitoba, its position, climate, productions and recent 

history. 

4. Describe the Soudan region, and explain the difficulties the British army en- 

countered in its march towards Khartoum. 

5. What physical features of the country have brought Afghanistan into prominence 

at the present time? 

6. Descril)e the two principal projected canal routes between the Atlantic and the 

Pacific. 

7. Compare the climate of California with that of Massachusetts, and account for 

differences. 

8. Wliat constitutes the commercial value of Alaska? 

9. Name, in the order of their commercial importance, five of the principal culti- 

vated crops of the United States. 

10. Describe Florida, in respect to surface, climate and productions. 

June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

1. Locate the Caroline Islands, St. Petersburg, St. Helena, Pekin, and Abyssinia. 

2. Draw an outline map of the State of New York, locating (1) the principal rivers, 

(2) mountains, and (3) twenty of its cities. 

3. Name the ten counties of this State that border on the great lakes and the St. 

Lawrence. 

4. State two important efifects of the gulf stream. 

5. Name five lakes that discharge their waters through Oswego river. 

6. Describe the trade winds, and state their caiises. 

7. Why are the polar circles located where they are? 

8. Name five countries, not including the British Islands, subject to the British 

government. 

9. What is the most direct water-way from London to Calcutta? 

10. Why does the sun shine into the north windows morning and evening in mid- 
summer? 



August 23 to 26, 1887. 

1. Mention three separate divisions of geography and indicate the province of each. 

2. At what times in the year are the days and nights equal in length, and at what 

times are they most unequal? Give the reasons for the equality and for the 
iuequalit}'. 

3. Make a map of North America sliowing its outlines and mountain ranges. Indi- 

cate upon your map: (a) The main rivers of the Mississippi river system. (?') 
The corn, wheat, sugar, cotton and rice belts of the United States. 

353 

45 



State of New York. 

department of public inst ruc tion. 

state examination questions. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

August 23 to 26, 1887. 

4. Wliich is higher above sea level, Lake Outario or Lake Erie; Lake George or 

Lake Champlain; Seneca lake or Cayuga lake? Give a reason for each an- 
swer. 

5. Mention five cities in the State of New York, the original location of which was 

largely influenced by physical causes, and mention tlie physical cause in each 
case. 

6. What is standard time? From what meridians is it reckoned? 

7. Give the name of a large city (not the capital) in each of five countries of Europe, 

and tell for what each city is noted. 

8. Describe the gulf stream and show how and why the climate of Europe is affectted 

by it. 

9. In going by steamer from London to Constantinople, through what bodies of 

water would you pass? 

10. Explain how geography should be taught (1) to beginners; (2) to advanced 
pupils. Give the order of topics in the latter case and. the reason for the 
order given. 

August 20 to 24, 1888. 

L "What two counties of this State are wholly or chiefly in (a) the Hudson river 
basin? {h) The Susquehanna river basin? (c) The Genesee river basin? {d) 
The Oswego river basin? (e) Lake Champlain basin? 

2. Name the Atlantic States, in order, from north to soutli, and name the capital 

of each. 

3. Name and locate five large cities of the Dominion of Canada. 

4. Name four large rivers that rise in the Alps, and the body of water into which 

each flows. 

5. Name two prominent rivers of Asia flowing north, two flowing east, and one 

flowing south. 

6. Name and locate the place of growth of two each of the following: (a) Cereal 

plants; (J) oil-yielding plants; (c) sugar-yielding plants; (cZ) fibre-yielding plants; 
(e) narcotic plants. 

7. Show why, in the torrid zone, the western slopes of the Andes are largely sterile 

while the eastern slopes are covered with verdure. 

8. Account for the difllereuce between the climate of Maine and that of Oregon. 

9. Explain the origin of icebergs, and show why they are found floating in the 

track of steamers crossing the Atlantic ocean. 

10. Through what one common point of the earth do the planes of all the great 
circles pass ? 

August 26 to 30, 1889. 

1. Trace two navigable water routes from Bufltalo to New York city, not going by 

the ocean, 

2. Name and locate ten prominent colleges or universities in the United States. 

3. Locate {n) the Great Antilles; {b) the Balearic Islands; (c) the Channel Islands; 

((Z) the Philippine Islands; {e) the Canary Islands. 

354 



State of New York. 
, department f p u b l ic in s t ru c t 10 n. 
state examination questions. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

August 26 to 30, 1889. 

4. Give source, general direction, and outlet of {a) the Rio Grande; (b) the Orinoco; 

(c) the Niger ; {d) the Ganges ; {e) the Danube. 

5. For what is each of the following cities especially noted : London ? Berlin ? Con- 

stantinople ? Alexandria ? Damascus ? 

6. What is the chief manufacturing industry of Lynn ? ShefBeld ? Lyons ? Pitts- 

burg ? Belfast ? 

7. Define (ci) iceberg ; (b) avalanche ; {c) glacier ; ((/) monsoon ; (e) simoom. 

8. Give two causes of ocean currents. Trace the courses of two great currents. 

9. Mention two conditions on which vegetation ordinarily depends. Show the ap- 

phcation of }'our answer to the vegetation of Iceland and that of the Amazon 
valley. 

10. Sketch the drainage system of New York, naming prominent rivers, mountains 
and lakes. 

355 



State of Nkw York. 
department f p u d l i c 1 n s tr u c ti on. ^ 
state examination questions. 

GEOLOGY. 

Docombor 19 and 20, 1878. 

1. Define geology, mineralogy. 

2. Name the geological ages. 

3. State briclly tlie nebular hypothesis. 

4. Show how igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks are formed. 

5. Show what is meant by dip, strike and outcrop of rocks. 
C. Name the systems of crystallization. 

7. What do wc mean by saying that the hardness of quartz is 7 ? 

8. What is gypsum, marble, clay and sandstone ? 

9. How would you teach a class the elements of geology and mineralogy ? 

1879. Subject omitted. 

1880. Subject omitted. 

1881. Subject omitted. 

Juno 28 to 30, 1882. 

1. Mention the great geological eras in order. 

2. Give the salient characteristics of each era. 

3. Give a general classification of rocks. 

4. Account for the name aj)plicd to each class. 

5. Define the terms shale and schist. 

G. What is the chief difference between shale, slate and grit ? 

7. Give a brief statement of the Neptunist and the Plutonist theories. 

8. Mention the lending geological features of your own county. 

9. In what geological formation would you look for trilobites ? 
10. Would you e.\i)ect to find coal in central New York ? Wliy ? 

July 11 to 13, 1883. 

1. Define (a) geology, (li) lithology, and (<•) paleontoolgy. 

2. Mention the great geological epochs, desi<;nating them with reference to the ab- 

sence or presence of life and its development into higher forms. 

3. Classify rocks according to the modes of their formation, and subdivide these 

classes. 

4. Assign to their jiroper classes {<i) limestone, Q>) granite, {c) quartz, (r/) Medina 

sandstone, (c) rock salt and {/) coal. 

5. Give the general name of the rocks which formed the first dry land. 

6. Give {n) the general divisions of the tertiary strata in order, and Q>) the etymol- 

ogy of the names. 

7. Of what part (depth) of the earth's crust have geologists a fairly reliable 

knowledge '( 

356 



Statk (»k New York. 

DEPAIiTMENT OF rUULlC INSTRUCTION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

GEOLOGY. 

July 11 to 13, 1883. 

5. Give three or more arguments in support of tlie theory of internal heat. 

9. Assuming the cartli's surface temperature at sea level to be +40 deg. P., and 
not reckoning difTerence of atmospheric pressure and force of gravity, at what 
a])])roximate minimum deptii would you judge the reservoir of a boiliug 
spring to be ? 

10. Discuss the i)ractical aspects of geology, 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

1. According to supposed origin, what arc the general classes of rocks ? 

2. Account for stratification in rocks and show why areas of stratified rocks so 

greatly difTer in extent. 

3. What is the original position of stratified rocks ? What their present position ? 

Account for the change. 

4. What are metamorphic rocks, and what evidences are there of the changes they 

have undergone '( 

0. IIow, in general, do we determine the thickness of rock strata ? 

6. What are the principal moans of identifying rocks of the same stratum and of 

determining the relative age of the dilTerent strata ? 

7. Give some account of coal beds, their origin and extent, and the physical 

changes caused by their deposit. 

8. Describe drift, its supposed origin, the limits of its spread, and the general direc- 

tion of its movement. 

9. Give an outline of the geology of the State of New York. 

10. What forces now in operation are producing important geological changes ? 

June 30 to July 2, 1885. 

1. What is the usually received hypothesis in regard to the origin of I)asaltic 

rocks ? 

2. What are the principal characteristics of purely igneous rocks ? 

3. In what two important particulars do metamorphic rocks differ from more recent 

sedimentary rocks ? 

4. What are the mineral elements that enter into the composition of granite ? 

5. What are the relative geological positions of old red sandstone and the carbon- 

iferous rocks ? 

6. What is the most certain indication of the relative age of sedimentary rocks ? 

7. What are the limits of the drift formation ? 

8. What present phenomena give a plausible explanation of tiie drift period ? 

9. What important geological discoveries have recently been made in Western New 

York ? 
10. Why is the soil of the Adirondack region less fertile than that of Central New 
York ? 

357 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

state examination questions. 

GEOLOGY. 

June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

1. Give some plausible theory for the formatiou of the Appalachian mountains. 

2. Describe four silicates. 

3. Describe four varieties of quartz. 

4. What is shale ? What is argillaceous sandstone ? 

5. What is gneiss ? What is syenite ? 

6. Describe the character and name the commonest components of the soils usually 

designated sandy, clayey and loamy, respectively. 

7. What is the geographical position of the oldest rock formation of North America? 

What reasons can you assign for supposing this to be the oldest ? 

8. Name the geologic period or periods represented in the county (name the county) 

in which you live; and the fossils, characteristic of the period, which you 
could identify. 

9. What do you suppose to be the origin of petroleum ? Of natural gas ? 
10. How do you accouat for the salt depobits of this State ? 

August 23 to 26, 1887.* 

1. What are the chief chemical constituents of marble ? Of slate ? 

2. Which of the ingredients of granite forms clay when worn down ? 

3. What is metamorphic rock ? Give an example. 

4. How are stalactites formed? 

5. Explain the origin of chalk formations. 

6. Explain the origin of the flint that is often imbedded in chalk. 

7. Describe a canon and tell how it has been formed. 

8. Explain the processes by which rock formations are produced by glacial action. 

9. Name five ages of the earth's existence as recognized in historical geology, 

10. What is the most abundant rock in your own county ? What is its origin ? (Name 
your county.) 

August 20 to 24, 1888. 

1. Give three characteristics by which quartz may be known. 

2. How may most carbonate rocks be readily detected ? Give three examples of 

such rocks. 

3. What is the dip of a stratum ? What is its cause ? 

4. Explain the dillcrence between stratification and lamination. 

5. What is dynamical geology ? 

6. What is the distinction between argillaceous rock and alluminous rock ? 

7. To what age (or system) does the Medina sandstone belong ? The Potsdam 

sandstone ? The Genesee shale ? 

8. Mention two processes of nature by which granite may have been exposed on the 

tops of mountains. 

358 



State of New York. 

department of public instrv ction. 

state examination questions. 

GEOLOGY. 

August 20 to 24, 1888. 

9. Which has the wider geographical distributiou — the primitive species of ani- 
mals, or the later species ? Why ? 

10. What evidence have we that at some period the sea has covered all the land ? 

August 26 to 30, 1889, 

1. Define («) friability; (Jj) erosion. 

2. What are fossils ? ^ 

3. Give two evidences in support of the theory that the earth's crust was once in a 

plastic condition. 

4. Draw a diagram showing how water is forced to the surface in flowing artesian 

wells, naming each formation shown in the diagram. 

5. Give a commonly accepted theory of petrifaction. 

6. State causes why some great rivers have deltas and others have none. 

7. In what is anthracite coal similar to the diamond ? In what, different ? 

8. Name three oceanic forces that are making changes on the earth's crust. 

9. State three geological facts which you have observed. 

10. Name in order of age the oldest three ages of rock formation. 

359 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

GEOMETRY. 

March 23, 1876. 

1. What is a parallelogram ? 

2. When are quantities in proportion by composition ? 

3. Why must all radii of the same circle be equal ? 

4. State four conditions under which triangles are similar. 

5. Demonstrate the theorem : In an isosceles triangle the angles opposite the equal 

sides are equal. 

6. Demonstrate the theorem : If a line be drawn parallel to the base of a triangle, 

it will divide the other two sides proportionally. 

7. Demonstrate the theorem : An angle at the circumference is measured by half 

the arc which subtends it. 

8. Fina the area of a trapezoid whose parallel sides are 6 feet and 10 feet, and whose 

altitude is 5 feet; and state the principle involved. 

9. Find the area of a circle whose diameter is 10 feet: and state the principle in- 

volved. 

March 23 and 24, 1877. 

1. Define a plane, a plane figure, a circle. 

3. Describe under their appropriate names, the different forms of a quadrilateral. 

3. Find the square of a side of a triangle opposite an acute angle, in terms of the 

squares of the other two sides and a rectangle on one of them. 

4. Explain the several steps taken in finding the approximate ai-ea of a circle. 

5. Explain the mode of reasoning called reductio ad absurdum as used in geometry. 

6. What is meant by the method of exhaustions ? 

December 20 and 21, 1877. 

1. To what class of subjects does geometry belong ? State the object contemplated 

by the class, and show how geometery differs from the other branches as to 
object matter. 

2. Construct an equilateral triangle whose altitude shall be equal to the line 



3. B H is drawn bisecting the exterior angle C B G- of the triangle ABC. B D is 

drawn bisecting the angle ABC and meeting A C at D. D K is drawn par- 
allel to A B, cutting B C at E and meeting B H at K; show that D E is equal 
to E K. 

4. Which term: equal equivalent or similar, implies the most respecting two fig- 

ures ? What property implied by this term; not implied {a) by the first of 
the other two ? (?>) by the second ? 

5. Mention four hypotheses regarding two lines, from which they can be proved 

parallel. 

6. Two triangle9 have their homologous sides proportional; show that they are 

similar. 

7. Indicate the steps which you would ordinarily take in the solution of a geo- 

metrical problem. 

8. Within a given circle inscribe a regular decagon. 

360 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

GEOMETRY. 

July 16 and 17, 1878. 

1. Define {a) geometry, Q>) polygon, (c) parallelogram, (cT) trapezoid; (e) similar 

polygons. 

2. Prove that the sum of the interior angles of any plane triangle is equal to two 

right angles. 

3. Prove that the square on the hypothenuse of any right-angled triangle is equiv- 

alent to the sum of the squares on the other two sides. 

4. Draw a tangent line to a circle from a given point without the circle. 

5. "What is the area of a circle having a radius of six feet ? 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

1. On what is the science of geometry founded ? Define postulate. 

2. State the conditions under which two triangles are equal. Prove that if two tri- 

angles have two angles and the included side of the one equal to two angles 
and the included side of the other, each to each, the triangles will be equal in 
all their parts. 

3. Construct a triangle, when the altitude, the vertical angle, and one of the sides 

are given. 

4. Prove that the sum of the squares of the sides of a parallelogram is equal to 

the sum of the squares of the diagonals. 

5. Describe a circle which shall pass through three given points not in the same 

straight line. 

6. Prove that the angle formed by two secants is measured by half the difference of 

the intercepted arcs. 

7. Divide a line into any number of equal parts. 

8. Find a mean proportional between two given lines. 
'9. Prove that equiangular triangles are similar. 

10. Prove that if two chords intersect each other they are reciprocally proportioned. 

July 22 to 24, 1879. 

1. If a straight line cut two parallel lines, how do the alternate angles compare ? 

State the proposition and prove it. 

2. To how many right angles is the sum of all the interior angles of a i)olygon 

equal ? State and prove the proposition. 

3. A man wished to know the distance between two trees upon opposite sides of an 

impassable gulf. He measured ten rods from tree No. 1, and on a line at 
right angles to that connecting the two trees, and set a stake ; he then meas- 
ured twenty-five rods directly back from tree No. 1, and on a line which is the 
prolongation of that connecting the two trees, and set a second stake ; next 
he measured twenty rods on a line lying in the same direction and parallel to 
the line first measured, and set a third stake, when he found that the tree 
upon the other side of the gulf and the first and third stakes were in the same 
straight line; what was the required distance ? 

4. Bisect one of the angles of a triangle, and extend the bisecting line until it cuts 

the opposite side ; how do the segments of the side cut and the adjacent sides, 
compare. State the theorem and demonstrate it. 

361 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

state examination questions. 

GEOMETRY. 

Jiily 22 to 24, 1879. 

5. What is the product of the radius of a circle multiplied by its circumference? 

6. Are the reasonings of geometry inductive or deductive ? Why ? 



Jtdy 27 to 29, 1880. 

1. Name and describe ten geometric figures of two dimensions. 
3. Name and describe five geometric solids. 

3. What is the comparative magnitude of the sum of the angles of a triangle, and 

the sum of the interior angles of a pentagon ? Give proof. 

4. How are angles measured, and what is the measure of an angle inscribed in a 

circle 'i Give proof. 

5. IIow may the area of any triangle be measured ? Give proof. 

6. Show how any line may be divided into equal parts ? Give proof. 

7. How does the square inscribed upon the diagonal of a square compare with the 

square itself ? Give proof. 

8. Show the relations between the diameter of a circle and the sides of a regular 

inscribed hexagon. 

9. Considering the earth a perfect sphere, at what latitude is a degree of longitude 

just half the length of a degree at the equator ? Give proof. 

10. What geometric instruction should precede the formal reasoning processes in 
geometry ? 

July 12 to 14, 1881. 

1. Demonstrate a rule for finding the area of any triangle. 

2. Demonstrate a method of finding the center of a circle. 

3. Prove that a circle may be inscribed in any triangle. 

4. Demonstrate a method of measuring the height of a building. 

5. Demonstrate a method of inscribing a regular hexagon in a circle. 

6. Arrange diagram to prove that the square on the hypothenuse of a right-angled 

triangle is equal to the sum of the squares on tlie other sides. 

7. Prove that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. 

8. Arrange diagram to prove that the rectangle of the sum and difference of two 

lines is equal to the difference of their squares. 

9. Prove that equal chords are equally distant from the center. 

10. Arrange diagram to prove that the rectangles of the sections of intersecting 
chords are equal. 

June 28 to 30, 1882. 

1. Find an expression for the circumference of a circle in terms of the radius. 

3. What is the name of that regular polygon whose side equals the radius of the 
circumscribed circle ? Demonstrate the equality. 

362 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

GEOMETRY. 

June 28 to 30, 1882. 

3. A triangle and a square have equal areas, but the base of the triangle is two and 

one-third times the side of the square. Find an expression for the altitude of 
the triangle in terms of the side of the square. State and demonstrate the 
proposition on which your solution depends. 

4. Let (I represent the longer and h the shorter of two lines. Demonstrate geo- 

metrically that (a—by^a^ — 2ab+h^. 

5. When is a circle said to be circumscribed about a triangle ? 

6. Show how to circumscribe a circle about a scalene triangle. Then state and de- 

monstrate the proposition on which your solution depends. 

7. Draw an isosceles triangle with two equal angles at the base. Then demonstrate 

by at least three modes that a line which bisects the vertical angle will also 
bisect the base. 

8. What is the name of the greatest chord of a circle ? Prove it. 

9. What line measures the distance between two parallel tangents, when that dis- 

tance is greater than zero ? 

10. Describe and explain a practical mode of measuring the height of accessible 
buildings, hills, etc., with improvised apparatus. 

Jtdy 11 to 13, 1883. 

1. What name is given to extension of one dimension ? Two dimensions ? Three 

dimensions ? 

2. Define (a) a scalene triangle, (h) a secant, (c) a regular polygon, ((7) a pentagonal 

prism, (e) the frustum of a cone. 

3. By geometrical demonstration, show the difference between an angle of an equi- 

lateral triangle and an exterior angle of an octagon. 

4. Show the ratio of the area of a square to that of a second square constructed on 

the semi-diagoual of the first. 

5. Show the difference between the square of the diameter of a circle and the square 

of a chord of 60°. 

6. Show the measure of an angle formed by the intersection of two chords. 

7. Draw two parallel straight lines, and one straight line intersecting these two 

lines. State eight propositions deducible from this figure. 

8. Let a represent the longer of two lines of unequal length, and I the shorter 

Prove geometrically that {a+by^X((i — by^=a^ — P. 

9. Deduce the rule for finding the volume of a pyramid. 

10. How much of geometry should be taught to pupils below a high school grade? 
In what manner should this instruction be given ? 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

1. Define (a) area, (b) volume, (c) an angle, (cT) a plane triangle, and (e) a rectangle. 

2. Define a unit of measure (a) for lines or distantes, and (b) for areas. 

3. Prove that the area of any plane triangle equals the area of a right-angled tri- 

angle that has the same base and the saqie altitude. 

363 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 
state examination questions. 

GEOMETRY. 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

4. State the famous forty-seventh proposition of Euclid; draw the figures used in 

one method of demonstration; and write the equations deduced in the several 
steps of the demonstration. 

5. Prove that the area of a circle equals the product of its circumference and one- 

fourth of its diameter. 

6. Prove that the sum of the three angles of a plane triangle is 180°. 

7. State and prove the proposition for determining the sum of all the interior angles 

of a regular polygon. 

8. Prove that an angle in a semi-circumference is a right angle. 

9. How are mathematical angles formed? How are they measured? What is an 

angle of 1°? 

10. The base of a hexagonal monument is 9 feet on a side. How much ground does 
it cover? 

June 30 to July 2, 1885. 

1. State two propositions based on the fact that the sum of the three interior angles 

of any plane triangle equals two right angles. 

2. Demonstrate the process of finding the number of degrees in one of the interior 

angles of any regular polygon. 

3. Prove that a chord of 60° equals radius. 

4. Show, geometrically, the area of a square described on the difference of two 

given lines. 

5. Prove that the areas of triangles having equal altitudes are to each other as their 

bases. 

6. How may a mathematical line be generated? How a mathematical plane? How 

a mathematical circle? 

7. Prove that an angle in a semi-circle is a right angle. 

8. Deduce the rule for finding the area of a circle. 

9. Prove what is the measure of an angle formed by a tangent and a chord. 

10. Demonstrate the following: If all the sides of a regular polygon be produced in 
the same direction, the sum of all the exterior angles thus formed will equal 
360°. 

June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

Note. — Use diagrams when they will aid in demonstrations or answers. 

1. Define (1) geometry; (2) plane geometry; (3) a rectilinear figure; (4) a regular 

polygon ; (5) a chord. 

2. State two of the four propositions that may be based on the intersection of two 

chords at any point between the center and the circumference of a circle. 

3. Deduce a rule for finding the area of a circle. 

4. Prove that a line that divides a triangle parallel to either side, divides the other 

two sides proportionally. 

5. Given, the two adjacent sides and the included angle of an oblique-angled 

parallelogram, to construct the parallelogram. 

364 



State of New York. 
department of public in8 t li u c t i on, 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

GEOMETRY. 

June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

6. Given, the diameter of a circle, to construct the circumscribing hexagon. 

7. Draw diagram, and show that the space included between the arcs of four equal 

circles tangent to one another, is equal to the difference" between the area of 
one of the circles, and the area of a square whose side is the length of the 
diameter of one of the circles. 

8. Prove that any angle inscribed in a semi-circle is a right angle. 

9. Prove that the areas of triangles of equal altitude are proportional to their bases. 

10. Prove (1) that the area of an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle is less than 
the area of any other inscribed regular polygon; and (3) that the greater the 
number of sides of the inscribed regular polygon, the nearer does the area of 
the polygon approach the area of the circle. 

August 23 to 26, 1887. 

1. Prove that when the sides of a regular polygon are produced out consecutively 

in the same direction, the sum of all the angles thus formed equals four right 
angles. 

2. Prove that the number expressing the area of any jilane triangle equals one-half 

of the product of the numbers expressing the base and altitude. 

3. Draw two parallel lines and a line cutting these two obliquely. From the figure 

thus formed state four propositions in plane geometry. 

4. Draw and define {a) a circumference; (li) a chord ; (c) a tangent; (rf) a secant; 

(e) a sector. 

5. Prove («) that any angle inscribed in a semi-circumference is a right angle ; {V) 

that any angle in an arc greater than a semi-circumference is less than a right 
angle. 

6. Draw an oblique-angled parallelogram whose adjacent sides are in the ratio of 2 

to 3 — an acute angle of the parallelogram being an angle of 60°. Show all 
work on the pajier. 

7. When will the perimeter of a regular polygon and the periphery of an equivalent 

circle coincide? 

8. Prove that two lines perpendicular to the surface of a body of water at rest are 

not parallel. 

9. Make and explain the following constructions : (1) Given iv>o angles of a triangle 

to construct the third angle. (3) To find the center of any given circumfer- 
ence. (3) To divide a given straight line into parts proportional to any num- 
ber of given lines. 

10. Prove that if a triangle be divided by a line parallel to its base, the sides of the 
triangle are divided proportionally. 

August 20 to 24, 1888. 

In the solution of all problems, every process should be indicated. The simple answer, without 
the process bj which it was obtained, will not be accepted. 

1. Define (rt) quantity; (/'O uiagnitude ; (f) geometry; ((^?) a geometrical proposition ; 

(e) plane geometry. 

2. Distinguish between a physical figure (as surface or solid), and a mathematical 

figure (as area or volume). 

365 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

state examination questions. 

GEOMETRY. 

August 20 to 24, 1888. 

3. Prove that if two triangles have the three sides of the one equal to the three 

sides of the other, each to each, the triangles are equal. 

_ 4. If the area of a triangle, whose shortest side is 6 feet, is 48 sq. feet, what is the 
area of a similar, whose shortest side is 9 feet? 

5. Distinguish between similar figures, equivalent figures, and equal figures. 

6. Deduce the rule, "The area of any plane triangle equals one-half the product of 

the base and altitude." 

7. State the proposition, and draw the proper figure for demonstrating the method 

of finding the number of degrees in an angle iu the circumference of a circle 
formed by two chords. State, in order, the steps for demonstrating the 
proposition. 

8. State the proposition from which is deduced the rules (l)to find the hypothenuse 

of a right-angled triangle; and (2) to find either the base or the perpendicular 
of a right-angled triangle. 

9. Draw a regular hexagon whose perimeter is 4^ inches, and prove, by demon- 

stration, that -the work is correct. 

10. Draw the proper figure and" prove that, when each of four equal circles touches 
two of the other externally, the area included between the four arcs equals the 
area of a square whose side is the diameter of one of the equal circles, minus 
the area of one of the equal circles. 

August 26 to 30, 1889. 

1. Prove that the area of a circle may be found by multiplying its circumference by 
one-half its radius. 

2-3. Define {a) rhomboid; (t>) homologous sides; (f) mean proportional; {d) sextant; 
(e) hypothesis. 

4. Demonstrate the truth of the proposition, equal chords of a circle are equally 

distant from its center. 

5. Prove that the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles. 

6. Prove, that of the four terms of a proposition, the sum of the first and second is 

to their difference, as the sum of the third and fourth is to their difference. 

7. By construction, find a straight line that is a mean jiroportional to two given 

straight lines. 

8. Give in succession the steps in finding the center of a circle. 

9. The diagonal of a square is 3 inches. Construct the square. 

10. The diameter of a circle is 74 feet. Find the length of a chord whose perpen- 
dicular distance from the center of the circle is 35 feet. 

366 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 
GERMAN. 

Note. — Do not use German script. 
August 26 to 30, 1889. 

1-2. Translate: ^^aii3 l)attc fetiiem ^pcvni fiebeit 3iil)ve fjebicnt, ba fprac^ ev ^u t^m : „§erT, 
jnetne ^t\t tft [)enim, nun rutU id) mteber t)etm ,^u metner i'hittet; gebt mtr nieinen ^ol)n." 
2)ev ^crr antwortete: „®n l)nft mtr tveu nub ct)rltd) gebient; >uie bcr Sienft roav, jo foU 
ber ^olinjetn," unb gab tt)m ein Stiicf @oIb, baci fo grog aii ipanjen^ .ft'opf inar. ipanS 
Sog fein Xucf)(cin and bei- Xafd)c, luiilche ben ^lumpen t)incin, fe^te il)n auf bie @d)ulter 
uiib uiad)te fid) auf ben 2Beg nad) ^^axM. — ©rimm. 

3-4. Translate: 3tt ben ()ol)kn ®tamm eiue3 mitben SIpfelbaumcS liefj fid^ ein ®d)rt)arm S3te. 
nen niebev. >Sie fiiUtcn if)U mit ben eidjiitjen if)reg ^onigv^, unb bev 33aum warb fo fto(j 
baranf, bafj er atlc aubcren 23dume gcgeu fid) Derad)tcte. 2)a rtef it)m ein 9{o|enftocEp: 
Slenbev 'Bto{\ auf gc(ie_t)ene '5iif3igfeitcn ! 3ft beine (5uud)t barum weniger f)erbe ? 3n biefe 
tueibe ben §onig I)erauf, lueun bn"e5 Deimagft, unb 'baxm erft U)ivD ber 2)ienfc^ t'x&i fegneni 
. — ^effing- 

^offmiitc|, 

5-6. Translate: 

(S5 xeben i:nb ttaumen bie TOenjdjen diet 3)ie §offnung fiif)rt if)n in'» Ceben ein, 

a?on bcfieien tiiiiftigen Jagen; 2ie umflattett ben {rof)lid)en itnaben. 

"^l^x&i einem gliicfltdien, golbencii 3'ft 2)en 3fingling locft it)r ^auberfdjein, 

giebt man fie rennen nnb jagen. Sie mirb mit bem (^rei» nicf)t bcgraben; 

33ie JDelt inirb alt unb trirb ttiiebcr jung, 2)enn beidjliefit er im Orabe ben muben Sauf, 

Do&i ber "Kenjd) f)offt immer SSevbefferiing. 9{od) am G^rabe pflanjt ex— bie §offnung auf.— ©djillct. 

7. Decline, in German, the good man, in singular and plural. 

8. Give principal parts of the following verbs: fdjiagen, begtnuen, flie()en, treiben, fd)neiben. 

9. Conjugate gelobt luerben in the perfect passive tense of the indicative mode. 

10. Translate into German: (a) How long have you been in this country? if)) We have 
five great hotels in this long street, (c) Franklin, a celebrated American, in- 
vented the lightning-rod. {d) flave you read something new in the newspapers? 
{e) Who was conquered in the battle at Waterloo? 

367 



State of New York. 

department f p u b l i g ins t r u c t i on. 

state examination questions. 

GRAMMAR. 

December 16, 1875. 

1. Write the plural of {a) fancy, (b) chimney, (c) dye, (d) alumna, (e) Mr., (/) genus, 

(g) son-in-law, (h) spoonful. 

2. Give an example of {a) a derivative word and Qi) a compound word. 

3. Give, in tabular form, the parts of speech you would recognize, placing after 

each {a) the classes and (ft) the modifications (if any) which you would name 
as belonging to it. Thus: Parts of sjjeech, article; classes, definite, indefi- 
nite; modifications, none. • 

4. Write the following nouns in the possessive case, governed by loohs: (a) lady, 

(b) ladies, (c) authoress, (d) women, (e) Prince of Wales. 

5. Compare the following adjectives: (a) near, (J)) fore, (c) old, (d) happy, (e) gay. 

6. When would you use the forms later, latest, and when latter, last? When would 

you use further, and ^vhen farther ? 

7. Write the present infinitive, the imperfect past (or preterite) and the perfect par- 

ticiple of these verbs : («) sow, (b) drink, (c) lie (I lie down), {d) lie (to falsify), 
(e) lay (transitive), (/) singe, (g) frolic, {h) dye, {i) cast. 

8. Write a correct English sentence in which the verb does not "agree with its 

subject in person and number." 

9. Name the measure and mark the feet of one line in the following: 

"So spake the seraph Abdiel, faithful found 
Among the faithless, faithful only he ; 

Nor numbers nor example with him wrought 

To swerve from truth or change his constant mind, 

Though single." 

10. Parse faithful, line 2, and single, line 5. Principal parts of icrought. 

11. (a) Much Qi) that Herodotus tells us of this expedition is {c) more incredible 

than ((/) that («) longer and far different description of it (/) which Xenophon 
gives, {g) Which of the iiistorians shall we believe ? Or must we decide, in 
view of late discoveries, (li) that it is impossible to have faith any (/) longer 
in (y) what either of tliem has written about it ? Write each of the words to 
which a letter is prefixed. What part of speech is each, as here used, and to 
what class named in your table above would you refer it ? 

\^Syntax and analysis will receive nwre es2)ecial attention in the oral examination.] 

Selections for Analysis and Parsing. 

Fame is the spur that the clear spirit doth raise 
(That last infirmity of noble mind) 
To scorn delights, and live laborious days; 
But the fair guerdon when we hoped to find, 
And think to burst out into sudden blaze, 
Comes the blind fury with the abhorred shears, 
And slits the thin-spun life. *' But not the praise," 
Phoebus replied, and touch'd my trembling ears; 
" Fame is no plant that grows on mortal soil. 
Nor in the glittering foil 
Set off to the world, nor in broad rumor lies. 
But lives and spreads aloft by those pure eyes. 
And perfect witness of all-judging Jove; 
As he pronounces lastly on each deed, 
Of so much fame in heaven except thy meed." 

Lycidas. 

368 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

state examination questions. 

GRAMMAR. 

March 23, 1876. 

1. Enumerate and define: (a) The divisions of the subject of grammar. (S) The 

parts of speech and their sub-divisions, (c) The cases of nouns and of pro- 
nouns. ((f) The comparison of adjectives and adverbs, {e) The moods and 
tenses of verbs. 

2. Analyze and parse the following — quoting rules of syntax in the latter: 

Monarch, most illustrious of thy race, 
Alcinous, now when ye have duly poured 
Wine to the gods, be pleased to send me hence 
In peace, and fare ye well ! All that my heart 
Could wish have ye provided bountifully, — 
An escort and rich gifts; and may the gods 
Bestow their blessipgs with them ! " 

(BryanVs Translation, Odyssey, look XII, Hnes 4S-5i.) 

March 23 and 24, 1877. 

1. Define (a) orthography; (5) etymology. 

2. Distinguish between derivative and compound words, and illustrate. 

3. State the rules which govern the spelling of (a) acquitting, (b) changeable, (c) 

judgment. 

4. Write words in which w and y shall be (a) vowels, (b) consonants. 

5. Write sentences containing better used as (a) an adjective, (b) an adverb. 

6. Compare the adjective of which last is the superlative. 

7. Write sentences in which each of the three forms above shall be correctly used. 

8. To what classes of words (parts of speech) can but be referred? 

9. Write the plural of analysis, cargo, cnnto, talisman, alkali, seraph, sheaf, handful, 

Mr. Smith, valley, music. 

10. What are (a) the classes, (6) the modifications of pronouns ? 

11. Decline (a) it, (b) the relative pronoun which refers indifferently to persons, ani- 

mals and things. 

12. Compare happy, far, forth, title, full, blue. 

13. {a) Define an auxiliary verb, (6) give a list of verbs commonly used as auxiliaries. 

14. Give the principal parts of each of the above verbs: and state the mood, tense, 

or form of conjugation which each serves to determine. 

15. Give the principal parts of lie, say, dally, jockey, climb, singe, traffic, dye. 

16. Write the verb go in the third person singular of (a) the present emphatic, (b) the 

simple future, (c) the future expressing determination. 

17. What moods may take the interrogative form ? 

18. Why is the following sentence incorrect? "To better understand the laws of 

one's country should be the constant aim of all." 

19. Analyze the above sentence according to any recognized method. 

20. Parse (a) one's {b) all (e) aim (giving the syntax of each word). 

21. (a) Correct: " Four year's lease of power have fallen to his lot." (b) State the 

reason, (c) F&rse four. 

22. (a) Correct: "Whom do you fancy could wish to be more happy than her." (&) 

Parse each word corrected. 

369 

47 



State of New York. 

department f p ub li c ins t ru c t ion. 

state examination questions. 

GRAMMAR. 

March 23 and 24, 1877. 

23. What verbs are followed by the infinitive without the preposition to ? 

24. (a) Correct: "May we not fail to do better in the future than we have in the 

past." (5) Give reason. 

25. Mention the phrases in the above sentence and the words which they severally 

modify, 

December 20 and 21, 1877. 

1. Define verb and participle, and state the difEerence. 

2. Define voice. 

3. Do intransitive verbs have voice ? 

4. How is the passive voice formed ? 

5. What do you say of the verb to he with respect to voice. 

6. Write a sentence whose predicate is composed of a copula and attribute. 

7. Write a sentence whose verb is a copulative verb. 

8. Write a sentence whose verb is attributive. 

9. Is the verb to he ever an attributive verb ? If so, write a sentence containing it. 

10. Is the verb in the sentence the lesson has heen learned, transitive ? Explain. 

11. Give all the forms you know of the first person singular-indicative mood, pres- 

sent perfect tense, of the verb strike. 

12. Write a sentence containing a verb in the imperative mood, passive voice. 

13. Write all the tenses of the infinitive mood, in both voices, of the verb lead. 

14. In what mood is the phrase, if I should he there? 

15. In what mood is the sentence, ferhafps, I shall go? 

16. What tense should you call the verb in the sentence, 1 am going to-morrow f 

What tense is it, really ? 

17. What does the sentence, if I had a dollar, 1 would give it to you, mean as to (1) 

having a dollar and as to (2) giving it to you ? 

18. The same with the sentence, if I have a dollar, I will give it to you. 

19. Distinguish between regular and irregular verbs. 

20. Is the verb, to hear, regular or irregular ? 

21. Which are the auxiliary verbs ? 

22. Have they any tenses of tlieir own ? if so, what ? 

23. Are they ever used as principal verbs ? if so, write sentences to show this use. 

24. In parsing or analyzing, how do you dispose of ought and to go, in the sentence 

/ ought to go ? 

25. How IS the manner of action or being expressed. 

(1) "To these gifts of nature Napoleon added the advantage of having been born 
to a private and humble fortune. (2) In his later days he had the weakness 
of wishing to add to his crown and badges the prescription of aristocracy; 
but he knew his debt to his austere education, and made no secret of his con- 
tempt for born kings." 

26. Describe each sentence as a whole, giving prapositions with connectives. 

370 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

state examination questions. 

GRAMMAR. 

December 20 and 21, 1877. 

27. Mention, in order, the verbs in the extract, giving the voice, mode and tense of 

each. 

28. Mention the participial nouns and their construction. 

29. Give the direct objects of the verbs and participles. 

30. Give the indirect objects. 

31. In (1) parse these and pHvate. 

32. In (2) parse the first his and born. * 

33. What does in his later days modify ? V 

34. What weakness is the v^eakuess ? 

35. Give construction of to add. 

"I fear thee, ancient mariner; 
1 fear thy skinny hand ; 
And thou art long and lank and brown 
As is the ribbed sea-sand." 

36. Analyze the above. 

37. Between what two objects is a comparison made in the third and fourth lines, 

and in respect to what ? 

38. There is an ellipsis in the last line; supply it in full. 

39. Parse mariner. 

40. Parse as. 

" I long for household voices gone ; 
For vanished smiles I long ; 
But God hath led my dear ones on, 
And He can do no wrong." 

41. Analyze the above without separating complex subordinate elements. 

42. Parse yb?' in the second line. 

43. Parse hath led. 

44. Expand gone into a subordinate clause. 

4a. Analyze the following, not separating complex subordinate elements: 

" For I have learned 
To look on nature, not as in the hour 
Of thoughtless youth, but hearing oftentimes 
The still sad music of humanity; 
Nor harsh nor grating, though of ample power, 
To chasten anasubdue." 

JiQy 16 and 17, 1878. 

1. About how many words in the English language? 

2. Which division of grammar treats of the derivation of words? 

3. Give a rule for dividing a word into syllables. 

4. Write the possessive plural of money, penny, and talisman. 

5. What adjectives are compared? 

6. What pronouns indicate gender? 

7. What two distinct offices are performed by the relative? 

8. In the sentence, Whoever is deceived thereby is not wise, parse whoever. 

371 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

state examination questions. 

GRAMMAR. 

July 16 and 17, 1878. 

9. When is ought present and when past? 

10. What parts arc called the principal parts of the verb, and why are they so called? 

11. In the sentence, The boy studies, is the verb transitive or intransitive? 

12. Explain the difference in signification between these two expressions: If he sees 

the signal he will come: If he see the signal he will come. 

13. Give all the participles, active and passive, of eat, drink and break. 

14. Correct the following, and give the reason for the correction : Virgil has often 

been compared to Homer. Have you got a hammer? She writes very well for 
a new beginner. Thou hast protected us and shall we not honor you? 

EXERCISE. 

In old times, long, long ago, when Night and Day were young and foolish, and 
liad not discovered how necessari/ they were to each other^s happiness and well- 
being, tliey chased each other round tlie world in a state of angry disdain, each 
thinking that he albne was doing good, and, that, tlierefore, the other, so totally 
unlike himself in all respects, must be doing harm, and ought to be got rid of 
altogether, if possible. 

15. Name the leading proposition in the exercise. 

16. Is the part following disdain grammatically connected with the preceding part 

of tlie exercise? If so, how is it connected? 

17. How many propositions in the exercise? 

18. Name any infinitive phrase in the exercise, and give its syntax. 

19. Make a list of the transitive verbs in the exercise, and write the subject and 

object of each. 

20. In what gender are Night and Day? 

21. Parse the word each where it occurs in the exercise. 
23. Parse the italicized words in the exercise. 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

" JVear yonder copse where once the garden smiled, 
And still where many a garden flower grows wild ; 
There, wherea/^M' torn shrubs the place disclose, 
The village preacher's modest mansion rose. 
A man was he to all the country dear. 
And passing ri(^h on forty pounds a year." 

Goldsmith. 

1. Parse where in the three instances in whicii the word is used above. 

2. Parse still, once, there, and passing. 

3. Parse all the italicized words in the above selection. 

4. Give the possessive plural of preacher, man, country, he, and copse. 

5. Make sentences containing the relative pronouns as, that, who, which, and what. 

6. What are the particulars in which a pronoun must agree with its antecedent? 

7. Parse what in the following sente/ice: " Be what you would seem." 

8. Give the seven personal termiaations of English verbs. 

372 



S^ATE OF New York. 

BET ART. VENT OF PUB LI C INSTRUCTION, 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

GRAMMAR. 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

9. What is the difference between modal adverbs and adverbs of manner? 

10. Name tliree auxiliary verl)s that are sometimes used as principal verbs. 

11. Illustrate three uses of the verb do. 

12. Name three kinds of verbs that require double objects, and state the kinds of 

oI)jects retjuired by each of the three. 

13. Write three sentences, each involving a different kind of double object. 

14. Write a sentence using three different tenses and three different cases. 

15. Write a sentence having two verbs in different moods and in different voices. 

"You must note that, though the tirst part of the Valley of the Shadow of 
Death was dangerous, yet this second i)art which he was yet to go, was, if 
possible, far more dangerous: for from the place where he now stood to the 
end of the Valley, the way was all along set so full of snares, traps and gins. 
here, and so full of pit-falls, pits, deep holes, and shelvings down, there; 
that had it l)oen dark, as it was when he came tiie first part of the way, had 
he had a thousand souls, they had in reason been cast away." 

BUNYAN. 

1(5. Is the above sentence comi)ound or complex? 

17. Is the word that in both instances used for the same purpose in the sentence? If 

not, what is the difference? 

18. Write a list of the subordinate clauses found in this sentence; and name the kind 

and the syntax of each of them. 

19. Write a list of all the verbs used in the sentence, naming tlie class, the voice, 

and the principal jiarts. 

20. Give the mood of the verb had in every instance of its use in this sentence. 

21. Parse the words dangerous, full, shehings, doiun, all, part and possible. 

22. Write a list of the connectives found in the spntence, and state the class of each 

connective. 

23. What does in reason modify? 

"Vainly the fowler's eye 

Might mark thy distant flight to do tbee wrong, 
As, darkly painted on the crimson sky, 
Thy figure floats along." 

BUTA.VT. 

24. Analyze the above. 

25. Write a list of the phrases in the above. 

20. Parse as and painted. \ 

" O velvet bee ! you're a dusty fellow. 

You've powdered your legs with gold. 
O, brave marsh Mary-buds, rich and yellow, 
Give me your money to hold '' 

.J KAN" Inoelow. 

27. Parse hee, 0, rich, yellow, and to hold, in the above. 

28. Analyze both sentences, stating the class of each of them. 

29. Mention the direct and the indirect object of give, in the last line. 

30. Name the figure in you're and youh^e. 

373 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

GRAMMAR. 

July 22 to 24, 1879. 

1. Is orthography a clepartmeut of technictsl grammar ? Why ? 

2. Give the passive form to the following: "Passions and prejudices lead mea 

astray." 

3. What kind of verbs may take the passive voice ? Why ? 

4. How IS the passive voice formed ? 

5. What is the general rule for the use of the comparative and the superlative de- 

grees? Illustrate. 

6. Give analysis of the following sentence, compare the italicized words, and parse 

the words in capitals: "If a certain number of men can with flails thresh 
ONE hundred bushels of wheat in a day, 7nure men can thresh more wheat." 

7. (a) Give analysis of the following, and {b) parse the word grammar: " The boy 

was taught grammar." 

8. What is the difference in (a) etymology and (li) pronunciation of the two itali- 

cized words in the following sentence: " There were five men there,'" (c) Give 
analysis of sentence. 

July 27 to 29, 1880. 

Life may be given in many wavs, 

And loyahy to truth be sealed 

As bravely in the closet as the field, ^ 

So generoxis is fate ; 

But then to stand beside her 

When craven churls deride her. 
To front a- lie in arms and not to yield — 

7'/i/,s shows methinks, God's plan 

And measure o/ a stalwart man, , 

Limbed like the old heroic breeds, 

Who stands self-poised ou manhood's solid earth. 

Not forced to frame excuses for his birth, 
Fed from within, with all the strength he needs. 

Tribute to Lincoln — Lowell. 

1. What is the meaning of the first line of the above extract ? 

2. Parse each italicized word. 

3. Give a prepositional phrase in the seventh line, and tell its use. 

4. Give a general analysis of the last six lines. 

5. Give the different forms assumed by the prefixes in and ad in composition, and 

illustrate by examples. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

6. What are the objects of language exercises and in what way is the use of lan- 

guage best acquired ? 

7. What faculties are exercised in its study, and at what stage of the pupil's pro- 

gress should it be introduced ? 

8. What are the relations of language to knowledge, and what is the relative im- 

portance of each in a school course ? 

9. What attention siiould be given to the analysis and history of words, and how 

and when should such analysis be taught ? 
10. What is grammar, and what place should it have in a school course ? 

374 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction, 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

GRAMMAR. 

July 12 to 14, 1881. 

1. Mention the leading objects to be obtained by the study of grammar. 

2. (a) What distinction do you make between parsing and analysis ? (h) What is 

your object in requiring pupils to parse ? (c) What is your object in requiring 
analysis of sentences ? 

3. Wliich of these topics (parsing and analysis) do you teach first ? Or do you 

teach til em contemporaneously ? Why ? 

4. Do you develop and use in elementary work such terms as name-word, etc.? 

Give reasons for your position on this question. 

5. Are there rules for the use of the tenses other than those implied in the defini- 

tions ? If so, illustrate. 

G, Do you recognize dependence of tenses in English construction ? Illustrate. 

7. Are any parts of English syntax traceable to the syntax of other languages ? Il- 

lustrate. 

8. Explain the terms («) vernacular, (i) vocabulary, (c) idiom, (d) sentence, (e) 

clause, and (/) proposition, and illustrate (c), {d), (<?) and (/"). 

9. Are there rules in English syntax for the use of the modes in conditional ex- 

pressions ? If so, give them and illustrate. 

10. Analyze the following and parse the italicized words: (a) "One day t\\e jyr op of 
the family, whose absence had been the amxe of nmch suffering, came home, 
gave his wife a heavy purse, and departed as suddenly a& he came, none being 
aware of his intention." (&) "ii was from me that you took the pencil." 
N. B. — Projyer and w«t'«*«ar?/ alterations in No. 10 are permitted. 

June 28 to 30, 1882. 

1. Define grammar in its technical sense. 

2. State the place of technical grammar in a course of instruction, and give three 

reasons for studying it. 

3. Fix the place of composition, and state its relationshii) to technical grammar. 

4. Give reasons for an order of precedence in the study of etymology and syntax. 

5. Why are certain parts called the principal parts of a verb ? Illustrate. 

6. Define sentence, clause and j>i'opo8ition. 

7. In how many ways may clauses be classified ? Illustrate. 

8. Give examples of the different uses of the j>a}'ticiplc, also examples in which the 

form -dml function do not correspond. 

9. Give reasons for the use of the terras declension, inflection, conjugation, preposition, 

and interjection. 

10. Analyze and parse: 

" Breathes there a man with sou! so dead 

Who never to himself hath said 
' This is my own, my native land ? ' " 

July 11 to 13, 1883. 

1. Define {a) grammar, (b) etymology, and (c) syntax. 

2. Discuss the relation of etymology to syntax. 

375 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

GRAMMAR. 

July 11 to 13, 1883. 

3. Define and discuss case. 

4. Specify the relations in which the objective case is used. 

5. ' ' General Cass opinion of Hulls surrender was freely expressed for conseience 

sake." — Contempor'ary Write}: 
Write the foregoing sentence, correctly indicating the possessivcs. 

*■ " A good (a) man and an angel, (b) these between 

llovv thin the (c) barrier! (d) What divides their fate? 

Perhaps a (e) moment, or perhaps a year; 

Or if an age, it is a moment (_/) still, 

A (g) moment, or (?i) eternity's forgot. 

Life is much flattered. Death is much traduced; 

Compare the rivals, and the (i) kinder crown." 

Young. 

N. B. — The letters in parentheses designate the words which follow them. 

6. Give the syntax of (n), (h), and («). 

7. Parse {d), (e), and (/). 

8. Give the syntax of (g) and (//). 

9. Analyze the last line of the foregoing selection, and parse (i). 

10. (a) Discuss the relation of technical grammar to the use of language, and {h) name 
the jn-oper conditions of the study of technical grammar. 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

1. What distinction do you make between language lessons and technical grammar? 

What would you specially aim to accomplish by instruction in each? 

2. Discuss the use of false syntax in school work. 

3. Write tlie full declension of the following nouns: child, fox, spoonful, son-in- 

law, tongs. 

4. Write the full comparison of the following adjectives and adverbs: old, near, 

round, late, free. 

5. Write the declension of the simple personal pronouns. 

G. Write the conjugation of the verb ^fi/id, in the i>otential, passive, interrogative, 
naming all the auxiliaries. 

7. Mention five common grammatical errors in ordinary speech, state the correction 

of each, and give the reasons. 

8. Analyze fully, in writing or by diagram, the following sentence : 

"You may as well do any thing most hard. 
As seek to soften that (than which what^s harder?) 
His Jewish heart." 

9. Parse each italicized word in the above sentence. 

10. State the benefits to be derived from analysis and parsing; also any improper 
uses that may be made of them. 

June 30 to July 2, 1885. 

1. Write the ])lnrals of pailful, son-in-law, sheep, 6, brother. Give reasons for their 
peculiarities of formation. 

376 



State of New York.' 
d epa it tment off ubll g instructioit, 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

GRAMMAR. 

June 30 to July 2, 1885. 

2. Compare the following adjectives: wise, late, l>eaittiful, worse, straight. Account 

for the differences in tiiese forms of comparison. 

3. Specify the distinctive meaning of the verb in each of the following expressions : 

Is he w'ise? He must be wise. He might have been wise. If he were wise. 
If he is wise. 

4. Describe each of the above verbs hj means of the usual grammatical terras. 

5. Use the simple relative pronouns, each in a complete sentence. 

6. Write ten separate sentences, each containing a different preposition. 

7. Analyze fully, by diagram or otherwise, the following sentence: "Hitherto shalt 

thou come, but no further; and here shall thy proud waves be stayed." 

8. Parse a verb, an adverb, an adjective, and a pronoun, selected from the above 

sentence. 

9. What benefits ought pupils to derive (1) from parsing, and (2) from analysis? 
10. What is the special province of the study of technical grammar in a course of 

study ? Wliat is the special province of what are known as language lessons ? 

June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

That preparations were making at Portsmouth for an expedition in which the land 
forces were to bear a part, could not be kept a secret. 

1. In the above sentence state (1) the principal clause or clauses, (3) tlie subordinate 

clause or clauses (propositions), (3) subjects, (4) predicates of all clauses, and 
(5) modifiers of the subjects and predicates. 

2. In the above give the syntax of (1) loere mahing, (2) in, (3) to 'bear, (1) could he 

kept, and (5) secret. 

3. In the following sentence give the syntax of (1) fatting, and (2) defenses : Vaubau 

was charged with putting the defenses in order 

4. What advantages over word-parsing are derived from teaching tlie analysis of 

sentences ? 

5. Write (1) a sentence having a clause (proposition) used as tlie object of a verb, 

and (2) one having a clause used as an attribute, i. e., a part of tlie predicate, 
of the principal clause. 

C. Write a sentence containing two subordinate or dependent clauses — one per- 
forming the office of an adjective, and the other the office of an adverb. 

7. What ultimate authority decides the correctness of language ? 

8. Of what practical use are rules of syntax ? 

9. Give the syntax of the nouns in the following sentences, stating the reasons: I 

know that he is the oOicer. I believe Smith to be the man. 

10. Write a sentence containing a noun in ajijiositiou and a verb in the subjunctive 
mood. 

August 23 to 26, 1887. 

" There are few writers for whom the reader feels such personal kindness as for 
Oliver Goldsmith, for few have so eminently possessed the magnetic gift of identi- 
fying themselves with their writings." — Irving. 

1. Mention all the clauses in the a,bove sentence, stating whether they are principal 
or subordinate. 

377 



State of New York. 
d e p a it t m ent f p ub llc in s t ructio n. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 



GRAMMAR. 
August 23 to 26, 1887. 

2. lu tlie same sentence, by what is the meaning of tlie several subjects modified ? 

3. Give syntax of to'lters, Iciiidness, as, for, in the first line, and for in the second 

line. 

4. Parse with, tcliom and identifying. 

'* Their place was supplied by men wlio had long suffered oppression, and who 
finding themselves suddenly transformed from slaves into masters, were impa- 
tient to pay back, with accumulated usury, the heavy debt of injuries and in- 
sults." Macaulay. 

5. Give syntax of fnding, transformed, into, Impatient and toyay. 

6. Write a sentence containing an adjective clause, and an adverbial clause. Write 

a sentence having a clause used as an object of a verb. 

7. Write sentences illustrating the following uses of the infinitive: {a) As the 

subject of a verb. (6) As a noun in apposition, (c) As the object of anotlier 
verb, {d) As an adjective, (e) As an adverb. 

8. Illustrate by sentences the correct use of the words: lie, lay, sit, set and done, all 

used as verbs, having different meanings. 

9. Illustrate by sentences five different uses of participles, and state the syntax of 

each. 

10. Write the possessive singular and plural of each of the following: looman, hoy, 
fox, lady awk father-in-law. 

August 20 to 24, 1888. 

" Whatever can be known of earth we know," 

Sneered Europe's wise men, in their snail-shells curled; 

" No ! " said one man in Genoa, and that No 

Out of the dark created this New World. 
Lowell. 

1. Write a list of the several clauses in the above extract, indicating whether they 
are i)riucipal or subordinate. 

Note. — Tn "living clauses, it is sufficient to mention only simple snbjectsand simple predicates, 
i. li., all modify iug words may be omitted. 

3. What are the objects of the verbs I'noiu and sneered ? 

3. Chany-e the last clause to the jiassive voice, and parse the verb in the clause thus 

formed. 

4. Give the syntax (case and why) of whatever, men, curled, the second no, darh. 

5. Give synopsis (first person singular) of the conjugation of the verb hnoio in the 

passive voice. 

6. Write a single sentence containing an adjective clause, an adverbial clause, and 

an objective clause. 

7. Write five sentences, each illustrating a different use of the infinitive. 

8. Write a sentence having a predicate noun (attribute) modified by a relative 

clause. Write a sentence in which occurs a noun used independently before a 
participle. 

9. Illustrate by a sentence the use of a personal pronoun after a comparative. 

Write a sentence whose subject is a clause. 

10. Write a sentence containing a noun of the first person, in apposition with a noua 

or pronoun ; and give the syntax of the nouns and pronouns in the sentence. 

378 



State of New York. 
jjepa r tmen t o f p ubl i v ix s tit u (jtion. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 



GRAMMAR. 
August 26 to 30, 1889. 

1 But Bacon porfonnoci wlint lie promised. In truth, Fletcher would not have 
3 dared to make Arbaces promise, in his wildest tits of excitement, the tithe of 

3 what the Baconian philosophy has performed. 

4 The true philosophical temperament may, wethink, be described in four words, 

5 much hope, little faitli ; a disposition to believe that any thing, however extra- 

6 ordinary, may be done; an indisposition to believe that any thing extraordinary 

7 has been done. * * * With great minuteness of observation, he had an ampli- 

8 tude of comprehension such as has never yet been vouchsafed to any otlier human 

9 being. The small, fine mind of Labruyere had not a more delicate tact than the 

10 large intellect of Bacon. The Essays contain abundant proofs that no nice fea- 

11 ture of character, no peculiarity in the ordering of a house, a garden, or a court- 

12 mas(pie, could escape tlie notice of one whose mind was capable of taking iu the 

13 whole'world of knowledge. * * •'' 

14 No man would go to Bacon's works to learn any particular science or art, any 

15 more than he would go to a twelve-inch globe in order to find his way from Ken- 
IG sington turnpike to Clapham Common. * * * 

17 But that a man like Bacon should have taken them for more, that he should 

18 have thought the discovery of such resemblances as these an important part of 

19 philosophy, has always appeared to us one of the most singular facts iu the his- 

20 tory of letters. 

21 The truth is that his mind was wonderfully quick in perceiving analogies of all 

22 sorts. Lord Macaulay. 

Notes. — 1. In naming a clause, include only its unmodified subject and unmodified predicate. 

2. Subordinate clauses include (a) subject clauses; (Zi) objective clauses ; (f) adjective clausi-s, 
{d) adverbial clauses. 

3. The term phrane is applied only to a preposition and its object. In naming a phrase, give 
only the preposition and its unmodified object. 

4. A modifier may be a icord, phrase or dame. 

5. An object of a transitive verb is classed as a modifier of such verb. 

6. Only eight parts of speech are recognized — the articles the and a forming a subdivision of 
adjectives, and participles being one of the forms of verbs. 

7. Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 

8. In parsing a noiui or pronoun, observe the following order: class, person, number, gender, 
case. Give tiie reason for case. In parsing a relative pronoun, state the agreement with its 
antecedent. 

9. In giving the syntax, of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. 

10. Treat verbs as divided into two classes only, viz., transitive and intransitive, and treat voice 
as a property of transitive verbs only. 

11. In parsing a verb, observe the following order: principal parts, regular or irregular, transitive 
or intransitive, voice, mode, tense, person, number, agreement ; the special uses of infinitives and 
participles are given after tense. The first eight questions refer to the above selection. 

1-2. Select ten subordinate clauses as follows: (a) three object clauses; (b) two 
subject clauses; (r) two adverbial clauses; (tZ) one relative clause; (e) one ap- 
positive clause; (f) one attributive clause, i. c, used like a predicate noun. 

8. What are the modifiers of words (line 4) ; to learn (line 14) ? 

4. Select an infinitive used like ('/) an adjective; (?^) an adverb; (c) a noun. Select 
also two participles each of Avhich is the object of a preposition. 

5-6. Give the syntax of Arhacea (line 2); tithe (line 2); inrUspodtion (line 6); intel- 
lect (line 10); ^corld (line 10); /?aco;i (line 17); discovery (\.\nQ \Q) \ these {Wuq 
18) ; jHirt (line 18); one (line 19). 

7. Parse such and as (line 8) ; any (line 14) ; more and than (line 13). 

8. Select (a) two tran.sitive verbs in the active voice; (li) two transitive verbs in the 

passive voice; (c) one intransitive verb. 

9. Using a subject in the third person, singular number, give the .synopsis of the 

verb move in the potential mode, present tense, in all possible forms. 

10. Illustrate by sentences five different uses of wliat ; give the syntax of what in 
in each instance. . 

379 



State of New York. ' 

depa rtment of public instruction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QU|:STIONS, 

HISTORY — AMERICAN. 

December 16, 1875. 

1. Give some facts and dates connected with the life and tlie discoveries of Christo- 

jiher Columbus. 

2. Sketch briefly the war which gave Canada to England. 

3. Wliat were the causes of the Revolutionary war ? Give a brief outline of this 

war, naming at least four of the important battles with dates. 

4. State the chief points of difference between the federation of the colonies and 

the present government of the United States. 

5. In what wars has our government been engaged since the Revolution ? Causes, 

results and dates. 

6. Name at least five presidents of the United States, mentioning some event asso- 

ciated with the administration of each of the five. 

7. What do you understand by the " Monroe doctrine ? " 

8. When did the war of the Rebellion begin, and when did it end ? Name the 

leading statesmen and generals engaged on either side. Ikleution at least six 
of the most important battles, with dates. 

9. What important events are suggested to you by Ae following dates: 1492 ? 1497? 

1763 ? 1789 ? April 9, 1865 ? April 14, 1865 ? 

March 23, 1876 

1. Give a Ijrief outline of the general differences in character, habits and ideas be- 

tween the colonists who settled in Virginia and in New England. 

2. Give a brief account of the dilTei-cnt attempts to form a union or confederation 

earlier than the formation of our present Constitution. 

3. Give the date of the foi-mation of the present Constitution. 

4. With what party in American politics is the name of Alexander Hamilton asso- 

ciated and with what important political treatise k the name connected ? 

5. With what party is the name of Thomas Jefferson associated ? 
C. With what party was Henry Clay connected ? 

7. What was the main feature of the " Ordinance of 1787 ? " 

8. What was the main feature of the Missouri com'promise ? Give its date. 

9. What war Avas ended by the treaty of Ghent; and how was the difficulty which 

had caused the war settled by the treaty ? 
10. Give the date of the inauguration of President Lincoln; and state what Presi- 
dents have been re-elected. 

March 23 and 24, 1877. 

jfoTK. — The answers to questions 3 and 7 will be taken as tests of proficieacy of English Com- 
position. 

1. Name, in order of succession, the Presidents of the United States, and the dura- 

tion of service of those who held office more or less than one term. 

2. Give, with dates, the names and causes of the chief wars in which the United 

States have taken part, both prior to and since the adoption of the Constitu- 
tion. 

3S0 



State of New York. 
depaiit mex t of p ub llc ins t ruction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

HISTORY — AMERICAN. 

March 23 and 24, 1877. 

3. Give a brief sketcli of the causes that led to the Southern Rebellion. Mention 

the States iu the order of their secession. 

4. Name the leading battles fought during the late war, the generals who com- 

manded on eitlier side, and tiie victorious party. 

5. When and by whom was the I'^mancipation Proclamation signed ? 

6. Give the main features of the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments to the Con- 

stitution. 

7. Mention the leading spirits in tlie American Revolution, and any characteristics 

or events connected with each. 

8. Give, approximately, the population of the United States. 

December 20 and 21, 1877. 

1. What country did Columbus expect to tind by sailing west from Europe ? 

2. Why were the inhabitants called Indians ? 

3. Why was tlie country called America ? 

4. Did Columbus land upon or see the mainland of North America ? 

5. Mention one discoverer from each of these nations: English, Spanish, French, 

Portuguese, and liis principal discovery. 

6. By what right did European nations claim different parts of the country ? 

7. Wiiat were the principal colonizing nations, and what part of the country did 

each settle ? 

8. What made the Indians liostile to the settlers ? 

9. What was the point of contest in the French and Indian wars ? 

10. How many were there, and by what names arc tliey called ? 

11. By wliat treaty was the last settled ? 

12. What division of territory was made ? 

13. Why did the Indians fight in this war ? On which side ? 

14. IIow was the country governed before the Revolution ? 

15. How was it governed during the Revolution ? 

16. IIow was it governed immediately after the Revolution? 

17. IIow is it now governed ? 

18. Wiiat was the population of the colonies at the time of the Revolution ? 

19. What were the original States ? 

20. What battles were fought before tiie Declaration of Independence was made ? 

21. What four battles do you regard as most important, and why ? 

22. Who were the British commanders-in-chief during the war ? 

23. What important battles did the Americans lose ? 

24. By what treaty was the war ended ? 

25. The most important points in that treaty ? 

26. What were the boundaries granted to the United States ? 

27. Mention the first ten Presidents in order, with length of service, and State in 

which each lived. 

381 



State of New York. 

DEPA Ti TMEN TOFF UB L I C INS Til UC TI ON. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

HISTORY —AMERICAN. 

December 20 and 21, 1877. 

28. i\Ientioii the first three new States. 

29. What was the " era of good feeling," and who was President at the time ? 

30. What purchases of territory have been made ? 

31. Who were the parties in the Civil war ? 
33. What was the point iu contest ? 

33. What States seceded ? 

34. How was the war ended ? 

35. How were the slaves emancipated ? 

July 16 and 17, 1878. 

1. Which of the thirteen original colonies were settled by the Dutch ? 

2. What territory did England claim on account of the discoveries of the Cabots ? 

3. When and where were the first settlements made in New York ? 

4. State the principal cause of the French and Indian war. 

5. What territory did England acquire as a result of this war ? 

6. In what year were you born, and who was President of the U. S. then ? 

7. What was the principal cause of the Revolution ? 

8. Which was the decisive battle in that war ? 

9. Name two battles in which Washington was victorious. 
10. Name two in which Washington was defeated. 
11-12. Give a short account of the first and the last battle. 

13. What was the first method adopted by the United States for raising a revenue ? 

14. When did the Constitution of the United States go into operation ? 

15. Who was the third President of the United States, and where was he inaugurated? 

16. What was the cause of the second war with England ? 

17. Who was President of the United States during that war ? 

18. Who led the Americans in the battle of Luady's Lane ? 

19. Which was the decisive battle in this war ? 

20. Give a short account of the last land battle during this war. 

21. What practice was inaugurated by Jackson when he became President ? 

22. What was the "Monroe doctrine ?" 

23. What general commanded the Union army at the beginning of the Rebellion, 

and by whom was he succeeded ? 

24. Name the respective commanders in the battle of Gettysburg 1 

25. Who was President one month ? 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

1. What was the main incentive to maritime discovery during the fifteenth centuiy? 
.2. During which voyage, and in what year did Columbus discover the continent? 
3. What was the basis of the English claim to America? 

382 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 
state examination questions. 

HISTORY — AMERICAN. 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

4. Who was in command of the expedition for the conquest of Mexico? With what 

result? 

5. What permanent settlements on the continent at the close of the sixteenth 

century? 

6. Name five permanent settlements during the first twenty years of the seventeenth 

century. By what nation were they established? 

7. Who were the Puritans? What impelled them to seek a home in America? 

8. When, and where, was the first college founded in America? 

9. What causes led to the French and Indian war? 

10. Name five important crises or epochs in the settlement and history ^of America 

before the Revolution. 

11. Name the principal causes of the Revolution. 

12. What important events had taken place in America before the Declaration of 

Independence leading to the Revolution? 

13. Give an account of the most noted victory gained by the colonists in 1777. 

14. For what is Valley Forge memorable? 

15. What were the main points of contest in the second war with England? 

16. What were the most decisive victories in this war? 

17. What was the Missouri compromise? 

18. Name the most important events in Jackson's administration. 

19. What causes led to the Mexican war? Name the important battles of this war. 

20. Who gave system and permanency to the nation's financial administration? What 

is the question known as the tariff question? What was the question con- 
cerning a national bank? 

July 22 to 24, 1879. 

1. Why were not permanent colonial settlements made prior to 1607? 

2. Name three different kinds of government that existed during the colonial 

period ? 
Z. What, in your opinion, were the causes that led to the American Revolution? 

4. Who was the author of the Declaration of Independence, and what official position 

did the signers of it occupy at the time? 

5. Bound the territory of the United States as it existed at the adoption of the Con- 

stitution. 

6. Name the different acquisitions of territory by the United States, by purchase or 

otherwise, since 1789. 

7. State the leading features of the Missouri compromise. 

8. What was settled by the Webster- Ashburton treaty? 

9. What was settled by the late Civil war? 

July 27 to 29, 1880. 

1. What conflicting claims were originally made in regard to the territory of the 
new world, and upon what were they based? 

383 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

HISTORY — AMERICAN. 

July 27 to 29, 1880. 

2. Give some account of the conflict between tlie French and English for the 

possession of this country; the theater of this action, and its results. 

3. Give the name of the greatest man who took part in this struggle, and a sketch 

of his subsequent career. 

4. Give a brief account of Burgoyne's expedition. 

5. Name the great diplomat, the great financier, the most noted naval commander, 

six prominent statesmen, and six generals of the Revolutionary period. 

6. What political parties arose at the close of the Revolution, and what principles- 

did each represent? 

7. State three jarominent events of Jefferson's administration. 

8. Give, briefly, the causes of our late Civil war, the principal operations belonging 

to it, and its results. 

9. Name the most important inventions that have been made by Americans. 

10. Give some account of a great work of internal improvement made by the State 
of New York ; its origin and results. 

July 12 to 14, 1881. 

1. Into what periods or epochs would you divide United States history? 

2. Give a brief account of the first settlement of Virginia and of Massachusetts. 

3. Relate briefly the causes which led to the American Revolution. 

4. Account for the military spirit and skill which prepared the colonists for the 

Revolution. 

5. Give a brief account of two of the most decisive battles of that struggle. 

6. Give a brief history of the change from the government under the Confederation 

to that under the Constitution, with the reasons for that change. 

7. State briefly what nations have exercised or claimed sovereignty over any part of 

the United States; designate such portions of territory, and explain the change 
of sovereignty. 

8. Give some of the results of the war with Mexico, and show how they have affected 

the development of our country. 

9. Give an account of the principal financial measures of our government during 

the late Rebellion. 

10. What radical change in the character of naval warfare has been effected in this 
generation ? 

June 28 to 30, 1882. 

1. Mention, with names and dates, the facts on which European nations laid claim 

to North American territory, jDrior to the Revolution. 

2. Describe approximately the location of these claims. 

3. Mention the leading motives which actuated the pioneers in the colonization of 

(«) Massachusetts, (Ji) Connecticut, (c) Rhode Island {d) Mainland, (e) Georgia, 
and (/) Pennsylvania. 

4. What was the remote, and what the immediate cause of the French and Indian. 

war? 

384 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction, 

STATE EXAMmATION QUESTIONS. 

HISTORY — AMERICAN. 

June 28 to 30, 1882 

5. Mention the events of that war "which form part of the history of this State. 

6. Mention four decisive battles of the Revolution, and state your reasons for con- 

sidering them decisive. 

7. Mention all our important acquisitions of territory since the Revolution, and state 

how they were gained (with dates). 

8. Of the second war with Great Britain, give brief description of {a) the most im- 

portant battle engaging both land and naval forces, (J) the most decisive naval 
battle on tlie lakes, {c) two important naval engagements on the ocean, and 
{d) the last important battle of the war. Give also (e) the chief cause of the 
war. 

9. Of the late Rebellion mention («) three most important military events during the 

first half of July, 18G3, and give the chief results of each, (b) Give dates of 
[1] attack on Fort Sumter, [2] Emancipation proclamation, [3] Lee's surrender, 
and [4] the assassination of Lincoln, (c) State the chief difference between 
the reconstruction policy of President Johnson and that of congress. 

10. Mention (with briefly stated reasons for so considering them) five events of the 
last fifteen years, that, in your opinion, have materially affected this nation, 
politically, socially or industrially. 

Jiily 11 to 13, 1883. 

1. Give some account of the discovery and settlement of New York. 

2. Enumerate the important events of the Revolution that took place in the State. 

3. Give some account of the important events of the war of 1812 that took place in 

the State. 

4. Enumerate some of the principal events that took place in and around Boston 

from 1770 to 177G, inclusive. 

5. Give some account of Ticonderoga. 

6. Mention some of the compromises of the Constitution, 

7. What motives and conditions have caused and given direction to the settlement 

of our territory? 

8. Name six distinguished American statesmen, and give the leading idea which 

each represented. 

9. Give some account of Abraham Lincoln. 
10. Give a history of our national currency. 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

1. Give a brief history and the approximate location of [a') the English claims, (h) 

the French claims, and ('■) the Dutch claims to what is now United States 
territory. 

2. Of the settlement of Rhode Island, Virginia, Georgia, and Maryland, give the 

facts as to (a) date, (b) leading cause, and (c) leaders and character of people. 

3. Give {a) the chief causes, remote and immediate, of the French and Indian war, 

and (b) the chief consequences. 

4. What influences had the French and Indian and other colonial wars upon the 

Revolutionary army? 

385 

49 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INS T liUC TION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

HISTORY — AMERICAN. 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

5. Of the Revolution, name {a) three political leaders, (Z>) three leading commanders 

of the patriot army, (c) three leading generals of the British army, and {d) 
three important battles; with the dates and results of the last. 

6. Give the causes of the second war with England, and the reasons why the battle 

of New Orleans would have been unnecessary, if the war had occurred at the 
jiresent time. 

7. Mention some of the most important results of the war with Mexico, 

8. What are regarded as the chief causes of the war of the Rebellion? 

9. Connected with that war mention {a) five leading generals of the United States 

army, (h) five leading generals of the Confederate army, {<■) five prominent 
political leaders of the United States, {d) five prominent political leaders of 
the Confederacy, and (e) five important battles ; with dates and results of the 
last, 
10, Mention in order, with year of inauguration, the presidents of the United States, 
beginning with the one inaugurated in 1841. 

June 30 to July 2, 1885. 

1. Compare the first settlers of Massachusetts with those of Virginia. 

2. Give some account of Roger Williams. i 

3. Give a brief account of the early settlement of New York. 

4. What nations besides the English laid claim to territory within the limits of the 

thirteen original States? How were these claims adjusted? 

5. What were some of the conditions and experiences that specially fitted the 

English colonists for indei^eudence? 

6. Name the thirteen original States. 

7. Give an account of the territorial growth of the United States since independence? 

8. With what powers have the United States been at war since the Revolution? 

9. Compare the industrial condition of the Northern States with that of the South 

at the beginning of the Civil war. 
10. Give in detail an account of that conflict of the Civil war which revolutionized 
naval warfare. 

June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

1. What invention and what commercial needs led to the discovery of America? 

2. Give a brief sketch and some of the results of the introduction of African slavery 

into the American colonies. 

3. Mention the names of five discoverers prominent in early American history, with 

a brief statement of their discoveries. 

4. State the principal differences between the Articles of Confederation and the 

Constitution of the United States. 

5. What led to the war of 1812? 

6. What two national questions were permanently settled by the war of the Re- 

bellion? 

7. Explain what is meant by the "Geneva Award," and the "Alabama Claims." 

386 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUDLl G INSTRUCTION, 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

HISTORY — AMERICAN. 

June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

8. Give a brief account of the acquisition of Alaska. In what important respects 

is this territory valuable to the United States? 

9. State the causes of the Mexican war. What territory was acquired as a result of 

that war? 

10. Name ten battles on American soil since the Declaration of Independence. Be- 
tween what countries were they fought? 

1887. See " History — General." 

1888. See "History — General." 

August 26 to 30, 1889. 

1. Distinguish between "royal," " charter," and "proprietary " governments in the 

colonies. Give an example of each kind. 

2. State two causes which led to the French and Indian war. 

3. Give an account of the capture of Stony Point by Gen. Wayne. 

4. What causes led to the adoption of the Constitution of the United States? 

5. Give a brief sketch of the first inauguration of President Washington, together 

with some of the incidents connected wath the centennial anniversary of that 
inauguration. 

6. Sketch briefly the acquisition of Florida by the United States. 

7. What was done by Napoleon III, upon this continent, during our Civil war? 

How did this government carry out the principles of the Monroe doctrine? 

8. Mention two things for which each of the following were prominent : Franklin, 

Hamilton, Seward, Chase, Seymour. 

9. Name the battle which is recognized as the turning point in the Revolutionary 

war; the Civil war. Give reasons for such recognition. 

10. What American was most prominently associated with each of the following 
enterprises and inventions : the first steamboat on the Hudson ; the Erie canal ; 
the electric telegraph; the reaper; the sewing machine; vulcanized rubber; 
repeating fire-arms; the Atlantic cable; the Brooklyn bridge; deepening the 
channel at the mouth of the Mississippi? 

387 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

HISTORY — GENERAL. 

March 23 and 24, 1877. 

1. Define history. 

2. Give some account of the cities that were visited by Paul, the Apostle. 

3. Into what classes was the population of Athens divided, in the time of Pericles ? 

4. Describe the government of the modern Greeks. 

5. What results were secured by the battles of Marathon ; of Phillippi ; of Hastings; 

of Waterloo ? 

6. Classify the nations of Europe, according to the religion prevailing in each. 

7. Give a brief account of the Crimean war and "the Eastern questions." 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. Name the ancient monarchies, in the order of their rise. What authors have 

written extensively upon them ? What can you state of the history of each of 
those monarchies ? 

2. State what you can about the history of the feudal times, what period of his- 

tory is covered by them, the rise, progress and decline of feudalism, the ap- 
parent causes thereof, in what countries it prevailed. 

3. What is meant by the so-called Eastern question of the present times ? State 

what you can of its history, what nations are immediately concerned in it, 
what phases of it have been lately before the world, and what nations engaged 
in it, and the present state of it. 

July 22 to 24, 1879. 

1. In what order did the ancient empires succeed each other ? 

2. What territory did the Roman empire embrace at the beginning of the Christian 

era ? 

3. Give an account of the invasion of Britain. 

4. Mention several important events in the history of Christianity. 

5. What was the main object of Solon's legislation ? 

6. Sketch briefly some of the events of the French revolution, and show how it 

affected the history of the world. 

7. Give a sketch of the life of Napoleon Bonaparte, and give your estimate of his 

life and character. 

8. What were the results of the Franco-Prussian war ? 

9. Name the "Great Powers" of Europe. 

10. What are some of the results of the late war between Russia and Turkey ? 

11. Who is now president of the French Republic, and whom did he succeed ? 

12. When does modern history commence ? 

13. Who was the real founder of the Russian empire, and what was his character ? 

July 27 to 29, 1880. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. Give some account of the Assyrian empire, and of the siege and capture of its 
chief city. 

388 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

state examination questions. 

HISTORY — GENERAL. 

July 27 to 29, 1880. 

2. Compare the civil politics of Athens and Sparta, and give some notable incident 

in the history of eacli. 

3. Give a brief sketch of the extent and duration of the Roman empire. 

4. Name and give the characteristics of the political system which controlled 

Europe for many years after the destruction of the Roman empire. ' 

5. Describe the first crusade, giving its causes and results. 

6. When and how was "Magna Charta" obtained ? 

7. Give some account of India, and show how it has affected the history of the 

world. 

8. Sketch briefly the achievements of Napoleon Bonaparte. 

9. Sketch the progress of science during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. 

10. Name some of the great statesmen of Europe at the present time, giving the po- 
sition which each occupies. 

July 12 to 14, 1881. 

1. Give the origin of the word laconic and some account of the people whose name 

gave rise to the word. 

2. What events led to the writing of the narrative known as Xenophon's Anabasis. 

3. What is implied in the expression, " The Lost Arts ? " 

4. Give a brief account of the Jewish captivity with approximate chronology. 

5. In what century (and in what part of that century) occurred the Thirty Years' 

war ? 

6. Mention the ultimate cause and some of the religious and political results of that 

war. 

7. What was finally settled by the battle of Culloden ? 

8. Of the following events give a brief summary and indicate the time to which 

each of them belongs, thus: The part of the century: (a) The 

granting of Magna Charta. {h) The beginning of the Reformation. (c) 
The first crusade, {il) The beginning of the Renaissance (literature and fine 
arts). 

9. Of the following events give a brief summary and indicate their time thus : The 

decade of the century: (n) The battle of Waterloo, (b) The 

last New Testament revision, (c) The Crimean war. {d) The Reigu of Terror, 
(e) The Franco-German war. 

10. Mention at least six great mechanical inventions of the 18th and 19th centuries. 
Extend the list if you choose. 

June 28 to 30, 1882. 

1. Name the three great periods of history. State the time embraced in each, and 

the events marking their separation. 

2. Name in order the controlling nations of the first period. 

3. State some efiects of each of the following conquests ; The Greek, the Roman, 

the Mohammedan, the Norman. 

389 



State of New York. 

department of public instmuction, 

state examination questions. 

HISTORY — GENERAL. 

June 28 to 30, 1882. 

4. Name the most illustrious persons of the Renaissance period. Tell to what 

country each belonged, and in what respect each distinguished himself, 

5. Give an account of Charles V. 

G. State what you know of modern colonization. 

7. Give an account of Napoleon I. 

8. Name the leading explorers of the nineteenth century. 

9. Give a synopsis of the history of Turkey for the last thirty years. 

10. State the place of general history in a course of education, and indicate a method 
of teaching it. 

July 11 to 13, 1883. 

1. Enumerate the succession of nations that dominated the most civilized portions 

of the world, down to the Christian era. 

2. What ancient people contributed most to the intellectual and gesthetic develop- 

ment of the world ? Give illustrations. 

3. Give some account of the Trojan war, and of the literary productions to which 

it gave rise. 

4. What were some of the characteristics of the Roman people, and what did they 

contribute to the civilization of the world ? 

5. Mention some of the causes which contributed to the downfall of Athens, Sparta, 

Rome. 

6. Describe some notable events in French history which have had a tendency to 

shape the destiny of the French people. 

7. Give some account of German history for the last twenty years. 

8. Give some account of the events which led to the consolidation of the provinces 

of Italy. 

9. Give some account of the recent war in Egypt. 

10. Give some account of the internal condition of Russia. 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

1. Concerning any two of the great empires which preceded the Christian era, men- 

tion (a) approximate date of founding, thus: The empire was founded 

about the century, B. C. ; (b) some of the arts and sciences which be- 
long to modern civilization, and of which the peoples of these empires prob- 
ably were discoverers. 

2. (a) Give some of the leadmg features of the Athenian government at the time 

when Demosthenes delivered the celebrated Philippics. (6) Give the origin 
of the word Philippic. 

3. What was the situation when " Ccesar crossed the Rubicon ? " What were some 

of the chief consequences ? 

4. Give some account of this Ctesar. 

5. Mention the four events and series of e^^ents occurring between the fall of 

the Roman empire and the middle of the sixteenth century that, in your 
opinion, have had the greatest influence upon the civilization of to-day. 

390 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

state examination questions. 

HISTORY — GENERAL. 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

6. Who were respectively the rulers of England during (a) the Cabet explorations; 

(J) the settlement of Jamestown; (c) the French and Indian war; and {d) the 
Revolution. 

7. State the time, chief cause, and general results of the Thirty Tears' war. 

8. Give a brief account of Napoleon I, Napoleon III, and Garibaldi. 

9. Briefly state some leading facts about recent Arctic explorations and expeditions. 

10. (rt) Who is " Chinese " Gordon, and why was he sent to the Soudan ? (b) Give 
a brief account of the Lasker resolutions. 

June 30 to July 2, 1885. 

1. Describe in brief the jirincipal incidents of the Greek defense against Persian dom- 

ination. 

2. State the causes that led to the decline of Greek power. 

3. What nations were involved in the Punic wars, and what was the final outcome 

of the conflict ? 

4. What positive evils and what incidental good resulted from the crusades 2 

5. How and when was the Moslem power checked in its career of conquest in 

Europe ? 

6. What invention and what scientific discovery preceded and rendered possible 

the geographical discoveries of Columbus and his contemporaries ? 

7. Give a brief account of Charles I of England. 

8. In the English revolution of 1689, what changes took place in the sovereignty of 

tlie nation ? 

9. In the French government, what changes have taken place since the fall of Bona- 

parte in 1815 ? 

10. What made Garibaldi famous ? 

June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

1. State one important fact in the life of each of the following persons: Aristides, 

Miltiades, Leouidas, Themistocles and Socrates. 

2. Name five eminent Romans, and state some historical event with which each was 

connected. 

3. Briefly describe the feudal system. 

4. State some of the important changes wrought by the Norman conquest. 

5. By whom was Magna Charta granted ? State one of its provisions that has be- 

come an important part of our common law ? 

6. Write a brief account of the chief points in the life of Joan of Arc. 

7. What three sovereigns of England were the children of Henry VIII ? 

8. Give some account of the battle of Waterloo, and state its effects upon the his- 

tory of Europe. 

9. Give some of the i-esults of the Franco-Prussian War. 

10. What causes have led to the " Home Rule " discussions in the British Parlia- 
ment ? 

391 



State of New York. 

DKrARTMENT OF PUIiLIO 1 N 8 T liV C T I ON. 
BTATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

HISTORY — GENERAL. 

August 23 to 26, 1887. 

1. J)oacri])0 tlio event willi whicli cacli of the following names is most closely asso- 

ciated: Do Soto, La Salle, Sir "Walter Kaleigh, Kogcr Williams and Henry 
Iludsfm. 

2. Explain the meaning of " Taxation withont Rcjircscntation," as used in Revolu- 

tionary times. 

3. Describe the battles of Oriskany and Saratoga; name the forces engaged, the 

leading generals in command, and state direct and indirect results. 

4. Name the most remarkable event of Madison's administration, and state the 

causes wliicli led to it. 

5. Name the Presidents who have died during their respective terms of office, and 

name the Vice-President who became President in each instauce. 

6. By whom was Magna Charta granted ? State something of its contents to 

show its great significance in English history. 

7. Give two causes tliat led to the French Revolution, and name three persons 

prominent in it. 

8. When did Victoria assume the; throne of Orcat Britain ? When was she crowned 

Queen ? 

9. What cause led to the consolidation of the present German empire ? 

10. Mention two great inventions of the nineteenth century and name the inventors. 

August 20 to 24, 1888. 

1. Between what leaders was the battle of Actium fought? 

2. What two States were the chief opponents in the Pelojionnesian war ? What was 

the issue of the war 'i About how many years ago did it occur ? 

3. What leader at the battle of Tours stopped the jirogress of the Saracens in 

Europe ? 

4. What was the S])aiush Armada ? For what was it organized ? What were the 

results of its defeat ? 

5. What main cause led to tlie execution of Charles I of England ? 

0. Name the seven Presidents of the United States who were re-elected ? 

7. What was the nuUillcation act of Sotith Carolina? TTow did the United States 

government treat it ? 

8. Give an account of the discovery of the ]\Iississippi river. 

«.). What event princijially caused the change of sentiment in the United States in 
regard to dueling ? 
10. What elTect had the Erie canal upon the settlement of the North-west ? Why ? 

August 26 to 30, 1889. 

1. What <mve rise to the lirst of the Persian invasions of Greece ? Who was then 

tiie king of Persia ? 

2. Name the (rrecian leader in each of the following great battles: Marathon; 

Thcrniopyliv; Salamis; Plataja. 

3. In what field of literature was each of the following noted: Homer? Herodotus? 

Aristotle? 

392 



Statk of Ni;w York. 

DEPARTMENT O F 1' If li n f (J I N h< T Ji U C T I O N. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

HISTORY — GENERAL. 

August 26 to 30, 1889. 

4. Nuiik; tin; first Triumvirate. 

5. Wli.'it is mount by the Ilegira ? tlie Koniii ? Isi.'im ? 

6. For wliiit i.s ciieli of fh(! followinf:^ cspeciiilly noted : Von llnniholdt? Ffiraday ? 

Leverrier? JJuguorre 'i Agassi/, i 

7. What three great armies toolc part in tiie battle of Wat(!rioo ? Wliat efTect liad 

that buttle upon the fortunes of Napoleon Bonaparte ? 

8. State facts about Louis Napoleon ; Bismarck; Gladstone; .John I'.right. 

9. For what are the following names respectively fiiMioir-i : Lord Riicon ? flarvey ? 

Newton ? Milton 'i .J(;nner ? 
10. State some facts as to the Norman confjuest of Enghind. 

393 



State of New York. 

department of publl c instruction. 

state examination questions. 

LATIN. 

March 23, 1876. 

1. What Latin grammar have you studied ? What grammar do you prefer to use in 

teaching, and why ? 

2. What authors have you read ? 

3. Name three Latin poets and the works of each. 

4. What are the chief characteristics of Ctesar's style ? 

5. Translate Gallic war, book 1, paragraph 6. 

6. What syntactical peculiarity do you remark in the iirst sentence of this para- 

graph ? 

7. Account for the mode of posseut. 

8. Account for tlie mode of ducerentur. 

9. Account for the mode of viderentur. 

10. What would be the meaning of tlie sentence containing viderentur if this verb 

were in the indicative mode ? 

11. Compare difBcilis. 

12. Compare extremum. 

13. Give the derivation of. iter. 

14. Give the derivation of altus. 

15. Give the derivation of paco, 

16. Decline locus. 

17. Account for the case of finibus. 

18. Account for the case of Allobrogibus. 

19. Account for the case of rebus. 

20. Explain the Roman method of designating days of the month. 

March 23 and 24, 1877. 

Note. — To be answered instead of the questions in geometry, if preferred by the candidate. 
Number and letter your answers to correspond to the questions. In handing in your paper 
state to the committee how much Latin you have read. 

I. Translate into idiomatic English, which shall still indicate, as far as possible, the 
Latin construction: Cum tridui viam processisset, nunciatum est ei, Ariovis- 
tum cum suis omnibus copiis ad occupandum Vesontionem, quod est oppidum 
maximum Sequanorum, contendere, triduique viam a suis finibus profecisse. 
Id ne accideret, magno opere sibi prfecaveudura Caesar existimabat: namque 
omnium rerum, quse ad bellum usui erant, summa erat in eo oppido facultas: 
idque natura loci sic muniebatur, ut magnam ad ducendum bellum daret fac- 
ultatem, proptera quod flumen Dubis, ut circino circumductum, psene totum 
oppidum ciugit. 

1. Give the nominative singular, the declension, and the person, gender, number, 

case and rule (or principle) for the government of each of the following nouns: 
(a) viam, (h) Ariovistum, (c). copiis, (fZ) Vesontionem, (e) usui, (/) natura, and 
Ig) loci. 

2. Write the principal parts of (a) processisset, Qi) nunciatum est, (c) contendere, 

{(T) profecisse, {c) muniebatur, (/) ciugit. 

394 



State of New York. 

department of public instruc tion. 

state examination questions. 

LATIN. 

March 23 and 24, 1877. 

3. What is the subject of nunciatum est ? Explain fully, 

4. Rule for (or principle governing) the mode of {a) processisset, (Ji) contendere, 

(c) accideret, {d) daret, {e) cingit. 

5. How many uses of cum (quum) can you name ? Construction with each. 

6. How many constructions for clauses expressing purpose can you specify ? 

7. Difference in meaning between quod (to assign a cause or reason) with the in- 

dicative and with the subjunctive. 

8. Parse tridui, line 2. Sibi, line 5. 

9. Rule (or principle) for the sequence (or dependence) of tenses in Latin. Give 

one or more illustrations from the passage above. 

10. Compare the two adjectives found in the superlative, in this passage. Rules for 

the comparison of adjectives in -er and -lis. 

11. Composition or derivation of {a) accideret, (&) facultas, (c) tridui, {tl) propterea, 

(e) profecisse. Account for change of stem-vowel in the present of the last 
compound. 

12. Select from the passage a noun formed from an adjective by the addition of a 

"nominal ending." What is the force, in the noun you have selected, of this 
ending used in forming nouns ? Give other endings which have the same 
force. 

II. Translate into Latin the following sentences: 1. Brutus is coming. (Venio.) 2. 

Cffisar says that Brutus is coming. 3. Caesar said that Brutus was coming. 
4. Caesar says that he (C?esar) will come. 5. I am afraid (vereor) that Ctesar 
will come. 

III. Where is Vesontio ? Its modern name ? Dubis — describe its course. Its mod- 

ern name ? What are the Gallic Commentaries ? Sketch briefly, with a few 
dates, the career of Cssar. 

December 20 and 21, 1877. 

How much Latin have you read ? 

I. Translate into English : Quibus rebus cognitis quum ad has suspiciones certis- 
sifnae res accederent, quod per fines Sequanorum Helvetios transduxisset, quod 
obsides inter eos dandos currasset, quod ea omnia non modo injussu suo et 
civitatis, sed etiam inscientibus ipsis fecissit, quod a magistratu ^Eduorum 
accusaretur: satis esse causae arbitrabatur, quare in eum aut ipse animadver- 
teret, aut civitatem animadvertere juberet. His omnibus rebus unum repug- 
nabat, quod Divitiaci fratris summum in popuhim Romanum studium, sum- 
mam in se voluntatem, egregiam fidem, justitiam, temperantam cognovcrat: 
nam. ne ejus supplicio Divitiaci animum offenderet, verel)atur Itaquc priusquam 
quidquam conaretur, Divitiacum ad se vocari jubet et, quotidianis interpretibus 
remotis, per Caium Valerium Procillura, principem GalliiX! provinci;i3, famili- 
arem suum, cui summam omnium rerum fidem habebat, cum eo colloquitur: 
si null commonefacit, quae ipso prresente in concilio Gallorum de Dumnorige 
sint dicta, et ostendit, qujie separatim quisque de eo apud se dixerit : petit atque 
hortatur, ut sine ejus offensione animi vel ipse de eo, causa cognita, statuat, 
vel civitatem statuere jubeat. 

1. Analyze the first sentence by any system you know. 

2. Decline (a) the first five nouns, (h) the first three pronouns, {c) the first two ad- 

jectives. 

395 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

state examination questions. 



LATIN. 



December 20 and 21, 1877. 



3. Give the principal parts of tl)e first five verbs, and explain tlieir formation. 

4. Give a complete synopsis of any verb in the extract. 

5. Analyze the first ten verbs into stem, tense-sign, etc. 

6. Give the laws for euphonic changes in Latin as far as you can, and illustrate 

each lav? by an appropriate example. 

7. What is the expression quibus rebus coguitis called ? How many forms are 

there for such constructions in Latin ? In what ways may such expressions 
be best rendered into English ? 

8. Give the ofiice of each subordinate clause after the first sentence. Give the use 

of quum and the modes and tenses used in each instance. 

9. Name the clauses in the extract that express purpose. 

10. What conjunctions are used to introduce clauses expressing purpose ? 

11. Give and illustrate the various ways in which purpose is expressed in Latin. 

12. What other uses has ut besides that of expressing purpose ? Illustrate these 

uses by Latin sentences. 

13. Give an explanation or rule for all the subjunctive forms in the selection. 

14. Give definite rules for rendering the Latin subjunctive into idiomatic English. 

15. Name the classes of verbs that require (a) an ut clause as an object, {h) an infin- 

itive with a subject accusative as an object. 
II. 16. Render into Latin: 1. Cicero, the orator, was a great man. 2. Cicero ordered 
Cataline to go into exile (ire in exilium). 3. They praised him on account of 
his bravery. 4. After the general was killed I came to the city. 

July 16 and 17, 1878. 

1. Give a literal translation of the fourteenth chapter, book first, of Ca3sar's Com- 

mentaries. 

2. Parse dari, the tenth word in tlie chapter. 

3. Decline eo, the fifth word in the chapter, and give the construction. 

4. Give the principal parts of the first six verbs in the chapter, and tell where each 

is found. 

5. Tell briefly w^hat you know about (IJsesar. 

6. Translate into Latin : I came to the city. 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

Note. — Number the answers to correspond with the questions. 

State what Latin authors you have studied, aud the time you have spent in acquiring a knowl- 
edge of the language. 

1. What are the principal topics of the first book? 

2. Give your opinion as to the characteristics of the author's style. 

3. Translate : Ca;sar hac oratione Lisci Dumnorigem, Divitiaci fratrem, designari 

senticbat; sed, i[uod pluribus prajsentibus cas res-jactari nolebat, celeriter 
concilium dimittit, Liscum retinet; quaerit ex solo ea, quae in conventu 
dixerat. Dicit libcrius atque audacius. Eadem secreto ab aliis quaerit; 

396 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRV CTIO^, 
STATE EXA]\IINATION QUESTIONS. 

LATIN. 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

reperit esse vera. "Ipsura esse Dumnorigem, summa audacia, magna apud 
plebem propter liberalitem gratia, ciipidum rerum novarum; compliires anuos 
portoria, relicjuaque omnia ^Eduorum vectigalia, parvo pretio redemta liabere, 
propterea quod illo liceute contra liceri audeat nemo. His rebus et suam rem 
faniiliarem auxisse, et facultates ad largiendum magnas comparasse; magnum 
numerum oqviitatus suo sumtu semper alere et circura se habere; neqiie solum 
domi, sed etiam a])ud finitimas civitates largiter posse; atque bujtis potentice 
causa matrem in Biturigibus bomiui illic nobilissimo ac potentissimo coUocasse ;" 

4. To whom does solo refer? 

5. What must be supplied after collocasse? 

6. What source of revenue does portoria indicate? 

7. Compare pluribus, liberius, audacius, summat parvo. 

S. Decline ipsnm, illo, se, aliis, vectigalia, and write the vowel quantities of the 
last two in the genitive. 

9. Conjugate sentiebat, uolebat, quacrit, liceri, auxisse. 

10. Give synopsis of nolebat. 

11. Write the rules of syntax for fratrem, pluribus, audacia, rerum, annos, pretio. 

12. Tell the derivation of the following: fratricide, contagion, fructify, intuition, 

velocipede. 

13. State and exemplify two uses of the participle in dus. 

14. When is the supine in um employed, and with what object? 

15. Write sentences illustrating, respectively, subjunctives of purpose, concession, 

cause, result. 

Translate : I have no doubt, he w'ill return to-day or to-morrow. 

a 
I think that the most pleasant death is to die of old age. 

b c 

To enjoy life, there is need of health, books, friends, and money. 

a — jucundus; b — friior; c — valetudo. 

July 22 to 24, 1879. 

Pugnatum est diu atqus acriter, cum Sontiates, superioribus victoriis freti, in sua 
virtute totius Aquitaniae salutem positam putarent; uostri aiitem quid sine 
imperatore et sine reliquibus legionil)us adulescentulo duce efficere posseut, 
perspici cuperent; tandem confeeti vulneribus hostes terga vertere. 

1. Give a free translation of the above. Decline totius in the singular number. 

Decline nostri in full. 

2. Give the case, the rule (or principle of government) and the nominative singular 

of the following nouns : victoriis, salutem, duce, vulneribus. 

3. To what use is the possessive sua always restricted? 

4. Give the principal parts of positam, efficere, cuperent, and vertere. Which are 

the principal parts of a Latin verb, and why? 

5. State the mode of each of the above verbs, also the rule (or principle of use) for 

the mode in each case. 

397 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRV CT ION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

LATIN. 

July 22 to 24, 1879. 

6. Give the root (or stem) of virtute, and state why it does not occur in the nomi- 

native singular. Explain, in like manner, the nominative singular of duce. 

7. Ad liaec Ariovistus respondit : "Jus esse belli, ut qui vicissent, iis quos vicisseut, 

quem ad modum vellent, impetrarent; item populum Romanum victis non ad 
alterius praescriptum, sed ad suum arbitrium, imperare consuesse." Translate 
in full. Give the root of consuesse. 

8. State the case of iis and rule. 

9. Caesar, certior factus, etc. Decline certior in full. 

10. Express in Latin: " When these things were known, CfEsar, in an address, com- 
posed the spirits of the Gauls, and promised that this matter would be his 
own future care." 

July 27 to 29, 1880. 

Ca3sar, equitatu praemisso, subsequebatur omnibus copiis; sed ratio orduque 
agminis aliter se habebat, ac Belgae ad Nervios detulerant. Nam, quod ad 
hostes appropinquabat, consuetudine sua Cresar sex legiones expeditas ducebat: 
post eas totius exercitus impedimenta coUocarat: inde duae legiones, quae 
proximo conscriptae erant, totum agmen claudebant praesidioque impedimentis 
erant. Equites nostri, cum funditoribus sagittariisque flumen transgressi, cum 
liostium equitatu proelium commiserunt. 

1. Translate the above extract into good English. 

2. How can you best render equitatu praemisso? 

3. Give the principal parts of the first five verbs. 

4. Account for the form of collocarat. 

5. Inflect the present indicative of detulerant. 

6. Decline equitatu, and explain its form. 

7. Analyze the sentence Equites nostri cum, etc. 

8. Parse transgressi. 

Ariovistus ad postulata Cajsaris pauca respondit; de suis virtutibus multa 
pracdicavit : Transisse Rhenum sese non sua sponte, sed rogatum et arcessitum 
a Gallis; non sine magna spe magnisque praemiis domum propinquosque 
reliquisse; sedes habere in Galliil ab ipsis concessas, obsides ipsorum voluntate 
datos; stipendium capere jure belli, quod victores victis imponere consuerint. 

9. Give free translation. 

10. Give the principal parts of transisse and reliquisse. 

11. Account for the form of sese. 

12. Decline the first four nouns. 

13. Parse concessas, datos, capere, and consuerint. 

14. State briefly what you liuow of Ariovistus. 

15. What Latin authors have you read? 

July 12 to 14, 1881. This subject omitted. 

June 28 to 30, 1882. 

(Caesar) His (1) rebus (3) cognitis, exploratores centurionesque prsemittit, qui 
locum idoneum (3) castris (4) dcligant. Quum ex dediticiis Cor dedititiis) 

398 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

LATIN. 

June 28 to 30, 1882. 

Belgis reliquisque Gallis complures Cresarem secuti una iter facerent, quidam 
ex his (ut postea ex captivis cognitum est) eorum dierum consuetudine itineris 
nostri exercitus perspecta, (5) uocte ad Nervios perveneruut atque (6) his (7) 
demonstrarunt, inter singulas legiones impedimentorum magnum (8) numerum 
iutercedere, neque esse (piidquam (9) negotii, quum prima legio in castra (10) 
venisset reliquasque legiones magnum (11) spatium abessent, hanc sub sarcinis 
(13) adoriri ; qua pulsa impedimentisque direptis, (13) futurum, ut reliquse 
contra consistere non (14) auderent. 
Note. — The numbers in parentheses belong with the word following them. 

1. Write, as nearly as possible, a literal translation. 

2. Write an idiomatic translation. 

3. Parse (1) and (3). 

4. Parse (3). Account for the mode of (4) and give its parts. 

5. Ut postea, etc. Why is not the verb in the subjunctive? 

6. Account for the cases of (5), (G), (8) and (9), and for the form of (7). 

7. Give full declension of (3), and account for the form of the nominative singular. 

8. Parse (10) in full, account for the case of (11) and give the parts, of (12). 

9. Parse (13) in full. 

10. Account for both the mode and the tense of (14). 

July 11 to 13, 1883. 

(1) Postridie ejus (3) diei, quod omnio (3) biduum supererat, quum (4) exercitui fru- 
mentum metiri (5) oporteret, et quod a Bibracte, oppido Aeduorum longe 
maximo et copiosissimo, non (6) amplius (7) milibus (8) passuum XVIII aberat, 
(9) rei frumentarite (10) prospiciendum existimavit; iter ab Helvetiis avertit 
ac (11) Bibracte ire contendit. Ea res per fugitivos L. ^milii, decurionis 
equitum Gallorum, hostibus uunciatur. Helvetii, seu quod (12) timore i)cr- 
territos (13; Romanes discedere existimarent, (14) eo magis, quod (15) pridic, 
(16) superioribus locis occupatis, proelium non commisissiment sive quod (18) 
re fruiuentaria (19) intercludi (30) posse confiderent, commutato consilio atque 
(21) itinere converso, nostros a novissimo agmine inscqui ac lacessere cooper- 
lint V 'i^ *H ^i* 

Eo concilio dimisso, iidem principes civitatum, qui ante fuerant, ad Coesarem 
reverterunt petieruntque, uti sibi secreto de sua (22) omniumque salute cum eo 
agere liceret. Ea re impetrata, sese omnes fientes Ca^sari ad pedes jirojecer- 
unt: Non minus se id (33) contendere et laborare, ne ea, qu;e (24) dixissent, 
(25) enunciarentur, quam uti ea, qua? vellent, (26) impetrarent; propterea 
quod, si enunciatum esset, summum in (27) cruciatum se venturos viderent. 
Note. — The numbers in parentheses designate the words which they precede. 

1. Translate. 

2. Give the derivation of (1), (3), and (15). 

3. Dispose of (4), (5), (6), (7) and (8). 

4. Write the Latin word for XVIII, and parse (9) and (10). 

5. Give the syntax of (11), (12) and (13). 

6. Parse and discuss (14). 

399 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

LATIN. 

July 11 to 13, 1883. 

7. Parse (16), (17) and (IS). 

8. Give the parts of (19) and parse (20) and (21). 

9. Parse que in (22), and account for the modes and tenses of (23), (24) and (25). 

10. Account for the mode and tense of (26) and parse (27). 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

1. Translate: Loci natura erat haec, quern locum nostri castris delegeraut. CoUis ab 

summo aequaliter declivis ad flumen Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, verge- 
bat. Ab eo flumine pari acclivitate collis nascebatur adversus huic et contra- 
rius, passus circiter duceutos intimus apertus, ab superiorere parte silvestris, 
ut non facile introrsus perspici posset. Intra eas silvas hostes inoculto sese 
contienebant; in aperto loco secundum flumen paucea stationcs equitum vide- 
bantur. Flumiuis erat altitudo pedum circiter trium. 

11. 1. Write the declension of loci, castris, flumen, pedum and collis. 

2. Parse haec, quem, nostrij eo and declivis. 

3. Write the comparison of pari, facile, infimus, superiore and aperto. 

4. Write, in the mode and tense here given, the conjugation of erat, delegarant, 

posset, nascebatur and nominavimus. 

5. Explain the syntax of vergebat, acclivitate, posset, passus and jDedum. 
III. 1. What would you name as the benefits of studying Latin ? 

2. Give an outline of Caesar's career, stating wherein lie deserved praise and wherein 

he deserved censure. 

3. Write any Latin quotations you can remember. 

4. Discuss the relative values of a knowledge of Latin grammar and Latin literature. 

5. Write three English sentences not otherwise connected with this examination, 

and translate them into Latin. 

June 30 to July 2, 1885. 

1. State as many benefits as you think you have derived from the study of Latin. 

2. In what respects do you think your instruction in this subject might have been 

improved ? 

3. Write ten separate sentences, each containing some prominent fact which you 

have learned from your study of Ctesar's Commentaries. 

4. Translate into Latin the following sentences: Little rills flow into great oceans. 

The Roman soldiers fought fiercely and conquered the enemy. 

5. Translate the following passage into idiomatic English : Erant ha? difficultates 

belli gereudi, quas supra ostendimus, sed multa Ca?sarem tamen ad id bellum 
incitabant: injurite retentorum equitum Romanorum, rebellio facta post dedi- 
tionem, defectio datis obsidibus, tot civitatum conjuratio; imprimis ne, hac 
parte neglecta, reliqua' nationes sibi idem licere arbitrarentur. Itaque cum 
iutellegeret omnes fere Gallos novis rebus studere, et ad bellum mobiliter 
celeriterque excitari, omnes autem homines natura libertati studere et condi- 
tionem servitutis odisse, priusquam plures civitates conspirarent, partiendum 
sibi ac latius distribuendum exercitum jJUtavit. 

400 



State of New York. 
department of public tnst ruction. 

STATE EXAiMINATION QUESTIONS. 

LATIN. 

June 30 to July 2, 1885. 

6. What portious of the first sentence are in apposition to multa ? What verb ex- 

presses the concession in the second sentence ? 

7. Parse gerencli, obsidibus, rebus, studere (after libertati) and latins. 

8. Give the principal parts of Erant, ostendimus, odisse, partiendum; decline onines, 

9. Make a list of the connectives in the passage; and after each, put the name of 

the part of speech to which it belongs. 

10. Write ten English words derived from the same number of stems represented in 
this passage ; and after each derived word, place the corresponding Latin 
word. 

June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

1. Translate: Si quid accidat Romanis, snmmam in spem per Helvetios regni 

obtinendi venire; imperio populi Romani non modo de regno, sed etiam de 
ea, quam habeat, gratia desperare. Reperiebat etiam in quaerendo Caesar, 
quod proelium equestre adversum paucis ante diebus esset factum, initium 
ejus fu2fae factum a Dumnorige atque ejus equitibus; nam equitatui, quem 
auxilio Cnesari Aedui miseraut, Dumnorix praeerat. 

2. Give syntax of regni, obtinendi, and equitatur. 

3. Translate: Csesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda: vexillum proponendura quod 

erat insigne, quum ad arma concurri oporteret; signum tuloa dandum; ab 
opere revocandi milites; qui paulo longius aggeris peteudi causa processerant, 
arcessendi. 

4. Give syntax of (1) Ca3sari, (2) tempore, and (3) propouendum; (4) decline idem; 

(5) conjugate gero in the active voice, subjunctive mode, imperfect tense. 

5. Translate: Itaque quum intelligeret omnes fere Gallos novis rebus studere et ad 

bellura mobiliter celeriterque excitari, omnes autem homines natura libertati 
studere et conditionem servitutis odisse, priusquani plures civitates couspi- 
rareut. partiendum sibi ac latius distribueudum exercitum putavit. 

6. Give principal parts of the following verbs: coactos, pulsos, accidisse, pollicitus, 

and sumserat. 

Translate into Latin the following sentences : 

7. The arrival of Caesar being known, Ariovistus sends ambassadors to CfEsar. 

8. Thus the battle was renewed, and all the enemy turned their backs. 

9. Ca>sar withdraws his forces to the nearest hill, and forms a line of battle. 

10. Write two Latin sentences. — one illustrating the use of the historical infinitive; 
and one, the indirect discourse involving a subject in the accusative. 

August 23 to 26, 1887. t 

1. Translate: Persuadcnt Rauracis et Tulingis et Latobrigis, finitimis, uti eodem 

usi consilio, oppidis suis vicisque exustis, una cum iis proficiscantur : Boiosque, 
qui trans Rhenum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transierant Noreiamque 
oppugnarant, receptos ad se socios sibi adsciscunt. 

2. Give principal parts of the verbs: Persuadent, usi, exustis, proficiscantur, and 

incoluerant. 

3. Give syntax of the following words: Rauracis, finitimis, consilio, vicis, agrum. 

401 

51 



State of New York. 

department f p u b l 1 g ins t ru c t 1 n. 

state examination questions. 

LATIN. 

August 23 to 26, 1887. 

4. State the general law of sequence of tenses. 

5. Translate: Ubi vero mover! et appropinquare moenibus viderunt, nova atque 

inusitata specie commoti legates ad Caesarem de pace miserunt, qui ad hunc 
modum locuti: Non existiraare Romanes sine ope divina bellum gerere, qui 
tantae altitudinis machinationes tanta celeritate promovere possent; se suaque 
omnia eorum potestati permittere, dixerunt. 

6. Translate: Ibi se rursus iisdem opportunitatibus loci defeudebant. Haec eo 

facilius magnam partem aestatis faciebant, quod nostras naves tempestatibus 
detinebantur; summaque erat vasto atque aperto raari, magnis aestibus, raris 
ac prope nullis portibus, difficultas navigandi. Parse navigandi in the last 
line. 

7. Write (1) the comparison, and (2) the declension in the singulai-, of the adjective 

from which facilius is taken. 

8. Give the stem of each of the following nouns and explain the formation of the 

nominative from the stem: Pace, celeritati, machinationes, partem; also select 
one word from each passage quoted above, and give an English derivative 
from it. 

9. Write in Latin: While these things are being done among the Veneti, Quintus 

Titurius Labienus with those forces which he had received from Caesar, came 
into the territories of the Unelli. 
10. Translate into Latin: This speech having been delivered, b}- Divitiaciis, all who 
were present, with many tears, began to ask aid of Caesar. 

August 20 t<3 24, 1888. 

1. Translate: Tandem vulneribus defessi, et pedem referre et, quod mons suberat 

circiter mille passuum, eo se recipere coeperunt. Capto monte et succedenti- 
bus nostris, Boii et Tulingi, qui hominum millibus circiter XV agmen hostium 
laudebant et novissimis praesidio erant, ex itinere nostros latere aperto 
aggressi circumvenere. 

2. Give principal parts, mode, and tense of each of the following: defessi, referre, 

coeperunt, claudebant, aggressi. 

3. Give syntax of nostros and novissimis. Explain how novissimis has its meaning 

in this passage. 

4. Translate: Ilis traditis omnibusque armis ex oppido coUatis, ab eo loco in fines 

Ambiarorum perveuit, qui se suaque omnia sine mora dediderunt. 

5. Give syntax of his, oppido, fines, se. 

6. Translate: Atque in alteram partem item cohortandi caussa profectus, pugnanti- 

bus occurrit. AVhat is cohortandi? Explain its use. 

7. Express in Latin: Then at length Liscus, induced by the speech of Caesar, dis- 

closed what he had before kept to himself. 
/- 8. Write a Latin sentence illustrating the use of a relative clause expressing pur- 
pose. 
^ 9. Write a Latin sentence illustrating the use of the gerundive. Explain its gram- 
matical construction. 
10. Translate: In quos eo gravius Caesar vindicandum statuit, quo diligentius in 
reliquum tempus a barbaris jus legatorum conservaretur. Explain the use of 
vindicandum. 

403 



State of New York. 

depart m ext of public instruction. 

state exa.-mixation questions. 

LATIN. 
August 26 to 30, 1889. 

SELECTIONS PROM CESAR'S COMMENTARIES. 

1 Postquam id animiiin advertit, copias suas Cnesar in proxiinum collem subducit, 

•J equitatuuique, qui sustineret hustiuin impetum, misit. Ipse interim in colle medio 

3 triplicem aciem iustruxit legionum quattuor veteranarum ; sed in summo jugo duas 

4 legiones, quas in Gallia citeriore, proxirae conscripserat, et omnia auxilia collocari, 

5 ac totum niontem iiomiuibus compleri et iuterea saicinas in uniuu locum conferri, 
G et eum ab his, qui in superiore acie constiterant, muuiii jussit. 

7 Hostes ubi et de expugnando oppido et de fiumine transeundo spem se fefellisse 
S iutellexerunt, neijue nostros in locum iniquiorem jirogredi puguandi causa vider- 
9 unt, atque ipsos res frumentaria deficere cocpit, concillio convocato. constituerunt 

10 optimum esse, domum suam quemque revert!, et, quorum in fines primum Romani 

11 exercitum introduxissent, ad eos defendendos undique convenirent, ut potius in 

12 suis quam in alienis Snibus decertarent et domesticis copiis rei frumentariae 

13 utereutur. 

if Accedebat ut, quum saevire ventus coepisset et se vento dedissent, et tem- 

15 pestatem ferrent facilius et in vadis consisterent tutius et ab aestu relictae nihil 

16 saxa et cautes timerent; quaruni rerum omnium uostris navibus casus eraut 

17 extimescendi. 

18 Compluribus expugnatis oppidis, Caesar, ubi intellexit frustra tantum laborera 

19 sumi, neque hostium fugani captis oppidis reprimi netpie iiis noceri posse, statuit 
30 expectandam classem. ' 

1-3. Translate the above selections. 

4. Give the OTincipal parts, mode and tense of conmleri (line 5) ; conferri (line 5) ; 
fefellisse (line 7); progredi (line 8j ; extimescendi (line 17). 

"i. Give the syntax (case and reason for it) of jugo (line 8); oppido (line 7); domum 
(line 10); copiis (line 12j ; navibus (line 10). 

0. Explain the construction and use of expugnando (line?); pugnandi (line 8); 
expectandam (line 20). 

7. Decline domum (line 10); his (line 6). , Compare potius (line 11); optimum (line 

10). 

8. Give reason for the mode of sustineret (line* 2). What is its tense? Why? 

9. Translate into Latin: («) At daybreak he sent forward all the cavalry to hinder 

tlieir rear; (?>) if they wished any thing, they might return, April 13th, 

10. Translate into Latin : It is announced to Ctesar that the Helvetii intend to make 
a journey through the country of the Sequani and Aedui, into the territory 
of tlie Santoues. 

403 



State of New York. 

department of public ins t liuc t ion. 

state examination questions. 

LITERATURE. 

March 23 and 24, 1877. 

1. Give a definition of literature. 

2. Describe the different departments into which modern literature may be divided 

and name some of the leading English and American authors in each depart- 
ment. 

3. Explain wherein poetry differs from prose. 

4. Give some account of Milton's Paradise Lost; explaining its subject; its metre; 

and the character of the work. 

5. (a) Name the principal English authors of the fifteenth century, and state in 

what department of literature each excelled, (b) Give lists of the chief works 
of the following authors, respectively : Chaucer, Milton, Dryden, DeFoe, Ad- 
dison, Dr. Johnson, Fielding, (c) Name the authors and state the nature of 
the following works, respectively: The Task, The Dunciad, Tale of a Tub, 
Adonais, McFingel, She Stoops to Conquer, Utopia, Mosses from an Old 
Manse, Essays of Elia, Tristram Shandy. ((/) What plays of Shakespeare ai'e 
drawn from English history, and over what period do they extend. 

December 20 and 21, 1877. This subject omitted 

July 16 and 17, 1878. This subject omitted. 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

1. How is literature divided as to its form ? Give some divisions as to subject. 

2. What are the principal divisions of poetry, and the general characteristics of 

each ? 

3. What is the leading idea of an essay ? of an editorial ? of an oration? of a poem? 

4. Mention the most celebrated epic poems and their authors. 

5. Mention the most celebrated dramatic authors, and tell when they flourished. 

6. Mention some English authors who flourished before tlie time of Elizabeth, and 

tell what they wrote. 

7. Who wrote the Faerie Queen ? Essay on Man ? The Seasons ? The Task ? Gulli- 

ver's Travels ? Robinson Crusoe ? Marmiou ? The Deserted Village ? The 
Brook ? 

8. What did Bunyan write ? Dryden ? Hume ? Gibbon ? Johnson ? Sheridan ? 

Macaulay ? Lord Jeffreys ? 

9. Who wrote Thanatopsis ? Evangeline ? Snow Bound ? Bitter-Sweet ? The Con- 

quest of Mexico ? Knickerbocker's History of New York ? The Spy ? Gold 
Foil? 

10. Mention five distinguished American orators, and as many English. Which of 

their orations have you read ? Give a brief synopsis of any one of them. 

11. What are the main divisions of dramas, and what their differences^' 

12. How does an historical drama differ from history ? 

13. Give titles of Shakespeare's plays and an outline of some play. 

14. Give a brief synopsis of Paradise Lost. 

15. What else did Milton write ? Who have written criticisms of Milton ? 

404 



State of New York. 
department f p ub li c ins t li uc t i on. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

LITERATURE. 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

16. Mention five English and as many American essayists. Wliich of their essays 

have you read ? 

17. What are the staples of fiction ? 

18. Mention three noted English and as many American writers of fiction, not now 

living, and us many of each now living. 

19. What did Scott write ? Which of his works have you read ? Give an outline 

of any one of them. 

20. What are the principal forms of periodical literature ? 

21. What is a review ? Magazine ? What are the principal ones of each kind now 

published ? What ones do you read ? 

22. What is the value of periodical literature as compared with books ? 

23. AVhat have you read in history ? Biography ? Science ? Criticism ? Poetry ? 

24. Quote something from Milton; from Webster; from Shakespeare; from Tenny- 

son ; from any other three first-rate authors. 

25. How would you cultivate a taste for good reading in your pupils ? 

Jxily 22 to 24, 1879. 

1. What do you mean by the classic productions of a language ? 

2. Name six Englisii classic authors, together with the masterpiece of each. 

3. Name the leading characters in Hamlet. 

4. By whom and about what time Avas the Spectator written ? 

5. Name the leading works of Milton. Name three other authors of his time. 

Name also three persons who ruled nations during Milton's life. 

6. Name, together with tlieir authors, three standard histories, three epic poems, 

three lyric poems and three works of fiction ? 

7. Name the authors of the following works : Rasselas, Fairie Queene, Ivanhoe, Hia- 

watha, Fable of the Critics, Vanity Fair, Maud MuUer, Locksley Hall, Star- 
Spangled Banner, Barnaby Rudge, Excursion, Jane Eyre, Autocrat of the 
Breakfast Table, Thauatojisis. 

8. Name five recent American books or poems. 

9. Name three distinguished writers of the sixteenth century. 

10. Name the masterpieces of De Foe, Buuyan, Cervantes, Dante, Byrpn, Cowper, 
Thomson, Rogers, Campbell. 

July 27 to 29, 1880. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. Mention some of the departments of literature for which Greece wjis famous, and 

name some prominent writer in each department. 

2. Name the cliief departments of Roman literature, and name a prominent author 

in each department. 

3. Name the greatest epic poem in the English language. Explain the character- 

istics of its verse, and give a short account of its author. 

405 



State of New York. 

department of public ins truc tion. 
state examination questions. 

LITERATURE. 

Jldy 27 to 29, 1880. 

4. Name the leading English dramatist, and at least three works or plays written 

by him. In what reign did he live ? 

5. Give the names of some of the most noted English authors between the sixteenth 

and nineteenth centuries, and their respective departments of literature. 

6. Name the most prominent English writer of the beginning of the present cen- 

tury, and some of his works. 

7. Of the English writers of tlie present century, name three historians, three nov- 

elists, and three poets, and one work of each. 

8. Of American writers, name three historians, three poets, three writers of fiction, 

and some work of each. 

9. Name ten distinguished living writers and their respective departments of liter- 

ature. 

10. Name the author of each of the following works: The Canterbury Pilgrims, Gul- 
liver's Travels, Winter's Tale, the Vicar of Wakefield, Decline and Fall of 
the Roman Empire, Marco Bozzaris, Sketch Book, Conquest of Mexico, 
Heroes and Hero Worship, Confessions of an Opium Eater, Rhyme of the 
Ancient Mariner, Lays of Ancient Rome, Middlemarch, Aurora Leigh, Rise of 
the Dutch Republic, Toilers of the Sea, Hypatia, Uncle Tom's Cabin, The 
Heathen Chinee, The Scarlet Letter. 

July 12 to 14, 1881. 

1. Name five distinguisljed epic poets, and their poems. 

2. Tell the nationality of each of the above poets and state tlie period in which each 

wrote. 

3. Name some works of five leading dramatists. State the country and period of 

each author. 

4. Give some account of Dante, Cervantes and Addison. 

5. Name ten standard histories. 

6. Name ten standard juvenile books. 

7. Name ten standard American authors and state the department in which each 

has excelled. 

8. Give some account of Pope and Johnson. 

9. Describe briefly the current periodical literature. 
10. Name the uses of standard literature. 

June 28 to 30, 1882. 

1. Name the oldest English epic and give the argument. 

2. What great Italian man of letters was a contemporary and probably a friend of 

Chaucer? 

3. Mention the best known {n) of Chaucer's works, \h) of his distinguished Italian 

contemporary. 

4. Into what three periods may English literature be divided? Give some reasons 

for this division. 

406 



State t)F New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

LITERATURE. 

June 28 to 30, 1882. 

5. {ci) Mention at least one writer of the earliest period, and give the name and 

character of one of his works. {!>) To which period belonged Mandeville, 
Wycliflfe and Gower, and in what department of literature did each gain emi- 
nence ? (c) Who wrote the Piers Ploughman series? (d) Mention the greatest 
non-dramatic poet, the most eminent dramatist, and the most distinguished 
prose writer of the sixteenth century, and give the title of at least one of the 
works of each? {e) Who were the "Lake Poets?" 

6. In whicli department of poetry do you class (a) Paradise Lost, (b) D'Alegro, 

(c) Childe Harold, {(T) Elegy in a Country Church Yard. (/) Bridge of Sighs, 
(/) Essay on Man, (g) Alexander's Feast, (h) The American Flag? 

7. Name the authors of the following: («) Iliad, (h) ffidipus Tyrannus, (c) The 

Captives, (d) Metamorphoses, (e) Georgics, (/) Commentaries on the Gallic 
War, {g) The Inferno, (//) Tlie Dunciad, and (i) Don Quixote. 

8. Assign each of the foregoing works to its appropriate department of literature, 

and mention the period in which its author lived. 

9. In American literature mention (a) five distinguished poets and their principal 

works, (h) three distinjj^uished novelists and their cliief works, (c) three dis- 
tinguished historians and their works, {d) the character of The Federalist and 
the names of its authors, {e) two distinguislied writers on jurisprudence and 
municipal law, and (/) three distinguished writers on scientific subjects 

10. Can you mention an American epic and its author? 

July 11 to 13, 1883. 

1. What nations, previous to the Christian era, had a literature? 

2. What was the leading ancient literature, and what were its principal depart- 

ments? 

3. Name three works of Greek literature, and give characteristics of each. 

4. Name three writers of the Italian Renaissance in literature, and the departments 

in which their works respectively belong. 

5. What great writer and work marked the revival of letters in Spain? 

6. Name a great English satirist and novel writer, and three of his works. 

7. Name two living English poets, two scientific writers, two novelists, two his- 

torians, and some of the works of each. 

8. Name three living American poets, and give the characteristics of the works of 

each, 

9. Name five noted American historians, and the principal works of each. 

10. What are tlie characteristics of the literature of to-day as distinguished from tliat 
of the last century? 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

1. Name the works of Homer and state the theme of* each. 

2. Name the most noted orator of Greece, the most noted one of Rome, a noted 

one of France, two of England, and three noted living orators of America. 

3. Name two famous ancient or modern poets of Italy and the chief poem of each. 

407 



State of New York. 

department of public ins t m u c ti on. 

state examination questions. 

LITERATURE 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

4. Name two distinguished poets of Germany and a noted poem written by each. 

5. Name the most famous work of Spanish literature and its author. 

6. Name ten of Shakespeare's plays. 

7. Who was the most prominent literary man of England in Cromwell's time? 

8. Name five well-known English historians and the title of a work by each. 

9. Name five eminent prose writers of America and the title of some well-known 

work by each. 

10. Name five eminent poets of America and two well-known poems by each, 

June 30 to July 2, 1885. 

1. State the leading differences between the literature of ancient Greece and that of 

ancient Rome. 

2. Classify the following authors as Greeks or Romans, and as writers of poetry or 

prose: Herodotus, Livy, Thucydides, Horace, Sophocles, Sappho, Plato, 
Xenophon, Ovid, Euripides. 

3. What was Tasso's greatest work? 

4. Name five promin-ent writers of the medieval renaissance in literature. 

5. Give a brief outline of the career and the writings of Victor Hugo. 

6. Name in order the authors of the following works: Wilhelm Meister, Sartor 

Resartus, The Merchant of Venice, The Scarlet Letter, The Lady of the Lake, 
Adam Bede, The Newcomes, Bitter-Sweet, A Child's History of England, 
Snow-Bound. 

7. Give a brief description of the Canterbury Tales, 

8. Name the three leading literary magazines published in this country. 

9. Give the names of five distinguished English writers of recent times who have 

also been prominent in politics. 

10. Give the names of five prominent American writers who have distinguished 
themselves in diplomatic service. 

June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

1. Mention the names of two of the great historians of each of the following 

nations: Greece, Rome, France, England, United States. 

2. Speak of the philosophy of Lord Bacon and of its influence. 

3. Speak of the philosophical works of Charles Darwin and of their influence. 

4. In what language were the writings of King Alfred ? Of Chaucer ? 

5. What can you say of the works of Milton (whether prose or poetical), to show 

that they were the natural product of the times in which he lived? 

6. Name five plays of Shakespeare and five of Irving's works, and state which of 

them you have read. 

7. Give some account (1) of the most famous allegory of Bunyan; (2) of the Spec- 

tator. 

8. Give some account of each of the following poetical works: (1) Longfellow's 

Evangeline, (2) The Book of Job, (3) Whittier's Snow-Bound. 

408 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

state examination questions. 

LITERATURE. 

June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

9. Mention two important works of each of the following writers: Pope, Goldsmith, 

0. W. Holmes, Tennyson, Bryant. 
10. Name the authors of the following: Aurora Leiffh, The House of the Seven 
Gabliis. Don Quixote, The Confessions of an Opiuni Eater, Pendennis, The 
Cotter's Saturday Night, The Biglow Papers, Jane Eyre, Adam Bede, Rasselas. 

August 23 to 26, ICS? 

1. Who wrote the Canterbury Tales ? Of what are they made up ? 

2. Name two writers of the sixteenth century, and name one work of each. 

3. Name the author of the Fairie Queene. Of Don Quixote. 

4. Name the author of the Pilgrim's Progress; state where it was written; name 

two prominent characters in it; and tell what each represents. 

5. Mention three English and two x\.merican historians, and name one work of 

each. 

6. To what class of writers does each of the following belong: Addison, Milton, 

Goldsmith, Thackeray, Emerson ? 

7. Name five of Scott's novels. 

8. What authors wrote the following: The Tale of Two Cities, Vanity Fair, Jane 

Eyre, Society and Solitude, and the Professor at the Breakfast Table ? 

9. Name three great American poets and mention one work of each. 

10. Mention one work of each of the following authors: Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, 
Holland and Bayard Taylor. 

August 20 to 24, 1888. 

1 . Define (a) didactic prose ; (li) narrative poetry, 

2. Name one standard work in each of the above classes of writings. 

3. Mention three prominent characters in the Merchant of Venice. 

4. Name one work of each of the following authors: Goldsmith, Cowper, De 

Quincey, Coleridge, Mrs. Browning. Briefiy describe two of the works. 

5. Name five of Dickens' stories, and the abuses at which two of them were aimed. 

6. Mention three prominent American poets; give titles of two poems with brief 

description of one poem of each author. 

7. In what department of literature was each of the following writers noted : Dan- 

iel Webster, EmGrsou, Motley, George Eliot, Horace Mann. 

8. Name a prominent historian of England ; of France; of Rome; of Greece; of the 

United States. 

9. Name two works of Thomas Carlyle. Characterize his style. 

10. Name five famous American orators of the first half of the present century. 

August 26 to 30, 1889. 

1. Name one of Shakspeare's plays, and mention four prominent characters in that 

play. 

2. Who was the author, respectively, of each of the following: Rasselas ? Don 

Quixote ? the Bride of Lammermoor :' Dombey and Son ? John Halifax, 
Gentleman ? 

409 



State of New York 

department of public ins t ji uc t ion. 

state examination questions, 

LITERATURE. 

August 26 to 30, 1889 

3. Mentioa a prominent characteristic of the writings of George Eliot, Scott, Burns, 

Cooper and Irving. 

4. Name a prominent character in one work of each of the following authors: Haw- 

thorne, Cooper, Longfellow, Holmes, Bryant. 

5. With what celebrated newspapers were the following persons once connected : 

Horace Greeley ? James Gordon Bennett ? William Cullen Bryant ? Henry J. 
Raymond ? Thurlow Weed ? 

6. Name the essays of Macaulay which you have read, and mention two character- 

istics of his style. 

7. Sketch briefly the contents of one of those essays. 

8. Name four of Whittier's poems which you have read, and give a brief outline of 

one of them. 

9. Mention throe of the prominent characters shown in the fireside scene in Snow- 

Bound. and state for what purpose the poem seems to have been written. 
10. State five facts as to Whittier's literary work. 

410 



State of New York. 
department o f p ubli c ins t r uc ti02f, 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

METHODS. 

March 23, 1876. 

1. What is pedagogy ? 

2. What are methods in pedagogy ? 

3. Upon what do methods rest as a foundation ? 

4. What do methods assume ? 

5. Wliich way do they face in tlieir outlook ? 

6 What is the difference between a systematic discussion of subject-matter, sup- 
pose arithmetic, and a methodical discussion of the same subject-matter ? 

7. What is manner, as compared to method ? 

8. What data must be assumed in order to develop " methods in arithmetic," and 

what process must l)e followed in the investigation ? 

March 23 and 24, 1877. 

1. What do you understand by the term methods as applied to teaching ? 

2. On what principle does the maintenance of order during class-room instruction 

chiefly depend ? 

3. What methods would you adopt in introducing a sul)ject, grammar for instance, 

to a class of beginners ? State any principles that underlie tiiese methoiis. 

4. State some of the methods to be employed in making class-room instruction 

familiar. 

5. Mention a few of the axioms that are to be found in the writings or teachings 

of leading educational reformers. 

6. What is the proper place of the text-book in the class-room, and by what 

methods is its use to be supplemented by the teacher ? 

7. What is the value of repetition in teaching, and by what rule or rules is its em- 

ployment to be limited ? 

December 20 and 21, 1877. 

1. Name the faculties of the mind. Which of these is the most active in child- 

hood ? 

2. In view of this, what should ciiaracterize the teaching of young children ? 

3. In teaching, what help should the teacher give his pupils ? Why ? 

4. State fully the character of the questions that sliould be used in teaching. 

5. In teaching, which should precede, ideas or their expression ? Why ? 

6. Apply this in teaching ideas of fractions to young children. 

7. Apply the same in teaching the spelling of the following words: smiling, cylin- 

drical. 

8. Define object. Define objective teaching. 

9. Through what medium do we gain knowledge of external objects? Through 

what medium do we communicate our knowledge thus gained ? What appli- 
cation would you make of this in teaching ? 

10. How sliould the variety of subjects taught in a primary school compare with the 

variety taught in a more advanced school ? Why ? 

11. What are the best aids to memory ? 

411 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

state examination questions. 

METHODS. 

December 20 and 21, 1877. 

12. What use should be made of text-books in teaching natural sciences ? 

13. State your reasons for having pupils preparing to teach, study methods of teach- 

iug. 

14. What do you understand by philosojihy of education ? 

15. Describe the method by which a mental image, idea or conception of an object 

never seen is formed in the mind, and discuss the relation of this principle to 
the teaching of geography and history in particular, and to teaching in 
general. 

16. Discuss briefly the connection between the power to use language, and a knowl- 

edge of the science of language. 

17. What conditions of age and power to think do you consider necessary that a 

pupil may pursue the study of the science of language efficiently ? 

18. Which should precede, rules, detinitions and classifications, or a knowledge of 

processes and concrete particulars ? Why ? 

July 16 and 17, 1878. 

Note. — In the July examiuationa this year the subjects of Methods and School Economy were 
combined. 

1-2. In a primary school, on what would you base promotions ? On what in a 
graded school ? 

3. In a graded school would you recommend written examinations as often as once 

a month ? 

4. If a sciiolar is indifferent about failures, how would you arouse his ambition ? 

5. In assigning a lesson to a class, is it well to consult the class about the length of 

the lesson ? 

6. State your method of conducting a recitation in reading. 

7. In teaching fractions, percentage, etc., would you require general or special rules? 

8. In our public schools, would you expect scholars to complete a subject as they 

advance, or would you expect them to get an elementary knowledge at first 
and then take it more thoroughly when they review ? 

9. Would you give scholars in a primary school a text-book in arithmetic ? 

10. In a beginner's class, in arithmetic, grammar, geography, etc., would you com- 
mence with a text-book, or would you give tliem oral instruction for six 
mouths or a year ? 

December 19 and 20, 1878, 

1. Explain the terms impression and sensation as used in psychology. 

2. Classify the sensations, and show their relation to the intellect. 

3. Name the qualities of external objects obtained through eye, ear, touch and mus- 

cular sense. What is this mode of the mind's action called ? 

4. Define imagination. Of what use is this power in gaining knowledge ? Illus- 

trate. What studies do you consider most valuable in cultivating the imagi- 
nation ? 

412 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

METHODS. 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

5. Illustrate, fully, the processes of induction and deduction, by reference to some 

law of nature. 

6. Show the application of the processes of induction and deduction to the teaching 

of some one mathematical study, one of the natural sciences, and one language 
study. 

7. Describe your method, of teaching pupils how to speak and write the English 

language correctly and fluently. In what grades of schools would you advie 
the teaching of technical grammar? Give reasons. 

8. Compare the classics, natural sciences, and mathematics, as regards their relative 

value to the masses of the people in the knowledge and mental discipline they 
impart. 

9. Give your idea of the proper use of the terms objective and subjective, as a|)plied 

to human thought and action. 

10. Show the relation of human needs, rights, and duties. What guidance can you 
obtain from this relation in the government of a school? 

July 22 to 24, 1879. v 

Note. — In the 1879 examinations the subjects of Methods and School Economy vrere combined 
under one general subject. 

1. What do you understand by the term methods, as applied to teaching? 

2. What do you understand by philosophy of education? 

3. What do you understand by the objective metliod of teaching? The subjective? 

What is the order of their use? 

4. Would you have a code of rules and regulations in any school? Why? 

5. Would you have written examinations? How often? 

6. What would you do with a pupil who occasionally neglects his lessons? With 

one who habitually does so? 

7. On what qualities in the teacher does the good discipline of the school depend? 

8. How would you train your pupils in habits of good behavior? 

9. Would you teach manners and morals in school? If so, when, and how? 

10. What do you include in the term teaching? 

11. How do you arrive at principles? 

12. What would you do the first day of school? Give a plan of the first day's work. 

13. How would you arrange the pupils of an ungraded school into classes? 

14. Would you give pupils in a primary school a text-book in arithmetic? 

15. How would you obtain the co-operation of your pupils in securing order and 

discipline? 

10. How would you proceed to form a good public opinion in school? 

17. How would you prevent tardiness, absence, and truancy? 

18. What do you understand by the organization of a school? How would you 

organize a mixed school? 

19. What is classification? How would you proceed to classify a new school? 

20. What are the advantages of learning to write when learning to read? 

413 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

state exa^nnation questions. 

METHODS. 

July 22 to 24, 1879. 

21. Distinguisli between teaching, instructing, informing and learning? 

22. How would you proceed to teach the first steps of the physical sciences? 

23. Write six principles that are applicable in arranging courses of study and in de- 

vising methods of instruction. 

24. What is the difference between a rule and a principle? 

July 27 to 29, 1880. 

OliAL EXAMINATION. 

1. Give brief analysis of the mental powers and the order of their development. 

2. Give the successive steps in the objective or inductive treatment of a subject, 

and the objects attained by it. 

3. Give the steps in the subjective or deductive process, and tlie objects to be at- 

tained by it. 

4. Give some of the uses and limitations of object teaching. 

5. In preparing a course of study, what considerations should decide as to what 

belongs to the primary and what to the advanced course? 

6. What place should oral teaching have in a school course, and what are some of 

the uses and abuses of text-books? 

7. Give and illustrate some of the laws of primary teaching as now generally ac- 

cepted. 

8. Give comparison of rote teaching and rational teaching as to methods and results. 

9. How are scientific and philosophic principles most successfully taught? 

10. Give your ideas of industrial education; its methods, advantages and disad- 
vantacjes. 



July 12 to 14, 1881. 

ORAL EXAMINATION 

1. In primary schools why should object lessons have a conspicuous place? 

2. What powers of the mind should be systematically developed in primary schools? 

3. What relation has memory to the other powers of the mind, and how is it best 

developed? 

4. State your opinion concerning rote teaching. 

5. Subjects appealing mainly to the reasoning jjowers have what place in a school 

course? 

6. How are rules, definitions, and principles best taught? 

7. What are the evils of dogmatic teaching in school instruction? 

8. What is meant by the " scientific method " in teaching? 

9. What attention should be given to physical education in public schools? 

10. How can the moral nature of pupils be most effectively aroused and strengthened 
by agencies at the disposal of the teacher? 

414 



State of New York 
department of public instruction. 

, STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

METHODS. 

June 28 to 30, 1882. 

Note. — The subjects of Methods and School Economy combined. 
1. Give the distinguishing clitiracteristics of jji-imary and advanced teaching. 
3. Define the term study. 

3. Describe a method of conducting an advanced recitation. 
-4. State the purposes of an advanced recitation. 
5. StAte tlie purposes of a primary recitation. 
G. Distinguish between primary and advanced employments. 

7. Give a complete list of the appliances needed in teaching. 

8. State some of the uses and abuses of school sports. 

9. State all the principles on which you would make a daily program. 
10. Give an account of the movements necessary to orderly school work. 

July 11 to 13, 1883. 

1. What are the distinguishing characteristics of nroper subjects of study for 
children? 

3. What powers of mind are most active in childhood? How are they best trained? 

3. What are the uses of object lessons in primary teaching? 

4. In every lesson what, besides the thouglit, sliould receive special attention? 

5. How is expression, both oral and written, most easily and certainly taught? 

6. Subjects of an abstract character and those which appeal mainly to reason, belono- 

to what part of the school course? Give illustrations. 

7. Give three generally accepted laws in regard to Drimary teaching, with illus- 

trations of each. 

8. What is rote teaching, and what is its educational value? Give illustrations? 

9. Give tests for determining the value of methods used. 

10. State some of the differences in aims and results between methods now generally 
advocated by advanced teachers, and the methods which they are supersediu'^ 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

1. Name the mental powers or faculties, give the function of each and their general 
, order of develojjment. 

3. In processes of instruction what relation has knowledge to mental growth ? 

3. Give the sources of knowledge in the order best adapted, to the development of 

mind. 

4. How do primary and advanced instruction differ in regard to subject-matter, 

aims and methods ? 

5. What are some of the general characteristics of the most approved methods of 

primary teaching ? 

6. Mention three important general defects in the prevalent methods of primary in- 

struction. 

7. What tests will decide whether or not any given subject is adapted to Drimary 

instruction. 

415 



State of New York. 

bepartiient of publl c instruction. 

state examination questions. 

METHODS. 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

8. Specify some of the uses and abuses of text-books. 

9. Of what value are calisthenic exercises in school ? 

10. What is meant by industrial education ? What attention should it receive ? 

Note. — Beginning with examinations of 1885, all questions on Methods and School Economy 
are given under the head of "Methods and School Economy." 

METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

Note. — Previous to 1SS5 this subject divided. See "Methods" and "School Economy." 

June 30 to July 2, 1885. 

1. State five important objects of class work. 

2. Discuss the relative values of mental development and mental acquisition. 

3. Under what circumstances may pupils ])rofitably study at home ? 

4. What parts of class work should pupils do ? What parts should teachers do ? 

Give reasons. 

5. What powers of mind are most active in childhood ? What in tlie later years of 

school life ? 

6. What kinds of study are best suited to primary pupils, and why? What kinds to 

advanced pupils, and why ? 

7. What is synthetic or inductive teaching ? Wliat is analytic or deductive teach- 

ing ? 

8. At what stage should pupils begin to give the logical reasons for arithmetical 

processes ? Why ? 

9. What parts of any subject of knowledge should be memorized ? Why ? 

10. Give your views on self-reporting by pupils. 

11. In attempting to ventilate school-rooms by the doors and windows, what precau- 

tious are necessary '{ 

12. Enumerate some of the injurious effects uponeye-sight resulting from improperly 

lighted school-rooms, and suggest proper remedies. 

13. What kinds of physical exercises should be practiced in schools, and for what 

purposes ? 

14. Mention proper physical conditions essential to best results of study, and give 

reasons. 

15. Mention two important results to be secured from written work in schools, and 

detail good plans for securing these results. 

June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

1. What is meant by development as a method of teaching ; and what advantages are 

to be derived from its employment ? 

2. Distinguish between inductive and deductive methods of teaching. Illustrate 

each. 

3. What mental powers of the child are chiefly concerned in primary school work ? 

416 



State of New York. 
department f p u b l i (j ins t ru c ti n. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

4. Give a plan for teaching physiology and hygiene with special reference to the 

effects of alcoholic stimulants and narcotics. 

5. Describe two good methods of teaching children to express their thoughts in 

writing. 

6. Give two common causes of injury to the eyes of pupils. 

7. Explain a good jilan for ventilating school-houses. 

8. State three reasons why single scliool desks are preferable to double desks. 

9. Write an outline of an oral lesson on water and its uses. 
10. Do you favor general recesses or not ? Give reasons. 

August 23 to 26, 1887. 

1. What mental powers are chiefly used in the acquisition of knowledge ? 

2. Distinguish between synthetic and analytic methods of teaching. State the 

proper province of each in school work. 

3 Give outlines of a good method for securing written work in school. 

4. Distinguish between object teaching and objective teaching, and state the rela- 

tive value and importance of each in school work. 

5. Give a good, plan for the proper training of the memory. 

6. Distinguish between the period of facts and the period of reasoning in the child's 

school life. 

7. What arrangement should be made, in a school programme, to secure the proper 

amount of study of each subject daily, by each pupil ? 

8. State two considerations that should always be elements in determining the de- 

gree of punishment for an offense. Give reasons. 

9. Describe the proper method of seating a school-room with reference to conve- 

nience and health, and give reasons. 

10. In reading, to what is a drawling tone usually due, and how may it be corrected ? 
Should the teacher read for an advanced class for their imitation ? Give a 
reason for your answer. How may the tendency to read too rapidly be cor- 
rected ? When, how, and why may you encourage the study of literature in 
reading classes ? 

August 20 to 24, 1888. 

1. Give, in a logical order, the three principal steps in conducting a class exercise, 

and the object to be secured by each step. 

2. What three conditions should determine the length of time for the recitation or 

class-work of a class ? 

3. Why should primary teaching be chiefly objective ? 

4. What common-school studies especially train the logical reasoning powers ? 

5. Give a plan for the use of object lessons in language teaciiing. 

6. Give five reasons why a knowledge of psychology is essential to intelligent philo- 

sophical instruction. 

7. In a school-room warmed by a stove, what is the best place for the stove, to 

warm the room and protect the pupils from drafts of cold air ? Give reasons. 

417 

53 



State of New York. 

department of public in s tli u c ti n. 

state examination questions. 

METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

August 20 to 24, 1888. 

8. How much home study may properly be required of primary pupils ? Of ad- 

vanced pupils ? Give reasons. 

9. Give reasons for uniformity of text-books; for variety of text-books. State your 

preference for one or the other. 

10. Would you require additional study or other school work as a penalty ? Give 
reasons. 

August 26 to 30, 1889. 

1. Define (a) percept; ijj) concept. 

3. Give the reasons upon which the following,' educational raa.xims are based: (a) 
From the concrete to the abstract, (b) From facts to principles. 

3. Define (rt) education; (/;) instruction ; (c) training. 

4. What is a rational method ? An empirical method ? 

5. In teaching geometry, should pupils be required to memorize the words of the 

demonstration ? Give reasons for your answer. 

6. Give two methods for gaining and holding the attention of pupils during the 

recitation. 

7. State three principles which underlie all good school government. 

8. Specify two kindergarten practices that could profital)ly be employed in primary 

schools. 

9. Should there be too much light in a school-room, what part of the windows 

should be shaded ? Why ? 

10. In endeavoring to secure good enunciation from pupils, what directions should 
be given ? 

418 



State of New York. 
depa r tment of p ublic ins t it uc'tion. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

PENMANSHIP. 

December 20 and 21, 1877. 

1. Wliat system have you adopted? 

2. Give the elements of the small letters ; the capitals. Name them. 

3. How do you classify them? 

4. How do you secure a proper way of holding tlie pen? 

5. How do you secure accuracy in writing tlie elementary forms, and uniform 

progress ? 

6. On what principle do you classify the small letters? And write the letters of eacli 

class. 

7. On what principle do you classify the capitals? Also write the letters of each 

class. 

8. How do you conduct a recitation in writing? 

9. How do you secure legibility? How does it rank in importance? 
10. How do you secure rapidity? IIow docs it rank with legibility? 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

1. Write, name, and describe the elements of the small letters. 

2. Write, name, and describe the elements of the capital letters. 

3. Define element, and slant. 

4. Classify the small letters, stating the basis of classification. 

5. Classify the capital letters, stating the basis of classification. 

6. How would you secure accuracy in writing the elementary forms? 

7. Name the Requisites of good writing in the order of importance. 

8. How attain these requisites? 

9. What kinds of class-drill would you employ to secure ease of movement? 

10. What would you expect pupils to know about the letters before teaching them 
how each siiould be made ? 

July 22 to 24, 1879. 

1. Describe, in detail, the correct position of holding the pen. 

2. Analyze the following letters: g. i, h. 

3. Analyze the capital letters: F, M, D. 

4. Write each of the letters of the alphabet, small and capital, in accordance with 

the principles of penmanshi]). 

5. Write and name the principles emi)loyed in the structure of letters. 

6. Name the positions of the body, and the movements of the hand and arm in 

writing. 

7. Name the space lines and describe the slant used in penmanship. 

July 27 to 29, 1880. 

1. ]Make the elements of jirinciples used in forming the capitals and small letters. 

2. Give the rules for the position, slant, height and width of the letters. 

419 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

state examination questions. 

PENMANSHIP. 

July 27 to 29, 1880. 

3. What position at the desk, in writing, do j-ou prefer, and why? 

4. At wliat age, and how, would you have young pupils write? 

July 12 to 14, 1881. 

1. Construct each letter of the alphabet in small and in capital form. 

2. Describe the structure of the letters y and r. 

3. Construct the princij^les used in the formation of letters. 

4. Indicate some exercises for the training of th6 muscles. 

5. Describe correct position in writing. 

6. Describe the holding of the pen. 

7. Describe the movements used in writing. 

8. Indicate what is meant by the slant of letters. 

9. Describe the structure of the "letters D and K. 

10. Describe tlie mode of teaching writing in a primary class. 

June 28 to 30, 1882. 

1. What is your method of teaching writing in primary grades ? Why ? 

2. Is the writing class a necessity of school work ? Why ? 

3. Give a general' outline of your method of conducting writing classes. 

4. Form and analyze A, B, G, Y. 

5. Form and analyze a, b, g, y. , 

6. What is the unit of height, and what is the unit of width, for the small letters ? 

7. Which letters require three times the unit of height ? 

8. Which require twice the unit of height ? 

9. Describe proper position at the desk. 

10. Describe proper mode of holding the pen. 

1883. Tills subject omitted. 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

1. How do you teach writing in the primary grades ? 

2. What is the teacher required to know and to be able to do in order to teach writ- 

ing in primary grades ? 

3. Under what circumstances will you require regular writing exercises ? 

4. A certain pupil invariably curves the inverted (lower) loop letters to the left. 

What is tlie probable cause and wliat the remedy ? 

5. A pupil makes heavy and irregular hair-strokes. What exercises will you give 

him ? 

6. Name the requisites of a good business hand. 

7. What are your units of analysis for the sizes of small letters ? 

8. Analyze both size and lines of the letters in the word lading. 

420 



State of New York. 

depaiitment of public instruction. 

state examination questions, 

PENMANSHIP. 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

9. Write the small-letter alphabet as though it made three words, putting eight 
letters in the first word, nine each in the second and third, and insert the 
character & between the last two words. 

10. Write the capital-letter alphabet and analyze F, G and M. 

1885. This subject omitted. 

1886. This subject omitted. 

1887. This subject omitted. 

1888. This subject omitted. 

1889. This subject omitted. 

421 



State of N^w York. 
department of public ins t bug t j on. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

PHYSICS. 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

1. Illustrate the relation between the force of gravitation and the quantity of 

matter exerting it. State the law. 

2. Illustrate the relation between the force of gravitation and the distance between 

the bodies exerting it. State the law. 

3. Define specific gravity. Illustrate what is meant by it. 

4. Distinguish between the terms pitcii and intensity of sound. 

5. How is light thought to be produced ? 

6. Show the difference between reflecting and refracting telescopes. 

7. Show what is meant by magneto-electricity. 

8. How is the electric light produced ? 

9. What is meant by intensity of electricity, and upon what does it depend ? 

July 22 to 24, 1879. 

7. A body falls five seconds. How far will it fall during each second, and how far 

will it have fallen at the end of each second ? 
Note.— This subject with Zoology and Botany given under the head of Natural Sciences. 

July 27 to 29, 1880. 

1. Enumerate the different forces which we see in action around us, and give the 

characteristics if eacli. 

2. What is the law of gravitation ? 

3. Give the laws in regard to the pressure of liquids as to direction and force, and 

show some application to the mechanic arts. 

4. Describe the action of a common pump, and describe the construction and uses 

of a scientific instrument which operates on the same principle. 

5. Explain the action and causes of intermittent springs. 

6. Explain the nature of sound, and give its rate of transmission, and the causes of 

difference in pitch of sound. 

7. Explain the theory of heat, its general effect upon bodies, and the different ways 

of transmission. 

8. What is light and how is it transmitted ? 

9. Explain reflection and refraction of light. 

10. Give an account of the means and results of decomposing light. 

July 12 to 14, 1881. 

1. What are some of the essential properties of matter ? 

2. What are the general forms which matter assumes ? Give examples. 

3. Callino- the distance a body falls during the first second unity, how far will it 

fall in five seconds ? and how far during the fifth second ? State the law. 

4. Six sailors with levers five feet long are turning a capstan, each exerting a force 

of 250 pounds; what is the force exerted upon the axle one foot in diameter, 
allowing one-third for friction ? 

422 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS, 

PHYSICS. 

Jixly 12 to 14, 1881. 

5. What forces tend to keep the planets iu their orbits ? Explain each. 

6. Explain the operation of the siphon. 

7. A flash of lightning is followed by a peal of timnder in 6f seconds; at what dis- 

tance was the electrical discharge ? 

8. Explain the thermometer. 

9. Explain the barometer. 

10. How is the rainbow formed ? 

Jtrne 28 to 30, 1882. 

1. What is matter ? 

3. What is general property of matter ? 

3. Name and define four general properties of matter. 

4. A ball is hurled from the ground vertically with such velocity that it ascends 176 

feet the first second. To what height will it ascend and in how many sec- 
onds return ? 

5. A 200 lb. weight is attaclied to a six-foot lever six inches from one end (fulcrum), 

and to the other end is attaclied a movable pulley. A rope fastened to the ceil- 
ing goes through this movable pulley and over a fixed pulley fastened to the 
ceiling. What weight must be attached to the free end of the rope to balance 
the weight on the lever (friction and weight of rope, pulleys and lever not 
considered) ? 

6. Illustrate by a figure and explain how a vessel may sail eastward with a north 

wind. 

7. Give the theory of the color of objects (to explain why some are blue, others 

red, etc.). 

8. What influence have variations of density and temperature upon velocity of sound 

in air. 

9. Describe and explain some good means of ventilating a school-room. 
10. Explain the phenomena of lightning and thunder. 

July 11 to 13, 1883. 

1. What is meant by the indestructibility of matter ? Give illustrations. 

2. What is meant by the persistence of force ? Give illustrations. 

3. When and why does a clear body of water appear shallower than it really is ? 

4. Explain the action of lenses ; of mirrors. 

5. Explain the echo. 

6. Explain the action of a siphon. Give illustration of natural siphons. 

7. What is explosion, and upon what does the destructive force depend ? 

8. Give six concrete examples of compound motion. 

9. Show the mechanical relation of the screw to the inclined plane. 

10. Explain the principle of action of the suction, force and lifting pumps. 

* 423 



State of New York. 
department f pub li g inst r u c t i on, 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

PHYSICS. 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

1. Define {a) i)hysics, Qi) matter, (c) an essential property of matter, {d) a specific 

property of matter, and {e) motion. 

2. State the causes of compound motion. 

3. Explain the three states of matter. 

4. What is specific gravity ? How is the specific gravity of a solid determined ? 

5. What absolute gain is obtained by the use of any of the mechanical powers ? Of 

what practical use are they in the economies of life ? 

6. Explain the action of the suction pump and give the reasons why it will not raise 

water to great heights. 

7. Give the philosophy of the formation of an image by a plane mirror. 

8. What causes short-sightedness ? What causes long-sightedness ? What kind of 

glasses are required for the former ? What for the latter ? Why ? 

9. What do you understand by the single-fluid and double-fluid hypotheses of elec- 

tricity ? 
10. Of what does the action of the magnetic telegraph depend ? 

June 30 to July 2, 1885. 

1. What fact underlies the production of motion l)y electricity ? 

2. State two causes that effect the boiling point of water. 

3. Sprinkling the floor of a warm room with water produces what effect upon the 

temperature of the room ? Why ? 

4. What kind of glasses are required for near-sighted persons ? Why ? 

5. A power of how many pounds will balance a weight of 1,200 pounds, using 

three movable pulleys ? 

6. A frozen apple placed in cold water is soon encased in ice. Explain. 

7. Give the law of intensity of lights at different distances. 

8. Explain the formation of frost. 

9. What is the theory of the cause of differences in color ? 

10. How far will a body fall in ten seconds, making no allowance for the resistance 
of the air ? 

Jime 29 to July 1, 1886. 

1. Explain how differences in pitch and in loudness or intensity of sounds are 

produced. 

2. Describe the main parts of the Bell telephone, and explain its action. 

3. Explain the cause (1) of lightning, and (2) of thunder. 

4. State the effect of elevation on the barometric column and give reason. 

5. Why will a vessel of cold water placed in a cellar sometimes prevent the fruit 

and vegetables there from freezing ? 

6. How could you illustrate, experimentally, in your school-room, the formation of 

dew ? 

7. How could you illustrate experimentally, the principle on which a pendulum 

clock is regulated ? • 

424 



State ok New York. 
depa r tment off ublic ixs tit uction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

PHYSICS. 

June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

8. Explain, using a diagram, liow rays of light, parallel to the axis of a convex 

lens, are brought to a focus. 

9. A power of five pounds applied to a machine, by moving througli a space of 

eighty feet, is capable of moving how many pounds through a space of twelve 
feet ? (No allowance is to be made for friction.) 

10. Suppose the machine referred to in the last question, be a lever of the second 
class, siiow the relative jwsitions and distances of power, weight and fulcrum. 

August 23 to 26, 1887. 

1. Describe an experiment by which you could show the elasticity of ivory, and 

state how the experiment proves elasticity. 

2. Describe some simple experiment by which you could show, in the school-room, 

how dew is formed. 

3. Two closed tanks on the same level and below the level of the water in a reser- 

voir, communicate with the reservoir, one by one pipe and the other by two ; 
the pipes are all of the same size. What is the relative pressure of the water 
in the two tanks ? Explain your answ er. 

4. "With a lever of the second class, the power is six and a half feet from the ful- 

crum, and the resistance five feet from the power. What is the ratio of the 
power to the resistance when in equilibrium ? 

5. When a Fahrenheit thermometer indicates a temperature of G8°, what would be 

the reading of a centigrade thermometer ? 

6. Explain the cause of the globular form of a dew-drop, and the force which holds 

it to the blade of grass. 

7. How are the prismatic colors produced by a drop of dew in the sunlight. 

8. If the barometric column stand at 30 inches, and the pressure of the atmosphere 

be 14.7 pounds to the square inch, what does a cubic foot of mercury weigh ? 

9. A solid mass weighs 24 pounds in air, 20 pounds in water, and 16 pounds in 

another liquid. What is the specific gravity of that other liquid ? 

10. Why does an object look smaller as it recedes from us ? 
August 20 to 24, 1888. 

1. What is a molecule ? 

2. How do you explain the solution of salt in water, in accordance with the molecular 

theory ? 

3. How does elevation affect the boiling point of a liquid ? Why ? 

4. What determines the height to which a suction pump will raise water ? 

.5. Viewed mechanically, what is the difference between a high and a low tone? 

6. Describe the method of producing an electro-magnet. 

7. Why does a mixture of salt and ice become colder than either ingredient? 

8. Which of the seven bands of the spectrum is refracted most ? Which least ? 

9. Explain the connection between the falling of the barometric column and the 

approach of rain. 

10. Why does the hot air rising from a furnace seem to be dryer than the same air 
before it is heated ? 

425 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

PHYSICS. 

August 26 to 30, 1889. 

1. A gold ring weighs 26 gruius; the specific gravity of gold is 19; how much will 

the ring weigh when suspended in water ? 

2. Explain the i)riuciple by which a barometer indicates the height of a mountain. 

3. When a moving body is brought to rest by a stationary object, what becomes of 

the energy that propelled the moving body ? 

4. Illustrate the meaning of the term latent heat, employing as your illustration the 

formation of steam from water. 

5. Give illustrations of the three ways in which heat is conveyed. 

6. Why is little or uo dew deposited under the trees of a forest ? 

7. If the sun is 60° above the horizon, what angle will a line drawn from the eye 

to the sun's image in the water make with the surface of the water ? 

8. A stick of timber, 12 ft. long, of equal dimensions throughout and weighing 300 

lbs., rests on two supports; the first support at one end of the stick sustains 
a weight of 120 lbs. How far from the other end is the second support ? 

9. Describe some common phenomenon which shows that sound requires time to 

move from one point to another. 

10. Give an illustration of osmose of gases. 

426 



State of New York. 

DErARTJIENT OF PUBLIC IN S T li U C T I ON. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

1. Give some of the distinctions between organized and unorganized matter. 

2. Trace the food in the process of digestion through the different organs, and de- 

scribe the changes it undergoes in each. 

3. Describe the human stomach; also the stomach of an herbivorous animal. 

4. Mention the number, and the classes, and describe the structure of the teeth. 

5. Describe the course of the circulation. 

6. How do arteries differ from veins? 

7. How is the temperature of the body maintained? 

8. How is venous blood changed to arterial blood ? 

Jiily 27 to 29, 1880. 

OR.\L EXAMINATION. 

1. Name the digestive organs. 

2. Explain the processes of respiration; also of tlie circulation of the blood. 

3. What are the leading causes of ill-health in the school-room? 

4. Why does frequent bathing promote health? 

5. What position should generally be maintained by pupils in the school-room, and 

why? 

6. State how and why exercise increases the circulation and purification of the 

blood. 

7. Name the principal sources of impure air in the school-room, and the remedy for 

the same. 

8. Why is severe physical or mental exercise, immediately after eating heartily, in- 

jurious to health? 

9. Give some idea of the proper arrangement of light in the school-room, and of 

the management necessary to prevent diseases of the eye. 

10. Give brief description of the nervous system, its functions, and the conditions of 
its healthful activity. 

July 12 to 14, 1881. 

1. What are the necessary conditions of ventilation in cold weather? 

2. How do you obtain, with safety to the pupils, a supply of fresh air in a school- 

room not properly ventilated? 

3. Describe the respiratory apparatus. 

4. Specify some of the ill effects of high benches for children, and give reasons. 

5. What are some of the differences between the bones of a child and those of an 

old person? 

6. Should the noon intermission of school be long or short? Why? 

7. Given a portion of solid food ready for the table: Required a description of 

the successive steps by which a part of it is transformed into arterial blood. 

8. Give your ideas about the frequency and kinds of physical exercise of pupils, 

with the physiological and hygienic reasons therefor. 

427 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT F P UB L I G IN 8 T EU C 1 1 ON. 
STATE EXA.MINATION QUESTIONS. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

July 12 to 14, 1881 

9. Given a school-room with a floor surface of 2,400 square feet and with windows 
on the north side: 

(rt) Which is the better form, 40 feet wide and 60 feet long, or 48 feet wide 
and 50 feet long? Why? 

(5) This room is 14 feet high and the air is changed once in 30 minutes. 
How many sittings ought it to contain? Wliy? 

(c) In what direction ought the childreu to face when they are seated in 
this room? Why? 

10. Locate and describe the following and give their functions : 
■" (o) Occipital bone. 
(1)) Patella, 
(c) Ulna. 
{(1) Tibia. 

(e) Tendon of Achilles. (Why so called?) , 
(/) Biceps muscle, 
(g) Periosteum. 

June 28 to 30, 1882. 

1. Describe the process of respiration and its effects. 

2. Name the bones in the arm and hand. 

3. Trace food in its several stages, from mastication to assimilation. 

4. Explain the action of the heart. 

5. Name the principal divisions of the nervous system. 

6. Specify the injuries that may result from unsuitable seats and desks. 

7. Give physiological reasons for keeping a school-room clean and well ventilated. 

8. State precautions to be observed in regard to admitting light into the school- 

room. Give reasons. 

9. Give reasons for not engaging in mental work immediately after eating a hearty 

meal. 

10. Specify the injuries that result from drafts and damp clothing. 

July 11 to 13, 1883. 

1. What are the physical conditions necessary to success in study? 

2. What particular injuries result from improper attitudes in the school-room? 

3. What injuries result from protracted mental application? 

4. What symptoms indicate the presence of impure air? 

5. Describe some simple mode of ventilation. 

6. Describe in detail the mechanical and functional actions of the lungs. 

7. Give an account of the sympathetic nerves. 

8. Describe the different methods of articulation in the human skeleton. Give ex- 

amples. 

9. Name the tissues of the human body. 

10. Give illustrations of improper methods of punishment, from a hygienic stand- 
point. 

428 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

state examination questions. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

1. Describe mastication, the organs used in the process, and the hygienic laws that 

ap})ly to them. 

2. Describe the stomach, its structure and functions. 

3. State three important hygienic laws that relate to the stomacli. 

4. What forces besides the heart-beat promote the circulation of the l)lood? 

5. Describe the heart, its structure and functions. 

6. Describe the capillaries and the vital processes dependent upon them. 

7. Give an account of the functions of the nerves, with illustrative examples. 

8. What is reflex action, from what does it emanate, and what does it control? 

9. State the specific effect of alcohol upon the stomach, heart and nerves. 
10. Describe tlie process and state the results of resjiiration. 

June 30 to July 2, 1885. 

1. In the process of digestion, what cliange does starch undergo, and how is the 

change effected ? 

2. In what way is lean meat digested ? 

3. Describe the process of the digestion of the fats. 

4. What foods need the most chewing, and wiiy ? 

5. Describe the process by which the blood is purified. 

6. Name the forces that impel the blood currents. 

7. Describe respiration, and state what forces are involved in the process. 

8. State the several uses of taste and of smell. 

9. Describe tlie principal functions of the skin. 

10. State the effects of narcotics upon the nervous .system. 

June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

1. State the functions of the excretory organs of the skin, and what instruction 

you would give in reference to keeping them in healthy action. 

2. Describe the action of a muscular fibre. 

3. What habits would you recommend for maintaining a healthy condition of tlie 

digestive organs ? 

4. Describe the course of the blood in the pulmonary circulation, and the change 

it undergoes in the lungs. 

5. What means would you reccommend for securing a vigorous flow of the blood 

through the lungs, and for its perfect aeration while there ? 

6. Give the anatomy of the heart. 

7. Describe the course of a ray of liglit in the eye, naming the parts of the eye 

through which it successively passes. 

8. Name the two kinds of nerve tissue, describe their general appearance, and their 

respective functions. 

9. As applied to the blood, what is meant by the terms corpuscle, plasma, serum, 

clot? 

10. Trace a portion of food from the time it enters the mouth until its nutriment 
enters the blood. 

429 



State of New York. 
beta rtment of public in s t it u c t i on. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

August 23 to 26, 1887. 

1. How many bones are there in a human hand ? 

3. Give the location and use of the sebaceous follicles or oil glands. What simple 
directions can be given for the proper care of tlie teeth? Why is it dangerous 
for a person who is j^erspiring to sit in a current of air? 

3. Give the name and location of that class of blood-vessels in which the blood is 

changed in color from light to dark red. Explain the difference between 
veins and arteries. 

4. How is the air forced into the lungs in respiration? What impurities are con- 

tained in expired air. Mention two devices for ventilating a school-room that 
has no special facilities for ventilation. 

5. Which of the digestive fluids is most efficient in difi-esting fat? What are the 

two chief functions of food? Why is eating rapidly injurious? 

6. When alcohol has been taken into the stomach, what is the immediate and what 

the more remote effect on the action of the heart? 

7. Trace the course by whicli the effect of an impression on the finger is conveyed 

to the brain. 

8. Describe the cornea of the eye. 

9. What effect is produced upon the blood by rebreathing air? How is that effect 

produced? 

10. Name five kinds of injurious results to the health of pupils, and the direct cause 
of each kind from the neglect of hygienic laws in tlie school-room. 

August 20 to 24, 1888. 

1. State the similarities, and the differences, in the structure of the shoulder joint 

and the hip joint. 

2. Describe the intervertebral cartilages, and explain their use. 

3. Describe the tendons, and show their adaptation to their use. 

4. How does breathing remove impurities from the blood? 

5. Explain the change from arterial blood to venous blood. 

6. If the flow of blood through an artery be permanently obstructed, how may the 

circulation still continue? 

7. Describe the lymph ; the lymphatic circulation. 

8. Why do not the auricles require so strong walls as do the ventricles? 

9. Describe the mucous membrane; the connective tissue. 

10. What effect is produced in different degrees by the use of tea, coffee, alcohol, 
tobacco? 

August 26 to 30, 1889. 

1. Define («) anatomy; (b) physiology; (c) hygiene. 

2. Name ten bones of the body, and give one use of each. 

3. Name five glands, and give one use of each. 

4. Of what is blood composed? Distinguish between arterial and venous blood as 

to chemical composition. 

430 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

state examination questions. 

PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 

August 26 to 30, 1889. 

o. Name and locate two pairs of nerves, and give the chief ofSce of each. 

6. State an effect of the continual and excessive use of alcohol upon each of three 

different organs. 

7. Name and describe three different membranes, and give one use of each. 

8. State approximately the normal temperature of the body. How is it maintained? 

9. State («) what tlie body receives from inhaled air; (b) what exhaled air has 

received from the body. 

10. When blood flows from a wound in the arm, how may it be known whether an 
artery or a vein has been cut? If an artery, how may the flow of blood be 
stopped at once? If the main artery of the arm were severed, how would 
blood be supplied to the hand in the future? 

431 



State of New York. 

department of public instbuc tion. 
^ state examination questions. 

READING. 

December 20 and 21, 1877. 

1. Name the different methods by which a child entirely unacquainted with read- 

ing may be taught it. Which of these methods do you prefer, and why ? 

2. Name such physical rules as you think should be observed while reading. State 

the physical consequences of violating them. 

3. Give a tabular view of the classes and sub-classes of the eiementary sounds of 

the English language. Define the great classes. 

4. Define phonic spelling. State its advantages. Mark according to Webster or 

Worcester the following words for pronounciation : — Christmas, tuneful, corn, 
cooling. 

5. Give the different ways of emphasizing words. Name the various inflections. 

Give examples of each with appropriate marks. 

6. What directions would you give classes with regard to marks of punctuation in 

reading? 

7. Give, in order you would put them, ten questions which you would ask pupils 

who were to read Warren's Address, p. 128, Randall's Reading and Elocution. 

8. Carefully look over the selection entitled, "Remarks on Reading," found on p. 

374, Randall's Reading and Elocution, and answer the following questions 
based on the selection : 

Meaning of the words, pendant, philosopher, accessory ? 

What is the end to which all studies may point ? 

Meaning of subservient ? 

What evil effects may arise from too long application of the mind to one 
subject ? Why ? 

State the effects of dividing the attention between many subjects. Wliy ? 

What general advice on reading may be given to every one ? 

July 16 and 17, 1878. This subject omitted. 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

1. What is the word method of teaching reading? 

2. What is the phonic method of teaching reading ? What are its advantages and 

objections ? 

3. Define semi-vowel. Mark, according to Webster or Worcester, the vowels in 

the following words: river, turncoat, time, piece, footstool, altar. 

4. Name three or four cases in which the risin.g inflection is demanded. Illustrate 

by examples. 

5. Define pure, aspirated, and orotund qualities of voice. 

6. What immediate physical preparations should be made in order to give orotund 

quality ? To give'pure quality ? To project tone ? To give great force to tone? 

7. Name the steps one should take in preparing to read any selection impressively. 

8. State quality, force, rate, pitch, and inflections required in reading the following. 

What siiould be the mental condition in order to read it ? How would you 

attain this condition * 

^ Flower in the crannied wall, 

I pluck you out of the crannies ; 
Hold you here, root and all, in my hand. 
Little flower — but if I could understand 
What you are, root and all, and all in all, 
I should know what God and man is. 

432 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS, 
READING. 

Jllly 22 to 24, 1879. 

1. How would you begin to teach a child to read ? Name in order the different 
steps to be pursued ? 

3. How would you proceed to correct bad habits in reading, as hesitancy, indis- 
tinctness and mechanical reading ? 

3. What steps are necessary in reading, to the proper rendition of a passage ? 

4. What words should be, and what words should not be, emphasized in reading ? 

5. Mark, according to Webster or Worcester, the following words, using the 

proper diacritical marks and the mark of accent, viz. : area, air, acclimate, 
equable, enervate, dessert, root, rural, allopathy, legislature. 

6. Define phonic spelling, and state its advantages. 

7. Carefully examine the following selection, "The Wreck of the Arctic," and give, 

in the order you would put them, ten questions which you would ask pupils 
who were to read this extract : 

" It was autumn. Hundreds had wended their way from pilgrimages ; from 
Rome and' its treasures of dead art, and its glory of living nature; from the 
sides of the Switzer's mountains, from the capitals of various nations ; all of 
them saying in their hearts, ' We will wait for the September gales to have 
done with their equinoctial fury, and then we will embark ; we will slide across 
the appeased ocean, and in the gorgeous month of October we will greet our 
longed-for native laud, and our heart-loved homes.' 

"And so the throng streamed along from Berlin, from Paris, from the 
Orient, converging upon London, still hastening toward the welcome ship, 
and narrowing every day the circle of engagements and preparations. They 
crowded aboard. Never had the Arctic borne such a host of passengers, nor 
passengers so nearly related to so many of us. 

*' The hour was come. The signal ball fell at Greenwich. It was noon also 
at Liverpool. The anchors were weighed ; the great hull swayed to the cur- 
rent ; the national colors streamed abroad, as if themselves instinct with life 
and national sympathy. The bell strikes; the wheels revolve; the signal-gun 
beats its echoes in upon every structure along the shore, and the Arctic glides 
joyfully forth from the Mersey, and turns her prow to the winding channel, 
and begins her homeward run. The pilot stood at the wheel, and men saw 
him. Death sat upon the prow, and no eye beheld him. 

July 27 to 29, 1880. 

ORAL EXAMINATION 

1. Mention two prominent objects to be kept in view in teaching pupils to read. 

2. Give in detail the first steps of the method that you would employ in teaching 

primary classes. 

3. What preparation should be made for each primary reading lesson ? 

4. What other exercises may be associated with primary reading, and what benefits 

will arise from the association ? 

5. How can the alphabet, spelling, punctuation and the use of capitals, be best 

taught ? 

6. Give your ideas of the advantages or disadvantages arising from having pupils 

criticise each other, and as to how criticisms should be made. 

433 

55 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSIRUCTION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

READING. 

July 27 to 29, 1880. 

7. How and when should the science of oral reading be introduced? 

8. What are some of the principal characteristics of good reading ? 

9. State your method of conducting an exercise in advanced reading; the attention 

you would give to the thought — to the expression. 
10. Show how lessons in reading may be made to serve as exercises in literature, and 
to cultivate a literary taste. 

1881. This subject omitted. 

June 28 to 30, 1882. 

1. State in detail the qualities that characterize good reading. 

2. Give a complete classification of reading matter. 

3. Define modulation, and give one illustration. 

4. Define articulation, pitch, rate, and emphasis. 

5. State the physical conditions of good reading. 

6. State the limitations of imitation in reading. 

7. State the uses and limitations of concert reading. 

8. Name three errors that you have noticed in the instruction of reading classes, and 

state the principle violated in each case. 

9. State the distinctive features of public reading. 

10. Describe a method of teaching primary reading, and give reasons for the several 
steps. * 

July 11 to 13, 1883. 

1. Give reasons for discarding the old method of teaching reading by first teaching- 

the alphabet. 

2. Discuss the question of the propriety of dictation exercises in spelling. 

3. What are the causes of the usual school-room tone, or monotonous reading ? 

How may it be avoided ? How cured, when the habit is once foimed ? 

4. What kind of reading matter should be given to primary classes ? How may it 

be obtained ? 

5. What advantages arise from having reading and writing associated from the first? 

6. While the pupil is trying to express his thoughts in writing, what incidental in- 

struction may be gained ? 

7. What attention should be given to a primary lesson in reading, before recitation? 

What after ? 

8. What means may be employed to excite an interest in reading ? 

9. Discuss elocution in its relations to a school course. 

10. What are the objects to be attained in learning to read ? What their relative 

importance ? 

434 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

state examination questions. 

READING. 
July 1 to 3, 1884. 

1. Mention the different kinds of reading. 

2. State the objects to be gained by a knowledge of the several kinds, together 

with their relative importance. 

3. Detail the chief characteristics of each kind. 

4. Briefly mention methods of procedure best calculated to give power in each kind. 

5. Mention more than one way of ascertaining whether a pupil has intelligently 

studied his reading lesson. 

6. How do you manage, when your school is not supplied with supplementary read- 

ing matter ? 

7. "What should be the relation of class work in reading to the various departments 

of a well-appointed library ? 

8. Give a course of reading for the first two years in school. 

9. Why not have more reading, or less ? 

10. At the age of sixteen a lad of average abilities leaves a district school to begin 
work on a farm, and asks you for a good course of reading. What will you 
give him ? 

June 30 to July 2, 1885. 

1. For what purposes, and at what stage of the pujiil's progress, would you give 

formal instruction in phonics? 

2. Name two distinct kinds of reading according to the purpose, or object, of each. 

3. What should be the chief aims in the teaching of oral reading, and by what 

means would you expect to accomplish those aims? 

4. Illustrate the application of the word method in teaching beginners to read. 

5. To what extent, and in what manner, would you use supplementary reading? 

6. What benefits would you expect to secure from supplementary reading that would 

not result from the use of the ordinary reading books? 

7. At what stage in the pupil's progress would you omit reading as a special exer- 

cise? Give reasons for your answer. 

8. If you should continue the reading as a separate exercise in the high-school 

grades, what special ends would you try to attain? 

9. By what means would you attempt to form in pupils a habit of reading standard 

works of literature? 

10. Give briefly your ideas of a library suitable for an ungraded rural school, and 
state how you would use it in school work. 

June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

1. For what objects should pupils be instructed (1) in silent reading? (2) In oral 

reading? 

2. Give the rule for the oral reading (1) of a direct question; give exception; (2) 

of an indirect question ; give exception ; (3) of an emphatic succession of par- 
ticulars; (4) of antithetic clauses or sentences; (5) of affirmation 02)posed to 
negation. 

3. State two plans for preventing pupils from memorizing reading lessons. 

435 



State of New York. 

department of public instpv c tion, 

state examination questions. 

READING. 

June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

4. To what style of composition is monotone especially suited? 

5. Define (1) pitch; (3) strength; (3) rate; (4) quality. 

6. State what pitch, strength, rate and quality of voice are appropriate in oral 

reading (1) unimpassioned narration and description ; (3) dialogue; (3) tender 
emotion and delicate affection; (4) contempt, dislike, and hatred; (5) lan- 
guage of authority. 

7. State two objections to the word method of teaching children to read. 

8. To what extent would you require pupils to read at sight? Give reasons. 

9. "What bad habits are often formed by pupils in looking over while others read 

orally ? 

10. What benefits should result from the use of supplementary reading matter? 

1887. This subject omitted. 

1888. This subject omitted. 

1889. This subject omitted. 

436 ' • 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

RHETORIC. 

March 23 and 24, 1877. 

1. Discriminate between grammar and rhetoric. 

2. How should an oration differ from an essay? 

3. What do you understand by rlietorical definition ; and in what respects are defi- 

nitions frequently defective? 

4. What degree of validity attaches to probable as compared with demonstrative 

reasoning? 

5. How-may the feelings of an audience be moved by a speaker? 

6. What degree of importance attaches to naturalness of style ; and how is natural- 

ness consistent with the use of literary models? 

7. State in the order of relative importance the properties essential to all good style. 

8. What is essential with reference to clearness in respect to: (1) The speaker's 

conception? (2) The words employed? (3) The grammatical construction?. 
(4) The arrangement? (5) Amplification? (6) Illustration? 

9. Give an original illustration of: (1) Simile. (3) Metaphor. (3) Metonymy. 

(4) Synecdoche. (5) Personification. 

1877. This subject omitted. ' 

1878. This subject omitted. 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

1. For what end do we study rhetoric? 

2. What is good English ? 

3. What is a simple sentence? 

4. What is a compound sentence? 

5. What is a complex sentence? 

6. Give an example of each. 

7. What should determine the form of a sentence? 

8. On what are clearness and strength of expression conditioned? 

9. State advantages resulting from the use of figurative language. 

10. Give an example of metaphor. 

11. Give an example of simile. 

12. Give an example of antithesis. 

13. When should antitliesis be used? 

14. What is style? 

1.5. What is the best style? 

July 22 to 24, 1879. 

1. What rhetorical purpose is effected by the use of the first word in the statement, 

"There were five meu there," and how is it effected? 

2. Mention some essential elements of good style. 

3. Mention some objects to be attained by a knowledge of rhetoric. 

437 



State of New York. 

ds:partment of public instruction 

state examination questions. 

RHETORIC. 

July 27 to 29, 1880. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. Name three points of excellence in style and tell what you mean by each. 

2. How is clearness of expression best attained? 

3. What evils would result from directly imitating the style of another? 

4. How can a good style be best acquired? 

5. State some advantages of figurative language. 

6. Name five figures of rhetoric and illustrate each, 

7. Show how figurative language may be made to weaken expression. 

8. In treating a subject, give some idea of the most effective general arrangement 

. of thought and the jDrinciples upon which such arrangement is founded. 

9. What rhetorical advantages arise from extensive and discriminating reading? 
10. When should the formal study of rhetoric be introduced into schools? 

1881. Note: See " Composition and Rhetoric." 

1882. Note: See " Composition and Rhetoric." 

1883. Note: See " Composition and Rhetoric." 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

1. What is the special province of rhetoric, in distinction from grammar? 

2. Write a sentence grammatically correct but rhetorically incorrect, and state the 

rhetorical error. 

3. Write a simile and state why it is not a metaphor. 

4. Discriminate between the synonyms kill, murder, and assassinate. 

5. State wherein the following expression is unsatisfactory, and make such changes 

as are needed: "Tell him, if he is in the parlor, I do not care to see him." 

6. Distinguish between versification and poetry. 

7. Explain in full what is meant by iambic hexameter. 

8. Name two epic poems, and state the theme of each. 

9. State two distinct uses of the semicolon and illustrate each by an example. 
10. Distinguish between wit and humor, and give an example of each. 

June 30 to July 2, 1885. 

1. Discuss the relations and the distinctions which you recognize between element-' 

ary composition work and the study of rhetoric. 

2. What phases of punctuation belong to rhetoric, and what to elementary composi' 

tion? 

3. State the uses of the semicolon. 

4. Define invention and sUjle, and state to which of the two you would devote the 

greater attention in the study of rhetoric. 

438 



State of New York. 

department o f publl g inst buo tiojst, 

state examination questions. 

RHETORIC. 

June 30 to July 2, 1885. 

5. Give the synonyms of kill, and indicate the shade of meaning expressed by each. 

6. State the principles to be followed in the formation and the acceptance of new 

words. 

7. Discuss the use of slang and of puns. 

8. State the resemblances and the diiferences between prose and poetry. 

9. Quote or compose examples in two of the following meters: Iambic pentameter, 

dactylic hexameter, anapestic trimeter, trochaic dimeter. 

10. Write or quote a passage containing a figure of speech, and name the figure. 

June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

1. Punctuate the following sentences: (1) The one prudence in life is concentration 

the one evil dissipation; (2) there are five moods the indicative the subjunc- 
tive the potential the imperative and the infinitive 

2. Define versification, stanza, foot, dactyl, iambus. 

3. Scan the following and name the verse : 

His gifts divine 

Through all appear. 

And round the year 
His glories shine. 

4. What are some of the more essential characteristics that distinguish poetry from 

prose ? 

5. Define (1) purity, (2) unity, as these terms are applied to style. 

6. Define synecdoche and metonymy. 

7. Name the rhetorical figures used in the following: 

Love ig a sudden blaze which soon decays; 
Friendship is like the sun's eternal rays. 

8. Point out the difference in meaning in the following pairs of words : Observance, 

observation; construe, construct; sufficient, enough; oculist, ojjtician; sym- 
pathy, compassion. 

9. Name the fault exemplified in the following sentence, and correct it: It is 

impossible for us to behold the divine works with coldness or indifference, or 
to survey so many beauties without a secret satisfaction and complacency. 

10. When is the use of a foreign word or a newly-coined one justifiable? 

1887. Note: See "Composition and Rhetoric." 

1888. Note: See "Composition and Rhetoric." 

1889. Note: See "Composition and Rhetoric." 

439 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

March 23, 1876. 

1. What is a school? 

3. What is its exact place in our civil organization? That is, where does it belong 
as it regards the family, the society, and the civil body jjolitic? 

3. What is the relative position of the instructor as compared to that of the patron, 

to that of the citizen, and to that of the civil officer in the employment of the 

State? 

4. As a managing officer in the school, what are the great classes of powers that the 

instructor represents, — looking towards the school? 

5. What are proper fundamental considerations upon which to base regulations for 

school management. 

6. What classes of regulations are to be considered as essential in school manage- 

ment? 

7. To what rights are pupils in school entitled? 

8. How many pupils should be assigned to each teacher, in grading schools? Or, 

upon what basis of attendance should the number of teachers be established? 

9. What are the special purposes to pupils of a recitation? 

10. What is the just agency of the teacher, at the recitation? 

11. What measures are you prepared to suggest, that shall best guard and conserve 

the physical well-being and comfort of the pupils while in school? 

12. What are the sociable duties of the educator in the community in which he finds 

himself located? 

13. What purposes have you maturing, and what preliminary work have you already 

accomplished, by which you hope to solve the following problem, viz. : How 
can an educator become able and effective as a school manager and teacher, 
and at the same time keep himself easily, sympathetically and vigorously pro- 
gressive in his own intellectual growth and culture, and also honor his cause 
and himself in discharging his duties as a member of the social and civil life 
to which he belongs? 

March 23 and 24, 1877. 

1. Should a school be managed with the primary object of following a strict course 

of study and making a strong institution, or giving individual pupils the best 
chance for themselves? 

2. How would you arrange the pupils of an ungraded school into classes? 

3. What subjects would you advise an ordinary boy or girl of fourteen years of age, 

in a winter school, to study? 

4. What faculties of the mind would you design to exercise in the study of geog- 

raphy? What other result than such exercise would you expect? 

5. What time, as compared to that allotted to arithmetic, would you give to the 

highest class in reading? 

6. What school work would you give with special reference to forming and fixing 

the habit of writing correct English? 

7. Would you consider it worth while to give any attention to incorrect habits of 

speech? If so, what would you do? 

8. What objects would you design to secure by recitations? 

440 



State of New York. 
department of public ins t it uc t i on. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

March 23 and 24, 1877. 

9. What would guide you iu assigning lessons to a class? 

10. What would you do if your class should have as many dilTerent text-books in 

arithmetic as there are pupils? 

11. Do you approve of school exhibitions? If so, what good results would you 

expect from them? If not, what objections to them do you make? 

12. What are the teacher's duties, if any, at recess and at dismissal? 

13. What has the teacher to do with the "manners" of his pupils? 

14. How would you deal with lying, or any other form of deception? 

15. What would you do with a pupil who occasionally neglects his lessons? With 

one who habitually does so? 

16. What habits, useful in future life, would you wish all school exercises to assist 

in forming? 

17. What would determine you whether or not to open or close school with any form 

of religious service? 

18. Would you have a code of rules and regulations in any school? Why? 

19. Of what do you suppose authority, or "government," in school to consist? 

20. If you are principal of a school, what are your duties as such to your assistants? 

If you are an assistant, what are your duties as such to your principal^ 

December 20 and 21, 1877. 

1. State, in their order, the steps you would take in organizing, {a) A district school 

with no assistant teachers, (b) A village school in which you would have 
three assistant teachers. 

2. State what you consider to be the difference between a graded and an ungraded 

school. 

3. Name all the parties that must be regarded in the government of a public school, 

and state the relation of each party to the others. 

4. What use would you make of oral or written examinations, and how would you 

conduct each? 

5. Give in outline your plan of government, stating in particular: (a) The general 

principles by which you are guided. (//) Your method of managing u-liisper- 
ing. {c) Your method of detecting and correcting any kind of offense. 

6. Give your views on self reporting, stating your reason for adopting or rejecting 

this plan, in part or in whole, in governing your school. 

July, 1878. 

Note. — In the July examiuations tliis^'ear, the subjects of Methods and School Economy were 
combined in Methods. 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

1. How would you classify an uugraded school? 

2. In such a school, how many classes in reading? 

3. In any public school what subjects might be taught as a general exercise? 

441 



State of New York. 

department of public iks t ru t 1 n. 

state examination questions. 

SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

4. What should be the opening exercises of a public school, if any? The closing 

exercises? 

5. How many subjects of study should each pupil have? 

6. How many hours a day should pupils be required to study? 

7. Should any school have public rhetorical exercises? If so, what kind of school, 

and what objects should be aimed at in such exercises? 

8. Why and how often should pupils be examined, and how would you conduct aa 

examination? 

9. In making record of examinations, would you recognize any thing but results as 

shown in the examination? 

10. When should the study of grammar be begun? 

11. What study of language should come before this, if any? 

12. When should penmanship be begun? 

13. In what circumstances would you encourage the study of algebra or philosophy 

in a mixed school? 

14. Give your views of recesses, their necessity, frequency, length, and how far the 

teacher should control them. 

15. Are calisthenic exercises desirable in a graded school? Are they in a country 

school? For what purpose? 

16. For what purposes would you desire order in a school? What would be your 

model of discipline? 

17. How would you endeavor to create an interest in a subject which seems uninter- 

esting to a class? 

18. What objects would you endeavor to secure by recitations? 

19. Would you keep records of recitations? Of conduct? What use would you 

make of them? 

20. How would you deal with tardiness in a country school? How in a village school? 

21. Would you make a code of rules for a school? Give reasons for your answer. 

22. How would you endeavor to secure the good-will of pupils? 

23. In what j-espects is the example of a teacher necessary? 

24. What mode of punishment would you use, if any, and for what sort of offenses? 

1879. 

Note. — In the 1879 examinations, the subjects of Methods and School Economy were combined 
under one general subject. See Methods. 

July 27 to 29, 1880. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. Describe a school-house to answer the requirements of a school, with an average 

attendance of fifty pupils ; as to {a) size, (b) furnishings. 

2. Name the prevailing faults in school and tell how you would remove them. 

3. What particulars in respect to the external condition of the school premises de- 

mand daily inspection by the teacher? 

4. Give your opinion of prize-giving in school and reasons therefor. 

5. What professional works have you read? Give outline of one. 

442 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

SCHOOL ECONOMY. 

July 12 to 14, 1881. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. How much floor-space of a school-room should be occupied witli seats and desks? 

What uses would you make of the rest? 

2. How much blackboard surface is needed for school purposes? What uses would 

you make of it? 

3. In a common school, what studies do you consider relatively most important? 

4. What is the proper temperature for a school-room in cold weather? 

5. How would you proceed to get the school-house and grounds fitted up in com- 

fortable and inviting condition ? 

6. What expedients would you employ to promote punctuality and regularity of 

attendance? 

7. What means do you rely upon for elevating the tone of public opinion in your 

school? What specific results would you aim to secure through such public 
opinion? 

8. What influences would you employ to awaken the interest and active co-opera- 

tion of the community in the work of education? 

9. In grading a school, what principles will determine where any individual pupil 

belongs? 

10. In case the higher departments of a graded school are small, and the primary de- 
partments overcrowded, how would you equalize the work of the teachers in. 
the entire school? 

1882. 

Note. — The subjects of Methods aud School Economy combined. See Methods. 

1883. 

Note. — No questions submitted on School Economy. 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

1. Mention three or more principles involved in making a programme of daily work. 

2. Mention the general objects of class work. 

3. Is uniformity of text-books necessary in arithmetic and geography? Why? 

4. Briefly discuss the question of general recess. 

5. A school-room has some benches without desks, desk-room for fifty pupils, and 

an average attendance of sixty. How may you take advantage of this to pro- 
mote punctuality? 

6. Do you ever vary the relative length of the half-day sessions? Give reasons. 

7. Briefly discuss the question of study after school hours for the purpose of disci- 

pline. 

8. How would you seat the pupils in a graded department? Why? 

9. What are your precautions for safety in case of fire? 

10. Define (a) discipline ; and (b) order. State some of the elements of each. 

Note. — Beginning with examinations of 1885, all questions on Methods and School Economy 
are given under the head of "Methods and School Economy." 

443 



State of New York. 
depabtment of public instruction', 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

SCHOOL LAW. 

March 23, 1876. 

Legal Qualifications. 

1. Is a teacher holdiug a State certificate obliged to undergo the regular examina 

tion by the board of education in cities where the board has the legal right to 
license its own teachers? 

2. Can a county commissioner annul a State certificate? If so, for what reasons 

and by what method of procedure? What redress has the holder of the cer- 
tificate, if it has been annulled unjustly? 

Teachers'' Contracts. 

3. What conditions are necessary to the validity of a teacher's contract in a district 

with tlu-ee trustees, as to (a) legal qualification; (b) relationship to any of the 
trustees; (c) circumstauces under wliicli the contract is made. 

4. What is a legal school month in this State? 

5. Which are the legal holidays in this State? 

■6. Can debts or notes due third parties — either of the three trustees, for instance, 
— be offset against the teacher's wages? 

The Teachei'h Authority. 
7. State in general terms how the law regards the infliction of corporal punishment. 
S. State the school law of this State regarding religious exercises in public schools. 
9. Can a teacher expel a pupil from school? 

10. What legal remedy has the teacher against an expelled or suspended pupil who 

refuses to leave a building? 

11. What legal remedy has the teacher against a parent who interferes in school 

hours with his management of the school? 

March 23 and 24, 1877. 

1. State the different systems of school supervision which have been successively 

adopted, and describe that now in operation. 

2. In what year was the present Free Scliool Act jiassed, and when did it go into 

operation? 

3. What pupils are entitled to free tuition? 

4. State the legal requirements to entitle a district to participate in the regular 

annual apportionment of school moneys. 

5. When and where must the annual school meeting in each district be held? 

6. May trustees disregard tlie vote of a district meeting limiting the choice of 

teachers, their salary and term of service? 

7. Is a school district liable for the wages of an unlicensed teacher; may the public 

moneys be paid, and can a district tax be enforced for such a purpose? 

8. How shall the trustees pay the wages of a licensed teacher, which are due, with- 

out the vote of a district meeting? 

9. In whom is the authority vested to regulate the attendance of pupils, the course 

of study, the selection of text-books, and the general management of the 
school? 

444 



State of New York. 

department of public instruction. 

state examination questions. 

SCHOOL LAW. 

March. 23 and. 24, 1877. 

10. Who are authorized to license teachers, and what is the extent of their powers, 

respectively? 

11. What legal evidence of qualification must a teacher of public schools possess? 

12. What is the legal provision for the attendance of teachers upon the teachers' 

institute of their county, during term time? 

December, 1877. This subject omitted. 

July 16 and 17, 1878. 

1. Can a teacher make up lost time on a legal holiday? 

2. Does a teacher's jurisdiction extend beyond the school premises? 

3. Name three things for which a teacher can be removed. 

4. Can a teacher legally inflict corporal punishment? 

5. Is the apportionment of State money to a district based on the aggi-egate or upon 

the average attendance? 

6. Can a commissioner annul a State certificate? 

7. Can a teacher prescribe the studies that a pupil must take? 

8. Can a teacher expel a pupil from school? 

9. If a scholar has been suspended from school for bad conduct, how can he be re- 

instated? 

10. State the different ways in which a teacher can be licensed. 

December 19 and 20, 1878. 

1. Name the orders of supervising officers connected with the school system of the 

State, and indicate («) The method of appointing or electing each, (b) The 
general duties of each. 

2. Name the classes of schools under the direction of the State Superintendent of 

Public Instruction. 

3. State wherein a union school differs from («) An academy, (b) A district school. 

(c) A high school. 

4. Name the powers of trustees regarding («) The employment of teachers. (J) The 

general management of the school under their charge. 

5. Name each source in the school system of the State from which a license to teach 

may emanate, and indicate : {a) The conditions on which each kind of license 
is granted, {b) The length of time each kind of license remains in force, (c) 
The causes for which a license may be annulled. 

6. State the difference between the powers vested in the trustee or trustees of a dis- 

trict school and those vested in the board of education of a union school. 

7. State the course that must be pursued : (a) To form a new district, (b) To con- 

solidate two or more districts, (c) To dissolve a district. 

July 22 to 24, 1879. 

1. What does the law require of a teacher before he can make a legal contract to 

teach a common school? 

2. What necessary step must three trustees take before they can legally hire a teacher? 

445 



State of New York. 
department of public in8tbucti0n. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

SCHOOL LAW. 

July 22 to 24, 1879. 

3. Can a sole trustee legally hire a teacher before the second Tuesday evening in 

October, for a term to commence at that date? 

4. State the causes for which a trustee may dismiss a teacher, 

5. State in what cases a school commissioner may annul a teacher's certificate. 

6. 'State the duties of the teacher in relation to the school register before he can 

collect pay for his services. 

7. What does the law require in order that a trustee may legally hire a teacher re- 

lated to himself, withiu two degrees? 

8. What is the law in relation to a teacher's attending teachers' institutes during 

the term time of his school? 

9. Has the teacher a legal right to suspend a pupil temporarily from school? 
July 27 to 29, 1880. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. What qualifications constitute a legal voter at a school meeting? '*' 

2. Mention some of the powers and duties of trustees. 

3. What is the teacher's jurisdiction as to school property; also in maintaining 

order as to pupils, and as to outsiders? 

4. What works a forfeiture of a teacher's contract? 

5. What constitutes the legal qualifications of a teacher? 

6. How does it happen that persons become legally qualified to teach without pos- 

sessing real qualifications? 

7. How can a district change from three trustees to one, and from one back to three 

again ? 

8. State the necessary steps in condemning an unsuitable school-house. 

9. How are persons appointed, who are entitled to free tuition, . in the normal 

schools, under the statute? 

10. How may a school organize under the " Union Free School Act," and what are 
the advantages of such organization? 

July 12 to 14, 1881. 

1. State the powers of an annual school meeting. 

2. State the powers of the trustee, or board of trustees. 

3. What means of redress are provided for district grievances? 

4. What circumstances will invalidate a teacher's contract? 

5. Describe the method of condemning a school-house. 

6. State the duties of a school commissioner. 

7. Name the sources from which the school moneys are obtained. , 

8. What authorities can change district boundaries? 

9. What is meant by a union free school? 

10. State the provisions of law relating to teachers' institutes. 

446 



State ok New Yukk. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INS T RU C T lOlT. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

SCHOOL LAW. 

June 28 to 30, 1882. 

1. Mention the different classes and grades of certificates and licenses to teach. 

2. By whom are .they respectively granted? 

3. For what causes and by whom may they be annulled? 

4. How is a pupil appointed to a normal school? 

5. What privileges does this appointment confer? 

6. What are the terms of ofBce of {a) the State Superintendent (J), school commis- 

sioners, and (c) school trustees? 

7. By whom are they respectively elected to office? 

8. Who arc qualified to vote at school meetings? 

9. Give an account of the different items that constitute the public money for the 

support of schools. 

10. What are the duties of loan commissioners? 

Jxily 11 to 13, 1883. 

1. Wliat are the general duties of the Superintendent of Public Instruction? 

2. From what sources is the fund derived which supports public schools? 

3. Give some account of the organization, instruction and method of support of 

teachers' institutes, and of the rights and duties of teachers in regard to them. 

4. Name all the varieties of certificates issued to teachers, and state the sources and 

value of each. 

5. How may a State certificate be annulled, and for what reasons? 

6. For what reasons may a trustee cancel the contract with a teacher? 

7. What are the powers and duties of the Regents of the University? 

8. What certificates are issued by the Regents, and what is the value of each? 

9. Over what departments of the public schools do the Regents have control? 

10. What rights has the State in Cornell University, and what is the source of these 
rights? 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

1. Mention the conditions of a valid contract between a teacher and the trustee or 

trustees of a common district school. 

2. Mention those relatives of a trustee whom he is prohibited from employing. 

3. In case a teacher is within the prohibited degree of relationsiiip, what jirocess 

will enable the trustee to employ him? 

4. What are the limitations upon the powers of the trustee or trustees as to the pe- 

riod for which a teacher may be employed? 

5. What circumstances permit a teacher to close the school without previous con- 

sent of the trustee? 

C. What are the proper steps to be taken in case you have an unruly pupil who is 
beyond your control? 

7. State all the legal remedies for an improper or unhealthfnl condition of the im- 
mediate surroundings of the school-house. 

447 



State of New York. 

department of public ins t liuc tion, 

state examination questions. 

SCHOOL LAW. 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

8. If no date for the payment of the teacher's salary is named in the contract, when 

does the salary become due? 

9. What circumstances may permit less than twenty-eight weeks of school, with- 

out causing the district to forfeit its public money? 

10. For what causes may certificates be annulled, and by whom? 

June 30 to July 2, 1885. 

1. When wages are due a teacher, and the district is without funds, what is the le- 

gal course for trustees to pursue? 

2. What rights have temporary residents in districts to attendance at school? 

3. If any person willfully disturb a public school, what is the legal remedy? 

4. What authority has a teacher over pupils while they are going to and from 

school? 

5. What is the effect of an error in the register of attendance of pupils? 

6. Without the consent of the trustees, what circumstances will justify the teacher 

in closing school for more than one day? 

7. Who has the sole right to fix the amount of teachers' wages? 

8. By what right does a teacher inflict corporal punishment? 

9. What constitutes a legally qualified teacher? 

10. What is the legal status of a contract between a teacher and a trustee who is his 
cousin? 

June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

1. Who has the legal authority to prescribe a course of study for public schools? 

2. When the district neglects to make needed repairs upon a school-house, what is 

the legal remedy? 

3. What provision does the law make to secure the attendance of teachers at insti- 

tutes? 

4. By what authorities may teachers be legally qualified? 

5. Mention all the days in the year in which a teacher may legally close school 

without consent of the trustees and without loss of pay. 

6. What are the legal rights of a teacher in respect to corporal punishment? 

7. If a teacher holding a commissioner's license proves to be entirely incompetent, 

what remedy has the district? 

8. What records must a teacher make in the school register? 

9. Who has the legal right to suspend a pupil from school? 
10. By whose order may a district school-house be condemned? 

Note. — Beginning with examinations of 1887, all questions in Civil Government and School 
Law combined under one head : " Civil Government and School Law." 

448 



State of New York. 
department of publig j ns t rv c t ion. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 
ZOOLOGY. 

Note. — This subject, with Botany and Physics, given under the head of Natural Sciences. 

July 22 to 24, 1879. 

4. Give comparative description of a cat and agoose, stating likenesses and unlike- 
nesses. 

\vae thr( 
kingdom. 

6. Name principal divisions of the animal structure, and give the functions of each. 
July 27 to 29, 1880. 

ORAL EXAMINATION. 

1. In what way can the first lessons in animals be made most profitable and inter- 

esting? 

2. Give a general outline of the lessons which may be given upon the human body. 

3. Describe the organs of locomotion of a man, of a cat, of a horse, of a robin, of a 

trout; showing their resemblances, relations and dilferences. 

4. Give the general divisions of vertebrates, and show how you would teach the 

idea which this class represents. 

5. Give some account of the structure and transformation of insects, with illustra- 

tion. s. 

6. What are the four grand divisions or sub-kingdoms of animal life, and what are 

the characteristics of each? 

7. Give your ideas of the relative importance of this subject and of the place it 

should occupy in the school course. 

July 12 to 14, 1881. 

OR.\L EXAMINATION. 

1 . What is the distinguishing characteristic of that grand division or sub-kingdom 

of ^nimal life of which man is a member? 

2. In general structure what animals are most like man, and what name is given to 

the order to which each belongs? 

3. What general name is given to the class which includes man and the animals 

commonly called beasts? 

4. Besides man and beasts, what general classes are included in tlie grand division 

— vertebrates? 

5. Mention some of the different orders of mammals, and give the characteristics of 

each. 

6. What are digitigrade and plantigrade animals? Give e.vamples. 

7. To what general class does the whale belong? The bat? 

8. Give some account of the bee communities. 

9. Mention and describe some insects which are destructive to crops. 

10. To what grand division does the snail belong? Give the names of other species 
belonging to the same grand division. ^ 

449 



State of New York. 
department of publl c instruction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

ZOOLOGY. 

June 28 to 30, 1882. 

1. Give the etymology of the word zoology and define it. 

2. What is the application of the term fauna. 

3. To what kinds of animals do you apply respectively the terms (a) vertebrata, (5) 

radiata, (c) articulata, and {d) mollusca? 

4. Give the etymology of the foregoing terms. 

5. Assign the following to appropriate classes, (a) a cow, (b) a red squirrel, (c) a 

panther, {d) an oyster, (e) an elephant, (/) a fly, {g) a swan, and {h) a whale. 

6. Is the common expression, " coral insect," scientifically correct? Why? 

7. Arrange, in proper order, the terms variety, division, order, sj^ecies and genus. 

8. Define the foregoing terms and illustrate their use. 

9. What is the place of zoology in a course of study? 
10. Describe your method of teaching zoology. 

July 11 to 13, 1883. 

1. Mention some of the object lessons which may be given upon the human body. 
.2. Compare the human body with that of a cat ; point out resemblances and differ- 
ences. 

3. Make comparisons between the cat, dog, horse and cow, and point out adapta- 

tions to uses. 

4. Compare the foregoing with a hen, duck and goose, showing resemblances, dif- 

ferences and adaptations. 

5. Give some account of the different classes of birds; the characteristics of each, 

and the adaptation of structure to habit. 

6. Show in what way a fish resembles the animals already described. 

7. What general name is given to the division of animals which includes reptiles, 

in addition to all the above? What are the characteristics of the division? 

8. Give some account of ants. 

9. Give some account of the mosquito and its transformations. 

10. As a matter of education, what good will result from the study of zoology? 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

1. To what order of mammals does the rat belong, and what are the characteristics 

of the order? 

2. Describe the mole and its habits; and state the characteristics of the order to 

which it belongs. 

3. Compare the bear and deer in regard to structure and motion, and give the 

classes indicated by these differences. 

4. What are mammals, and to what more general branch of the animal kingdom 

do they belong? 

5. Give general differences in the structure of the limbs and their extremities in 

the different orders of mammals. 

460 



State of New York 
department of public instruction. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

ZOOLOGY. 

July 1 to 3, 1884. 

6. Give general characteristics of structure and habits of the order raptores among 

birds. 

7. Compare a heron and a duck in regard to structure and habits, and give the 

class to which each belongs. 

8. Give some account of the structure and transformations of a frog. 

9. Describe the bee community. 

10. What are the two most important characteristics of a true insect? 

June 30 to July 2, 1885. 

1. Compare the duck and the chicken, and show the adaptation of structure to 

habits. 

2. Compare the limbs of an eagle with those of a whale, in regard to number, 

structure and use. 

3. Compare the dentition of the ox with that of the tiger, and state differences. 

4. Compare the feet of a dog with those of a bear, and state differences leading to 

an important classification. 

5. Compare the limbs of man with those of the monkey, and state resemblances and 

differences. 

6. State some of the prominent characteristics of rodents, and name five species 

belonging to the order. 

7. Describe the bat. To what general class of animals does it belong? 

8. What peculiar structure of the parrot fits it for tree-climbing? 

9. Compare the graminivorous and insectivorous birds, and state differences in 

structure. 

10. Give an account of the life of an insect. Name the various forms which it 



June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

1. Point out the difference between the masticating organs of the ruminant and the 

rodent, and the habits of the animals indicated thereby. 

2. Point out the difference between the beetle and the butterfly, in respect to their 

manner of taking food. 

3. Point out the difference in circulatory organs, as they appear in the cat and the 

tortoise. 

4. Point out the difference in circulatory organs, as they appear in the fish and the 

insect. 

5. Describe different modes of respiration, as illustrated by the whale, the lobster 

and the insect. 

6. What characteristics of a bird's skeleton show adaptation of structure to mode 

of life? 

7. Describe the different modes of development seen in the life of the amphibian 

or batrachian and the insect. 

451 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT F PUBH C 1N8 TRTJ C T ION. 
STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

ZOOLOGY. 

June 29 to July 1, 1886. 

8. Name the sub-kingdoms to which the following animals belong, respectively : 

the mole, the toad, the worm, the starfish, the oyster, 

9. To what order of the class mammals do the following animals belong, respect- 

ively: the opossum, the ape, the bat, the porpoise, the dog? 

10. Give the names and locations of the different fins commonly found on a fish. 

August 23 to 26, 1887. 

1. Why are the whale and codfisli classed in the same sub-kingdom of animals? 
2?. To which class of vertebrates do the porpoises belong? Why? 

3. What are the essential differences that distinguish rejotiles from batrachians 

(amphibians)? 

4. How does the heart of a bird differ from that of a snake? 

5. Describe the blood-vessel in an insect that answers to the heart in higher animals, 

stating location, shape and mode of action. 

6. How is the larva of a bee supplied with food ? 

7. Describe the manner in which a butterfly takes its food. 

8. How is the larva of an insect distinguished from a worm? 

9. Name five fur-bearing animals, the family to which each belongs, and where it 

may be found native. 

10. How do sponges and corals supply themselves with food? 

August 20 to 24, 1888. 

1. What commun characteristic has led to the classification of the fly and the lob- 

ster in the same sub-kingdom? 

2. If the queen bee were removed from a hive before depositing all her eggs, how 

would her place be supplied? 

3. A tadpole can live under water, but when he becomes a frog he is obliged to 

come to the surface. What change of structure has caused this change in 
mode of living? 

4. Is it good policy for farmers to kill moles? Why? 

5. Explain the meaning of the phrase " survival of the fittest," as used in zoology. 

6. What name is given to the family of birds that corresponds in structure and 

habits to the carnivora among mammals? Describe two characteristic features 
of that family of birds. 

7. Name five different animals belonging to the family of rodents, 

8. Describe the gizzard of a bird, both as to structure and functions, 

9. Describe the method, peculiar to the ruminants, of taking and masticating food, 
10. Describe the locomotion of a snail. 

August 26 to 30, 1889. 

1. Describe two features in respect to which the carnivora differ from the ruminants. 

2, How many normally developed toes has a horse? an ox? a pig? a hen? an ostrich? 

452 



State of New York. 
department of public inst ru c ti olf. 

STATE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 

ZOOLOGY. 

August 26 to 30, 1889. 

3. How do whales diller from fish, as to organs of respiration? 

4. Describe the organ by which a venomous serpent poisons its victim. 

5. How many legs has a fly? a bee? a butterfly? au ant? a spider? 

6. ]Mention a common characteristic of the opossum and the kangaroo. 

7. How does the heart of a crocodile differ from that of a hippopotamus? 

8. During which one of the three periods of the life of an insect that undergoes 

metamorphosis, does it consume the most food? 

9. Describe a compound eye. Name an animal provided with compound eyes. 

10. Name five characteristics in respect to which the quadrumana differ from the 
bimana. 

453 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 



HOLDEES OF STATE CEKTIFICATES. 



*LIST OF PERSONS TO WHOM STATE CERTIFICATES HAVE BEEN ISSUED, AS THE 
RESULT OF PASSING SATISFACTORY EXAMINATIONS, FROM 1875 TO 1889. 



.2 


Name aud post-office address at date 
of issue. 


County. 


Present occupation and residence. 
Remarks. 


1878 
1879 
1879 
1879 


. Anderson, Neelie, Brooklyn 

. Ashmun, Alonzo A., East New York. 

. Allen, Charles E., Chittenango 

Allen, A. Edgar, Manlius 


Kings 

Kings 

Madison . . . 
Onondaga . 
Dutchess . . 
Saratoga . . 
New York . 
Ontario . . . 

Queens 

Montgo'ery 
Chautauq'a 
Queens .... 
Madison.. . 


Principal P. S. No. 05, Brooklyn. 
Principal, Medina. 


1879 

1880 


. Allen, Watson S., Matteawan 

Ashley, E. E., Waterford 


Principal Union Sch., Matteawan. 
Superintendent Schools, Little Falls. 
Teacher, Central School, Brooklyn. 
, Billsborough. 

Principal, Roselle, N. J. 

Principal, Hempsteafl. 

Teacher, Canajoharie. 

Ass't, Acad. Dept., Union School, Westfield, 

Teacher, Primary Dept., Hempstead. 

Prin. Evans Academy, Peterboro. 


1883 
1885 


. Aldridge, Vincent, New York city . . 
Angus, Phebe A., Geneva 


1888 
1888 
1888 
1888 
1889 


. Agard, Isaac M., Rockville, Conn. . . 
. Armstrong, William C, Roselle, N. J. 

. Almy, Albert C, Hempstead 

. Abell, Emma P., Canajoharie 

Abell, Mary L., Westfield 


1889 
1889 


, Abbott, Harriet E., Hempstead 

. Avery, Robert Clark, Perry ville 


1875 


Bosch, Henry, Albany 


Albany 

Wayne .... 
Otsego .... 
Allegany . . 
Onondaga . 
Monroe.. , 

Monroe 

Cortland .. 
Cattaraug's 

Ulster 

JIadison ... 
Jefferson . . 
Dutchess . . 
Jefferson . . 
Albany.... 

Onondaga . 
Tioga . r. . . 

Kings 

Suffolk.... 

Oneida 

Otsego .... 
Broome . . . 
Orange .... 
Wyoming. . 
Ontario . . . 

Cayuga 

Genesee . .. 




1876 
1877 


. Burt, Ilenry Franklin, Palmyra 

. Babbitt, Otis H., Otego " 


Principal, Fall River, Mass. 


1877 


. ^urdick, Silas G., Andover 


Principal, High School, Centralia, 111. 
Publisher School Bulletin, Syracuse. 
Teacher and farmer. Chili. 
Farmer, Ovid. 
Principal, McGrawville. 

, Versailles. 

, Newark, N. J. 


1877 
1877 
1877 
1878 
1878 
1878 


. Bardeen, Chas. W., Syracuse 

. Brainard, Chauncey, Pittsford 

. Bristol, Graham B., Churchville 

. Bean, Chas. M., McGrawville 

. Brown, Acnes S., Versailles 

. Birdsall, Charles, Lloyd 


1879 

1879 


. Blakeman, Lyman B., Brookfield . . . 
Burns, John A., Redwood 


Principal, Mechanicville. 


1880 
1881 
1881 
1882 
1882 


. Brown, U. H., Red Hook ......... 

. Baldwin, Fred A., Watertown 

. Baker, Alexander R., Cedar Hill 

. Burritt, Jacob L., Canton, Peun .... 
. Beadel, Daniel W., Geddes 


Dead. 

Principal, West Troy. 

Farmer, Cedar Hill. 

Trav. Agent, Gillott & Sons. 

lousiness, (ieddes. 


1883 
1883 
1883 
1884 
1884 
1885 
1885 
1885 
1885 


. Burlingame, Peter L., Richford 

. Brear, Mary N., Saugatuck, Conn .. 

. Bugbee, Edwin H., Brooklyn 

. Bedell, Moses A., Bay Shore 

. Brown, Alice J., Rome. 

. Belknap, Emmet, Unadilla . . 

. Bigelow, J. D., Windsor 

. Brome, Denton E., New Hampton .. 
. Bishop, Irving P., Perry 


Lawyer, Wetmore, Kansas. 
Teacher, 821 E. 138th St., New York city. 
Prof. Math., Nor. School, Shippensburg," Pa. 
Principal, Sbeepshead Bay. 

Superintendent Schools, Lockport. 
Principal, Moravia. 
In Custom House, New York city. 
Prof. Sciences, Buffalo Normal School. 


1886 


Boughton, Laura, Victor 


Mrs. F. C. Thompson, Macedon Centre. 


1886 




1SS6 


. Bigelow, Gertrude S., Batavia 


Teacher, Tokio, Japan. 



* In 1875 a law was passed providing that no State Certificate shall be granted except upon examina- 



tion. 



455 



State of New York. 

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTI ON. 



(u Name and post-office address at date 
■" ^ of issue. 



Becker, Charlton L., Sterlingville. . . 

Black, Cbas. A., Schuylervill6 

Bull, Leila, Pittsfield, Mass 

Bardvvell, Darwin L., Greenport 

Banks, Charles W. P., Rah way, N. J. 
Beauchamp, Virginia, Baldwinsville. 
Brooks, George H., Bellvale. ...... 

Barnes, Theo. S., Rhinebeck 

Barbour, Clara A., Waverly 

Byrnes, Louise M., City Island 

Brower, George G., Taberg 

Bassett, Flora J., Chatham 

Burbank, Chas. A., Valley Falls 

Burhans, Elizabeth E., Catskill 

Bodine, Donaldson, Gouverneur 

Bradshaw, G. M. B., So. Glens Falls 

Bull, Mary, Oneonta 

Brownell, Herbert, Clark's Mills 



Corbin, Ernest A., Greeubush 

Chapin, George V., Chapinville 

Chesbro, Mary C, Vermilion 

Conner, Olivia, Scotchtown 

Carrier, James F., Brooklyn 

Cawfield, Mary A., Geneva 

Crandall, Vincent A., E. Syracuse .. 

Copeland, Asa B., Mannsville 

CuUen, James, New York city 

Chase, Nathan B., Cornwall-on-Hud. 

Cooke, .John B., Rossville 

Champion, Annie G., Durham 

Carpenter, Ida A., South Glens Falls. 

Campbell, Mabel J., Cohoes 

Coons, Charles A., Valatie 

Corey, Fred D., Rowayton, Conn ... 

Clark, John K., Jr., Sparkill 

Currey, Jennie S., VTeehawken, N. J. 

Crandall, Joel J., Salamanca 

Corey, Edith M., Greenport 

Cobane, M. Elizabeth, Skaneateles.. 
Church, W. Fremont, South Otselic. 

Coman, Carrie, Hamilton 

Church, Ella R., Mechanicville 

Cornell, Edwin, Cobleskill 

Crabtree, Jerome B., Belmont 

Crossfield, Frank W., Allegany 

Clark, Lewis H., Macedon Centre. .. 

Clapper, Allen E., Coeymans 

Curry, Ethelwyn N., Wt. Sand Lake 

Chase, Susan F., Oneida 

Carfrey, Jacob H., Syracuse 

Clark, Julius H., Leonia, N. J. . . 
ClovFCS, Mary S., Hempstead. . . . 
Clark, Ellen K., Macedon Centre. 
Coon, Elton E., Omar 




JefEerson 
Saratoga 



Davis, Abial B., Cohocton 

Downing, Augustus S., Palmyra.... 

Dow, Bell, New York city 

Davidson, Jennie, Brooklyn 

Dyke, A. W., Trumansburgh 

Davis, Woodhull, Coram 

Demarest, James B. F., Goshen . . . . 

Davis, Kate B., Rochester 

Delany, John T., Clayton 

Dwyer, Michael J., West Troy 

Davis, Vinnie R., Oberlin, Ohio 

Devlin, Michael E., Westchester 

Davis, Charles S., Saratoga Springs. 
Dewey, Charles O., Englewood, N.J. 



Suffolk. 

Onondaga 
Orange . . 
Dutchess 
Tioga . . . 
Westches' 
Oneida . . 
Columbia 
Rensselaer. 
Greene . . 
S.Lawren 
Saratoga 
Otsego . . 
Oneida . . 

Rensselaer. 
Ontario . . . 
Oswego . . . 

Orange 

Kings 

Ontario . . . 
Onondaga . 
Jefferson . . 
New York. 
Orange . . . . 
Richmond . 

Greene 

Saratoga . . 
Albany . . .. 
Columbia. , 



Rockland. 

Cattaraug'; 

Suffolk... 

Onondaga 

Chenango 

Madison. 

Saratoga 

Schoharie 

xVllegany 

Cattaraug' 

Wayne . 

Albany . 

Rensselaer. 

Madison . 

Onondaga, 



Queens . . 
Wayne . . 
Jeft"erson 

Steuben . 
Wayne . . 
New York 
Kings . 
Tompkins 
Suffolk.. 
Orange . . 
Monroe. . 
Jefferson 
Albany . . 



Westches 
Saratoga 

456 



Present occupation and residence. 
Remarks. 



Civil Engineer, Sioux Falls, Iowa. 

Principal, Schuylerville. 

Teacher, Episcopal Mission, Osaka, Japan. 

Principal, Union Sch., Greenport. 

Principal, Lyndhurst, N. J. 

Teacher, High School, Colorado Spa, Col. 

Principal, Union Sch., Rhinebeck. 

Teacher, Waverly. 

Teacher, Pub. Sch., City Island. 

Teacher Mathematics, Wiiliamstown, Pa. 

Principal, Primary Dept., Chatham. 

Principal, Valley Falls. 

Teacher, Catskill. 

Vice-Principal, Seminary, Gouverneur. 

Principal, So. Glens Falls. 

Principal, Acad. Dept., Un. Sch., Oneonta. 

Student, Oswego Normal School. 

Principal, Grammar School No. 20, Albany. 
Dredging Co.'s office, N. Y. City. 
Dead. 



Mrs. Frank McGough, SaultSte. Marie, Mich. 

Physician, Syracuse. 

Principal, High School, Greely, Col. 

Principal, Cornwall-on-Hudson. 

Prin., East Irvington Branch Sch., Irvington. 



Principal, West Harmony School^ Cohoes. 
Principal, Valatie. 
Principal, Rowayton, Conn. 



Principal, High School, Salamanca. 

Teacher, Greenport. 

Preceptress, Skaneateles Academy. 

Teacher, So. Otselic. 

Preceptress, Union School, Greene. 

Teacher, Mechanicville. 

Stude^it, Normal School, Cortland. 

Teacher, P. O. Belmont. 

Agent for educational supplies. 

Principal, Academy, Macedon Centre. 

Principal, Coeymans. 

Teacher, Lansingburgh. 

Ass't Principal, Public School, Oneida. 

Student Yale Univ., New Haven, Conn. 

Principal, Leonia, N. J. 

Teacher, Grammar Dept., Hempstead. 

Preceptress, Ovid. 

Teacher, Fisher's Landing. 

Principal, Salamanca, 

Teacher Math., High School, Newark, N. J. 

Teacher, Public School, New York city. 

Teacher, Public School No. 10, Brooklyn. 

Principal, Ticonderoga. 

In business, Brooklyn. 

Principal, Cornwall. 

Teacher, High School, Dunkirk. 

Teacher, Chaumont. 

Principal, No. 10, Troy. 

Principal, Westchester. 
Superintendent, Bennington, Vt. 
Principal, Englewood, N.J. 



State op^ New York. 

DEPAETMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 



Name and post-office address at date 
of issue. 



Dawsou, Henry T., Newark, N. J . . 
Diuui, Mary Eliza, Warsaw... 

Deuiarest, Jolin A., Nyacic 

Deniarest, Estclla, Nannet 

Daniels, Blanche A., Seneca Falls. . , 

Deming, Ada V., Elizabethtowu 

Delo, Maggie C, Lisbon, Iowa 

Drake, Linda T., North Hector 

Dillon, Sarah E., Saratoga Springs. 
Donahue, Nellie C, Baldvviusvillc. . . 

Eaton, James S., Chester 

Emerson, Kate B., Cadyville 

Everett, William H., Dexter 

Elston, Charles C, West Town. ... 

Eichenbera;, Orville, Monroe 

Edwards, Clarence, Sharon Springs. 

Eaton, Mary S., Palmyra 

Eaton, Eliztibeth W., Palmyra 

Estee, James A., Addison 

Earl, Elisha H., Ogdensburg 

Ely, Gertrude A., Poplar Ridge 



Fitch, J. H. A., New York city . . . . 
Fowler, Henry L., Binghamton. .. , 
French, Florence E., Sag Harbor . . 

Eraser, Reuben, Montgomery , 

Fritts, Hattie A., Union Springs.., 

Fitzgerald, Joseph, Batavia , 

Filer, Alexander D., Tonawanda... 

Flett, John B., Keeseville 

Farmer, Nellie, Glens Falls , 



GriflBth, George, Clinton 

Gillis, Wm. W., W. Bloomfield 

Graham, Patrick J., Brooklyn 

Gardner Sylvester, Fayetteville 

Golden, Ellen, North Barton 

Gardenier, Adelbert, Nassau 

Gerst, Benj. E., Hempstead 

Gibby, George W., Ellicottville 

Gorman, Wm. C, Randolph 

Gladding, Mary E., Albany 

Greene, James G., Rochester 

Gallagher, Margaret F., Port Jervis. 

Gick, Frank, Saratoga Springs 

Godfrey, Francis S., Waterloo . 



Hodgson, Francis D., Penn Yan 

Heidenis, Henry J., New York city.. 

Hotaling, Frank S., Albany 

Hutton, Henry H., Waverly 

Huaren, John H., New York city 

Harkins, Wm., Dunkirk 

Hall, Clarkson A., Gainesville 

Hall, Wm. S., Westchester 

Hocknell, Charles E., Watertown... 

Hildreth, Melvin A., Watertov?n 

Hall, Willis R., Guilford Centre . . . . 
Herrick, Wm. B., Wilbraham, Mass. 

Hooper, Martha, Binghamton 

Hunt, Leigh R., Little Falls 

Hilton, Elizabeth A., Commack 

Harding, William E., Bethany 

Hull, Philip M., Waverly 

Hawes, Frank W., Macedon 

Hay, Flora M., Watertown 

Hav, Mary E., Watertown 

Howe, Wilber W., Ephratab 

Howard, Henry S., Jr., Watkins 



County 



Wyoming. 
Rockland. 
Rockland . 
Seneca . . . 
Essex 



Schuyler . . 
Saratoga . . 
Onondaga . 

Orange . . . , 

Clinton 

Jefferson . . 
Orange . . . . 
Orange .... 
Schoharie . 
Wayne .... 
Wayne . . . . 
Steuben . . . 
S.Lawren'e 
Cayuga 

New York. 
Broome . . . 
Suffolk.... 
Orange . . . . 
Cayuga. . . . 
Genesee . . . 

Plrie 

Essex 

Warren 

Oneida 

Ontario . . . 

Kings 

Onondaga . 

Tioga 

liensselaer. 
Queens . . . 
Cattaraug's 
Cattaraug's 

Albany 

Monroe .. . . 
Orange. . . . 
Saratoga . . 
Seneca . . . . 



Yates 

New York. 
Albany .... 

Tioga 

New York. 

Chautauq'a 

Wyoming . 

W'cstches'r 

Jefferson 

Jefferson 

Chenango, 

Broome. 
Herkimer 
Suffolk . . 
Genesee . 
Tioga ... 
Wayne . . 
Jefferson 
Jefferson 
Fulton . . 
Schuyler 

457 



Present occupation and residence. 
Remarks. 



Agent, D. C. Heath & Co. 

Teacher of Sciences, Warsaw. 

Principal, Nyack. 

Teacher, Pearl River. 

Teacher, Mynderse Academy, Seneca Falls. 

, Elizabethtown. 

Teacher, High School, liisbon, la. 
Vice-Principal, Mynderse Acad., Seneca Falls. 
Teacher Penmanship, Minneapolis, Minn. 
Teacher, Baldwinsville, 

Merchant, Walden. 

Mrs. M. C. Palmer, . 

Ex-School Commissioner. 
Lavvyer, Branch ville, N. J. 
Principal, Jlonroe. 
Law student, Rochester. 

, Palmyra. 

Teacher Languages, Colorado Springs, CoL 
Principal, Addison. 
Died, Sept. 29, 1889. 
Teacher, Poplar Ridge. 

Teacher, 236 E. 71st St., New York city. 

Principal, Ward School, Binghamton. 

Teacher, Sag Harbor. 

Principal, Montgomery. 

Teacher, Union Springs. 

Teacher, Oakfield. 

Principal, North Tonawanda. 

Principal, Keeseville. 

Preceptress, Union School, Glens Falls. 

Prof. Math., New Paltz Normal SchooL 
Certificate annulled December 2, 1889. 

Pastor, M. E. Church, Horseheads. 
Teacher, Havana, Mason Co., HI. 
Certificate annulled May 4, 1S89. 
Prin. No. 8, Huntington, Northport. 
Principal, Ellicottville. 
Principal, Pulaski. 

Druggist, Clyde. 
Assistant, Academy, Port Jervis. 
Teacher, P. 0. Ballston Spa. 
School Commissioner, Waterloo. 

Clergyman. [Brooklyn. 

Teaclior, No. 32, N. Y.; res., 71 Wilson street, 

Superintendent Schools, Passaic, N. J. 

Principal P. S. No. 10, Brooklyn. 

Manager, Correspondence Univ., Chicago. 

Principal, Bartletl, Dakota. 

Died in New York city. 

Business. Clayton. 

Lawyer, Fargo, Dakota. 

Ex-School Commissioner, Tacoma, Wash 

Teacher, Grammar School, Binghamton. 

Principal, High School, Troy. 

Grcenlawn, L. I. 

Teacher, Ins. for Blind, Batavia. 

Superiutendont, Waverly. 

Principal, Macedon. 

Teacher, High School, Watertown. 

Teacher, High School, Watertown. 

Principal, No. Bennington, Yt. 

School Commissioner. 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 



Name and Post-office address at date 
of is^ue. 




Harding, Curtis M., Wellsville 

Hay ward, Edward, Clyde 

Humphrey, Kate, Ithaca , 

Holmes, Frances A., Saratoga Spr. 

Horton, Edward B., Bainbridge 

Hill, Joseph H., West Barre 

Huston, Samuel M., Mt. Lake, Pa.,, 
Hurlburt, Florence A., Forcstville ., 

Hulse, Egbert H., Amity ville 

Hemiup, Caroline A., Geneva , 

Heyer, Wm. Daniel, New York city. 



Johnston, John, Troy 

Jewell, W. Jerome, Onondaga.. 
Juliand, Anna M., Bainbridge .. 
Jaques, Lucia A., Ticonderoga. . 
Johnson, Fanny A., Watertown 
Jackson, Lillis A., Greene 



Kelso, Hugh, Stuy vesant 

King, Isaac R., Narrowsburg 

Keyser, Roland S., Middlcburgh. . . 

Knapp. Geo. A., Prattsburgh 

Kent, Charles H., Catlin 

Kinyon, Oscar C, Syracuse 

Kelley, Wm. W., North Wilna 

Knox, Helen M., Knoxboro 

Karker, Sifroit R., Carlisle 



Loughridge, Samuel, Newburgh 

Leech, Margaretta R., Fayetteville. . 

Lewis, Burr, Lockport 

Larkins, Charles D., Adams 

Lester, Fred'k V., East Venice 

Lee, Nicholas, Batavia 

Lawton, Ira H., Ellenville 

Littlejohn, Gertrude W., Milton-on- 

Hudson 

Long, Lincoln R., Hancock 

Lyon, Hudson H., Bainbridge 

Lochner, William E., Springwater. . 
Looniis, Charles R., E. Pembroke. . . 
Lusk, Ellen, Baldwinsville 



Mansfield, Byron, New Baltimore... 
McCollom, James T., New Lisbon. . . 

Mogg, Levi N., Marcellus 

Mills, Mary S., Port Byron 

Mclntyre, S. II., Peru 

Marshall, Mary E., Plattsburgh 

Miller, Gertrude, Penn Yan 

Mitchell, Mary M., Adams 

Maxson, Emmet L., Woodliull , 

Marihew, Evelyn, Sandy Hill 

Maxson, S. Whitford, Adams Centre. 
McFarland, Frank E., Spencerport. . 

Marshall, Peter T., Mohawk 

Maxson, Inez R., Adams Centre 

Morris, David W., Cedarville 

McWhorter, Alice, ^Montgomery 

Massee, J. Edman, Saratoga Spa. . . . 

Mills, William S , Brooklyn 

McMurray, Jennie B., Margaretville. 

Mereness, Seth A., Carlisle 

Marsh, Clinton S., Havana 

Multer, Melligo, Ashford 

McAllister, Emma L., City Island. . . 

Macauley, Mary E., Rochester 

Marsh, \Vm. Frederick, Danby 

Moore, Robert M., Watertown 



Allegany . . 

Wayne 

Tompkins.. 
Saratoga . . 
Chenango . 
Orleans . . . 



Chautauq'a 
Suffolk.... 

Ontario 

New York. 

Rensselaer. 
Onondaga . 
Chenango . 

Essex 

Jefferson . . 
Chenango . 

Columbia. . 
Sullivan. . . 
Schoharie . 
Steuben . . . 
Chemung. . 
Onondaga . 
Jefferson . . 

Oneida 

Schoharie . 

Orange .... 
Onondaga . 
Niagara . . . 
Jefferson . . 
Cayuga. 
Genesee 
Ulster.., 



Present occupation and residence. 
Remarks. 



Ulster 

Delaware . , 
Chenango . 
Livingston 
Genesee . . , 
Onondaga . 

Greene ..,. 
Otsego . . . . 
Onondaga , 

Cayuga 

Clinton. . . , 
Clinton. . . . 

Yates 

Jefferson . . 
Steuben . . . 
Washingt'n 
Jefferson . . 
Monroe. . . . 
Herkimer. . 
Jefferson . . 
Herkimer .. 
Orange .... 
Saratoga . . 

Kings 

Delaware . . 
Schoharie . 
Schuyler . . 
Cattaraug's 
Westches' r 
Monroe .. . . 
Tompkins . 
Jefferson . . 

458 



Principal, Wellsville. 
Principal, Clyde. 

Teacher, Saratoga Springs. 
Principal, South New Berlin. 

Teacher, Mt. Lake, Pa. 
Assistant, Academy, Forestville. 
Principal, Amity ville. 
Assistant, Academy, Seneca Falls. 
Principal No. 3, Elizabeth, N. J. 

Died in Troy. 

Died in California. 

Assistant Principal, High School, Oil City. 

Teacher, High School, Watertown. 



Principal, Kinderhook. 

Principal, Hibernia, Morris Co., N. J. 

Principal, Middleburgh. 

Clerg3'man. 

Teacher Dist. No. 4, Catlin. 

Teacher, High'School, Syracuse. 

Law student, Carthage. 

Teacher, High School, Deposit. 

Teacher, Sharon. , 

Dead. 

Dead. 

Principal, High School, Lincoln, Neb. 

Teacher, High School, Brooklyn. 

Principal, Westport. 

Principal, Ellenville. 

Teacher, California. 

Principal, Hancock. 

Principal, Mason ville. 

Principal, New Berlin. 

Principal, Elba, N. Y. 

Teacher, 1st Primary Dept., Baldwinsville. 

Principal, New Baltimore. 
Lawj^er, Troy, Pa. 
Bookkeeper, Marcellus. 

Pastor, M. E. Church, Bedford. 
Mrs. W. R. Craft, Albany. 
Vice-Principal, Academy, Oleau. 
Superintendent, Adams. 
Stationer, Winter Park, Florida. 
Mrs. Randolph McNutt, Buffalo. 
School Commissioner. 
In postal service, Rochester. 
Principal, High School, Manistee, Mich. 
Teacher, University, Alfred Centre. 
County Clerk's office, Herkimer. 
Teacher, Montgomery. 
Teachers' agency, Albany. 
Principal V. S. No. 7"\ Brooklyn. 
Teacher, Margaretville. 
Student, Albany Jledical College. 
Student, Cornell University. 
Principal, Pub. Sch., Yorkshire. 
Assistant, Public School, Citv Island. 
Preceptress, Union School, ^f'airport. 
Teacher and Farmer, Danby. 
Law student, Watertown. 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 



Name and post-otfice address at date 
of issue. 




Present occupation aud residence. 
Remarks. 



Norton, Clarence F., Vestal 

Niles, Lottie, Hornellsville 

Nichols, Rachel A., Baldwinsville. 



O'Brien, Thomas, Albany 

Orchard, Hambly P., Oyster Bay 
O'Reilly, Charles A., Brooklyn . . 

O'Neill, Everett, Savannah 

Oliver, Nina, Lansingbure;h 

O'Shea. M. Vincent, LeR^oy---- 



Pratt, Phebe, Webster 

Plumer, Mary W., New York city... 
Pelletreau, William S., Southampton. 

Parsell, Louis B., Buffalo 

Prentice, Wm. E., Batavia 

Porter, Eugene, Ghent 

Petrie, Wm. E., Lake Grove 

Palmer, Miltou C, Sing Sing 

Purdy, Henry S., Peekskill 

Petheram, Annie Grace, Skaueateles. 

Pierce, Alvin Z., Jasper 

Preston, Samuel J., Maniaroneck 

Pryne, May C, Mohawk , 

Preston, DeForest A., Baldwins 

Pye, George W., Rochester 

Peck, Carrie E., Deans Corners 

Pollard, Stephen, Belmont 

Plank, Charles S., Waddington 

Pettit, Mary L., Baldwinsville 



Quigley, Edson J., Gainesville. 
Quay, George H., Knox 



Reinhart, J. Albert., Westchester. . . 
Rickenbrode, Elizabeth L., Westfield, 
Roberts, Henry H., Rock Stream . . . 

Rider, Arthur "B., Hastings 

Redmond, Mary A. F., Haverstraw.. 
Robinson, Ida L., South Glens Falls, 

Ramsdell, Wm. C, S. Westerlo 

Reeves, Emily U., Johnstown 

Robinson, Ella, Chittenango 



Shepard, Mary E., Auburn 

Shear, ByrouE., Clavville •. . . . 

Sheldon, Paraclete, Rochester. . 

Spence, Annie M., Saratoga Springs. 

St. John, Wallace W., Rose 

Shaw, Edward R., Greenport 

Stackpole, Geo. F., Riverhead 

Sibley, Henry O., Royalton 

Searles, Helen M., Addison 

Severance, B. Warren, Willsborough 

Sperry, M. Kate, Plattsburgh 

Sharp, Milo C, Liverpool 

Sheldon, Arthur C, Delphi 

Satchwell, Geo. E., Thous'dls. Park 

Smith, Emma E., Rochester 

Stevens, W. M., W. N. Brighton.... 

Steinson, George, Ridgewood 

Seybolt, Alva, Liberty 

Stone, Earl, Milton 

Suffern, Thomas W., Suffern 

Swift, Mrs. Mary E., Forestville. . . 

Swift, Emmons J., Forestville 

Stout, Isaac H., Farmer Village .. . 

Snell, H. Harvey, Castile 

Shaver, Charles A., Perch River... 
Stebbins, Chrissey, Walton 



Broome . . . 
Steuben . . . 
Onondaga . 

Albany 

Queens 

Kings 

Wayne 

Rensselaer. 
Genesee .. . 

Monroe.... 
New York . 
Suffolk.... 

Erie 

Genesee... 
Columbia. . 
Suffolk.... 
Westches'r 
Westches'r 
Onondaga . 
Steuben . . . 
Westches'r 
Herkimer.. 

Queens 

Monroe.. . . 
Saratoga . 
Allegany . . 
S.Lawren'e 
Onondaga.. 

Wyoming.. 
Albany .... 

Westches'r 
Chautauq'a 

Yates 

Oswego . . 
Rockland . 
Saratoga . 
Albany . . . 
Fulton ... 
Madison.. 

Cayuga .. . 
Oneida ,. . 
Monroe.. . 
Saratoga . 
Wayne . . . 
Suffolk... 
Suffolk... 
Niagara . . 
Steuben . . 

Essex 

Clinton 

Onondaga . 
Onondaga . 
Jefferson . . 
Monroe. . . . 
Richmond . 

Queens 

Sullivan . . . 

Ulster 

Rockland . . 
Chautauq'a 
Chautauq'a 
Seneca ... 
Wyoming 
Jefferson . 
Delaware . 

459 



Principal Ward School, Binghamton. 
Teacher, Hornellsville. 
Teacher, Baldwinsville. 

Prin. Grammar School No. 5, Albany. 

Farmer, Green Haven. 

Died, Sept., 1887. 

School Commissioner. 

Prin., Int. Dept. Powers' Sch., Lanaingburgh. 

Student, Cornell University. 



Literary work, N. Y. City. 

Lawyer, Ex-School Commissioner. 
Physician, New York City. 
Clergyman, N. Y. City. 
Teacher, Private Sch., Sing Sing. 
Teacher, Public Sch., Brewsters. 
Studying in Germany. 

Principal, Union School, Mamaroneck. 
Teacher, Pueblo, Colorado. 
Principal, Union School, Castile. 
Supermtendeut, Geneva. 

Principal, U. S. No. 2, Wellsville. 
Principal, Union School, Waddington. 
Teacher, Prim. Dept., Baldwinsville. 

Principal, Pike Seminary, Pike. 
Principal, Bath-on-the-Hudson. 

Principal, High School, Paterson, N. J. 
Mrs. John Barden, Painesville, O. 
Principal, High School, Middletowu. 

Principal, , Nebraska. 

Asst. Principal, P. S., Haverstraw. 
Teacher, Public School, Heron Lake, Mich. 
Teacher, Public School, Attica, Indiana. 
Preceptress, HiEch School, Johnstown. 
Teacher, Gram. Dept., Un. Sch., Chittenango. 

-, Skaneateles. 



Lawyer, Aspen, Colorado. 

Teacher, High School, Saratoga Springs. 

Died, 1SB5. 

Principal, High School, Yonkers. 

Lawyer, Riverhead. 

Librarian at Syracuse University. 

Teacher, LakeForest, 111. 

Physician, Mineville. 

Principal Intermediate School, Plattsburgh. 

Principal, Liverpool. 

Lawyer, Syracuse. 

Editor, Watertown. 

Teacher, Public School No. 23, Rochester. 

Teacher, New York city — Guttenberg. 
Lawj'er, Oneonta. 
Princijial, Milton. 

Ex-School Commissioner, Farmer, Suffern. 
Mrs. Emmons J. Swift, Forestville. 
Sch. Com'r, Prest. State Ass'n Sch. Com'ra. 
Institute Conductor, Geneva. 
«Principalj. Cobleskill. 
Principal, Clavton. 
Preceptress, Walton. 



State of New York. 
department of pvblic instruction. 



Name and post-office address at date 
of issue. 



Sanford, Esther M., Marion 

Smith, Annis A., Watertovvn . . 

Skinner, C. Willard, Hancock 

Sherman, Andrew I., Port Richmond. 

Smith, William F., Flushing 

Sniffen, Sarah C, Brooklyn 

Sterling, M. Therese, Antwerp 

Smith, S. McKee, East Syracuse 

Smith, Hiram J., Hastings Centre .. 

Sanford, Hattie T., Syracuse 

Saxton, Andrew B., Portlandville. . . 
Salisbury, Rhyland E., No. Cohocton 

Seelv, Florence C, Rochester 

Stewart, Thomas W., Pittsford 

Stuart, Agnes E., Skaneateles 

Sprague, John S., Rye 

Skene, Matilda C, Long Island City. 
St. George, Annie J., Hoosick Falls. 

Smith, Kate E., Lansingburgh 

Stewart, Thomas A., West Hebron . 

Sackett, Fanny, Candor 

Stone, Cora A., Palmyra 

Steegar, Wm. Henry, Bradford 

Sexton, Elmer K., Closter, N. J 

Sturges, John C, Dobb's Ferry 

Sharrett, Gertrude A. , Port Richmond 
Stetson, Arthur D., Ogdensburg. . .. 
Sprole, Samuel E., Syracuse 



County. 



Trumbull, Mary, Sandy Hill 

Tarpey, Peter E., Fort Montgomery. 

Timson, Mattie L., Greenport 

Tuthill, James F., Corning 

Tracy, Joseph T., Goshen 

Townsend, John R., Whitestone 

Tuger, Maggie E., Baldwinsville..,. 
Traver, Charles R., Rhinebeck 



Van Wyck, James T., Cold Spring.. 

Van Liew, Charles I., Lodi 

Van Allen, Adelbert 1)., Rodman 

Vail, Amelia, Cohoes 



Wygant, Emma, Albany 

Whitbeck, W. E., West Troy 

Wilcox, Homer A., Mt. Vernon 

Webster, Fannie, Binghamton 

Wall, Peter L., Brooklyn 

Wilson, John D., Manlius 

Wasson, Charles W., Portville 

Webb, Robert P., Brooklyn 

Wilson, Alonzo J., Mamaroneck 

Watkins, Albert B., Adams 

Wait, Edward, Lansingburgh 

Watkins, Sarah E., Sandy Hill 

Wheat, Silas C, Closter, New Jersey. 

Watkins, George M., Sandy Hill 

Wilcox, Wm. W., Kirkville 

Wells, Ida, Amsterdam 

Wheelock, Charles F., Canajoharie. . 

Wager, Ella E., Chatham 

Wiswell, Leon 0., Nichols 

Waters, Anna A., Jamaica 

Weyant, Franklin, Tompkins' Cove. 

Wiltsie, Arthur W., Hannibal 

Weinmann, J. H., Fonda 

Waldeu, George H., Rochester 

Webb, Harriet L., Watertown 

Wells, Addison J., Springsfleld Store 
Wheeler, John H., Westernyille 



Wayne . . . 
Jefferson . 
Delaware. 
Riphland . 
Queens ,, . 
Kings .... 
Jefferson . 
Onondaga 
Oswego . . 
Onondaga 
Otsego . . . 
Steuben . . 
Monroe.. . 
Monroe.. . 
Onondaga 
Westches' 
Queens . . . 
Rensselaer 
Rensselaer 
Washing'n 
Tioga . . . 
Wayne. . 
Steuben . 



Westches' 
Richmond 
S. Lawren' 
Onondaga 

Washing'n 
Orange . . . 
Suffolk... 
Steuben . . 
Orange . . . 
Queens . . . 
Onondaga 
Dutchess . 

Putnam . . 
Seneca . . . 
Jefferson . 
Albany . . . 

Albany . . . 
Albany . . . 
Westches' r 
Broome . . 

Kings 

Onondaga 
Cattaraug' 

Kings 

Westches' 
Jefferson . 
Rensselaer 
Washingt'n 



Washingt'n 

Onondaga 

Montgom'y 

Montgom'y 

Columbia 

Tioga ... 

Queens . . 

Rockland 

Oswego . 

Montgom' 

Monroe.. 

Jefferson 

Queens . 

Oneida . . 

460 



Present occupation and residence. 
Remarks. 



Teacher, Marion. 

Student, Drew Theo. Seminary, Madison, N.J. 
Principal, High Sch., Port Richmond. 
Principal, Washington ville. 
Teacher, P. S. No. 61, Brooklyn. 
Teacher, Canajoharie. 
Principal, East Syracuse. 

Teacher, , Michigan. 

Teacher English, Oneonta Normal School. 

Principal, Portlandville. 

Principal, Wayland. 

Teacher, Fairport. 

Principal, Greenville. 

Preceptress, High School, Geneva. 

Principal, Rye. 

Assistant, Grammar Dept., Yonkers. 

Principal, Powers' School, Lansingburgh. 

Student, Oswego Normal School. 

Assistant, Free Academy, Candor. 

Teacher, Japan. 

Teacher, Bradford. 

Principal, Public School, Closte?, N. J. 

Principal, Union School, Dobb's Ferry. 

Teacher, Port Richmond. 

Principal, Grammar School, Ogdensburg. 

Builder, Syracuse. 

Teacher, Public School, Worcester, Mass. 

Excise Inspector, New York. 

Died 1888. 

Superintendent, Gouverneur. 

Principal, Goshen. 

Teacher, Private School, Brooklyn. 

Teacher, Amboy. 

Principal, Upper Red Hook. 

Farmer, Cold Spring. 

Teacher, Dexter. 

Preceptress, Un. Sch., Middleburgh. 

Teacher, Baldwins. 

Principal, Union School, Tarrytown. 
Teacher, High School, Binghamton. 

Principal, Putnam School, Syracuse. 
Insurance, Syracuse. 
Teacher, Brooklyn. 

Assistant Secretary Regents, Albany. 
Superintendent, Lansingburgh. 
Teacher, Glens Falls. 

Florist, Sandy Hill. 

Teacher, Wellsboro, Pa. 

Principal, Canajoharie. 

Teacher, Union School, Chatham. 

School Commissioner. 

Teacher, Hempstead, P. 0., Jamaica. 

Principal, P. S., Mousey. 

Principal, Hannibal. 

Principal, Fonda. 

Principal, Public School No. 10, Rochester. 

Teacher, Yankton, Dakota. 

Principal, Springfield Store. 

Principal, Westernville. 



State of New York. 
department of public instruction. 



!>H 5 








1888.. 


1888 . 


1888.. 


1886 




1888 




1889 




18811 




1889 




1889 




1889 




1889 




1889 




1889 




1889 




1879 




1882 




1884 
1888 





Name and post-office address at date 
of issue. 



Count)' 



Present occupation and residence. 
Remarks. 



Whitney, Lucien J., Boonton, N. J 
Wright, Jennie L., Baldwinsville. . 

Wallcer, Clark A., Addison 

Wiggins, Carrie M., Greenport 

Wordeu, Jesse Peck, Troy 

Wiles, I-ydia A., Stony Point 

Whitney, Albert D., Horseheads. . 
Williams, Jennie Grace, Gouverneur 

Ward, Francis, City Island 

Winslow, George li., Windsor.... 

Wilcox, John, Milford 

Wooden, Loretta, Chili , . , . . 

Wilson, Wilmer S., Ovid 

Walker, Fred A., Copenhagen 



Young, Isaac E., Westchester. 

Yates, Albertis, Rock City 

Young, Louie M., Binghamton. 
Yost, Jennie Adams, Waterloo. 



Onondaga . 
Steuben . . . 
Suffolk.... 
Rensselaer. 
Rockland. . 
Chemung. . 
S.Lawren'e 
Westches'r 
Broome . . 
Otsego .. . 
Monroe. . . 
Seneca . . . 
Lewis 



Westches'r 
Dutchess .. 
Broome . ! . 
Seneca .... 



Principal, Boonton, N. J. 
Teacher, Baldwinsville. 

Principal, Peconic. 
Teacher, High School, Troy. 

Principal, Horseheads. 

Teacher, Union School, Gouverneur. 

Teacher, City Island. 

Principal, Academy, Windsor. 

Teacher, Milford. 

Teacher, State Industrial School, Rochester. 

Principal, Farmer Village. 

Principal, Union School, Copenhagen. 

Principal, New Rochelle. 

Principal, Hughsonville, Dutchess Co. 

Teacher, High School, Lockport. 



461 



iHiliH-^.'^^y. O*" CONGRESS 



